Data and its types by adeel

adeel_tc@hotmail.com 0315-4632432 4/26/2012 1

 Data is a collection of facts, such as values or
measurements.
 It can be
numbers, words, measurements, observation
s or even just descriptions of things.


Data can be qualitative or quantitative.
 Qualitative data is descriptive information
(it describes something)
 Quantitative data, is numerical information
(numbers).


 Discrete data can only take certain values
(like whole numbers)
 Continuous data can take any value (within
a range)

Discrete data is counted,
Continuous data is measured


Qualitative:
 He is brown and black
 He has long hair
 He has lots of energy
Quantitative:
 Discrete:
 He has 4 legs
 He has 2 brothers
 Continuous:
 He weighs 400 pounds
 He is 3.5foot tall


QUALITATIVE

NOMINAL ORDINAL


A type of categorical data in which objects
fall into unordered categories.

 Type of Bicycle
 Mountain bike, road bike,BMX.
 Smoking status
 smoker, non-smoker


A type of categorical data in which order is
important.
 Class of degree-1st class, 2:1, 2:2, 3rd
class, fail
 Opinion of students about stats classes-
Very unhappy, unhappy, neutral, happy


 The different sources of data are published and
unpublished documents, govt
magazines, personal diaries, memories, letters
etc
 Data may be obtained from
 Internal sources
 External sources
 Surveys and experiments

12
adeel_tc@hotmail.com 0315-4632432 4/26/2012

Organized representations of data that help to
summarize and simplify
Many types:
 Ranked frequency distributions
 Simple frequency distributions
 Grouped frequency distributions


A distribution of numbers in which scores are
arranged in order (ranked), with the highest
number at the top and the lowest number at
the bottom of a list . 9
Raw Data 8
3 8 6 9 5 2 7 7
6
5
3
2

 Created by listing all possible score values in
any distribution and then indicating the
frequency (f).
 Frequency ( f ) is the number of times a
score occurs.


Raw Data Score f
2 5 8 7 2 2 8 3
7 2
6 8 5 2 5 7
6 3
4 5 6 2 8 6 5 4
4 1
2 5

 Rawdata are combined into equal-sized
groups called class intervals.
 Class intervals
 Often data has natural classes
 E.g., grades in a course
 Intervals must not be too large or too small


Class interval f
90-100 1
80-89 5
70-79 2
60-69 7
<59 7


Data and its types by adeel

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