data collection.pptx
- 3. Presentation of data Tabular Graphical Simple table complex table For quantitative data For qualitative data 1. Histogram 1. Bar chart 2. Frequency polygon 2. Pictogram 3. Frequency curve 3. Pie chart 4. Line chart 4. Map diagram 5. Normal distribution curve 6. Cumulative distribution curve 7.Scatter diagram
- 4. Tabulation Tables are the devices, that are used to present the data in a simple form. It is probably the first step before the data is used for analysis or interpretation. General principals of designing tables a) The tables should be numbered e.g table 1, table 2 etc. b) A title must be given to each table, which should be brief and self explanatory. c) The headings of columns or rows should be clear and concise. d) The data must be presented according to size or importance chronologically, alphabetically, or geographically. e) If percentages or averages are to be compared, they should be placed as close as possible. f) No table should be too large g) Most of the people find a vertical arrangement better than a horizontal one because, it is easier to scan the data from top to bottom than from left to right h) Foot notes may be given, where necessary, providing explanatory notes or additional information.
- 5. Types of tables 1) Simple tables: Measurements of single set are presented 2) Complex tables :Measurements of multiple sets are presented
- 6. Simple Table Name of country Infant mortality rate Pakistan 90 Bangladesh 60 Sri Lanka 26 India 60 When characteristics with values are presented in the form of table, it is known as simple table e.g Table 4.4:Infant mortality rate of selected countries in 2018
- 8. Frequency distribution table • In the frequency distribution table, the data is first split up into convenient groups (class interval) and the number of items (frequency) which occur in each group is shown in adjacent columns. • Hence it is a table showing the frequency with which the values are distributed in different groups or classes with some defined characteristics.
- 10. Rules for construction of frequency table 1) The class interval should not be too large or too small 2) The number of classes to be at least 5 and not more than 15 3) The class interval should be equal and uniform through out the classification. No. of class interval: K represent No. of class intervals N=30 Width of C.I. H= largest numerical values-smallest numerical value/number of class interval
- 11. Charts and Diagrams Charts and diagrams are useful methods of presenting simple data. They have powerful impact on imagination of people. Gives information at a glance. Diagrams are better retained in memory than statistical table. However graphs cannot be substituted for statistical table, because the graphs cannot have mathematical treatment where as tables can be treated mathematically. Whenever graphs are compared , the difference in the scale should be noted. It should be remembered that a lot of details and accuracy of original data is lost in charts and diagrams, and if we want the real study, we have to go back to the original data.
- 12. Common diagrams • Pie chart • Simple bar diagram • Multiple bar diagram • Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram • Histogram • Frequency polygon • Frequency curve • Stacked chart • Scatter diagram • Line diagram • Pictogram • Statistical maps
- 13. Bar charts • The data presented is categorical • Data is presented in the form of rectangular bar of equal breadth. • Each bar represent one variant /attribute. • Suitable scale should be indicated and scale starts from zero. • The width of the bar and the gaps between the bars should be equal throughout. • The length of the bar is proportional to the magnitude/ frequency of the variable. • The bars may be vertical or horizontal.
- 14. Bar charts 70 100 120 150 230 160 200 260 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Year Wise Enrollment of students in Government school No. of Students
- 15. Multiple Bar Charts • Also called compound bar charts • More then one sub-attribute of variable can be expressed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Asia Europe Africa Latin America USSR North America Oceania Percentage of World Total Population Land
- 16. Component/Composite bar charts • When there are many categories on X-axis (more than 5) and they have further subcategories, then to accommodate the categories, the bars may be divided into parts, each part representing a certain item and proportional to the magnitude of that particular item Pakistan: Growth of Population 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 9 0 1 1 9 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 9 3 1 1 9 4 1 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 1 2 0 0 1 Censs Decades Population in Million Growth
- 17. Component/ Composite Bar Chart 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Pakistan USA Sweden Female Male
- 18. Bar chart Comparing categories 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
- 19. Stacked bar chart Represent components of whole & compare wholes 3 4 6 10 0 5 10 15 Males Females 0-14 years 15+ years Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011
- 20. Histogram • Used for Quantitative, Continuous, Variables. • It is used to present variables which have no gaps e.g age, weight, height, blood pressure, blood sugar etc. • It consist of a series of blocks. The class intervals are given along horizontal axis and the frequency along the vertical axis.
- 21. Histogram of Grouped frequency distrinution of serum cholestrol levels in 200 men 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 161- 170 171- 180 181- 190 191- 200 201- 210 211- 220 221- 230 231- 240 241- 250 251- 260 Serum Cholestrol, mg/dl frequency
- 22. Pie charts • Most common way of presenting data • The value of each category is divided by the total values and then multiplied by 360 and then each category is allocated the respective angle to present the proportion it has. • It is often necessary to indicate percentages in the segment as it may not be sometimes very easy virtually, to compare the areas of segments.
- 23. World Population Developed Countries 74% Developing Countries 26% Developed Countries Developing Countries Pie Charts
- 24. • Question-: In a DHQ Hospital 120 Doctors are working. 60 doctors went to Lahore to attend a workshop. 20 doctors went on long leave. 30 doctors were retired. • Show this data by Pie chart. Doctors went to Lahore Doctors retired Doctors on leave Working doctors
- 25. Draw the Bar Graph as per the following Table
- 26. Solution
- 27. Draw Multiple Bar Graph as per the Given data below:
- 28. Solution
- 29. Draw Stacked Bar Graph as per the Given data below:
- 30. Solution
- 31. Draw Pie chart as per the Given data below
- 32. Solution • In the example provided above, the sum of the frequencies of all the blood group types is 90. • A circle represents 360°. The frequency of A blood type when converted to degree becomes 25/90 • x 360° = 100° or 0.27x360°. Likewise B = 38*360, AB = .15*360 and O =.17*360 • Now plot the frequencies of ABO blood group types (converted into degrees) as slices of a pie. The labels may be placed at the side or on each of the slices of pie.
- 33. Pie Chart
- 36. MCQs A graphical representation of a frequency distribution is called a__________________ . A. time-series plot B. stem-and-leaf plot C. scatter diagram D. histogram.
- 37. What is the purpose of a summary table? A. To list data to create a bar or pie chart B. To see differences between or among categories. C. This is the only way to present categorical data in numerical form D. To sum the values of responses to a survey
- 38. You have a summary table and a simple bar chart (like the ones at the beginning of the chapter) indicating where customers prefer to do their banking. How could you enhance the bar chart to provide both visual and actual information? A. Use vertical lines on the bar chart to show the values more precisely B. Add values to the bar chart like what is commonly done on a pie chart. C. The bar chart and summary table must be presented together in order to represent this data D. Only the summary table can show the actual values for the data Correct Answer is B
- 39. Correct Answer is C
- 40. Tabulation: Question • In a sample study about coffee drinker and non- coffee drinker habits in two towns, the following information was received- • Town A: Females were 45 %. Total coffee drinkers were 45 % and male non-coffee drinkers were 20 %. • Town B: males were 55%. Total coffee drinkers were 55 % and females coffee drinker were 15%. Male/Female coffee drinkers Male/Female non-coffee drinkers Total Male/Female Town A 15 20 45% (F) Town B 55% (M)
Editor's Notes
- #19: In this bar chart, we’re comparing the categories of data, which are the different sites. You see a comparison between sites by quarters and between quarters over time. What should be added to this chart to provide the reader with more information? NOTE to facilitator: Wait for a participant response before answering (and then show next slide). On the next slide, we see how the graph has been improved and is now self-explanatory.
- #20: A stacked bar chart is often used to represent components of a whole and compare the wholes (or multiple values). Here, you see the number of months female and male patients have been enrolled in HIV care, by age group. By looking within each bar, you see the age breakdown by gender, and by looking at both bars together, you can compare the number of months enrolled for both males and females.