Data communication and Computer Networking I

10/23/2024
BULE HORA UNIVERSITY
Collage of Business and Economics
Department of Business
Administration and Information
Systems
Data Communication and Computer
Networks I
Mar, 2023
By Kenbon A.
1

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
NETWORKS

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Networking
Computer network
A collection of computing devices connected
in order to communicate and share resources
Connections between computing devices can
be physical using wires or cables or wireless
using radio waves or infrared signals

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Computer networks have opened up an entire
frontier in the world of computing called the
client/server model

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Networking key terms
Node (host)
Any device on a network
Data transfer rate (bandwidth)
The speed with which data is moved from one place to another
on a network
Protocol
A set of rules that defines how data is formatted and processed
on a network; i.e., rules that allow client/server interaction
File server
A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a
network
Web server
A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the
browser client) for web pages

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What is a Computer Network?
A system containing any combination of computers,
computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display
devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunication
equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive
information. The Network Diagram

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The Networking Devices(Nodes
1. NIC Card
2. Repeater
3. Hub
4. Switch
5. Bridge
6. Router
7. Gateway
8. Firewall

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Network Interface Card
 NIC is used to physically connect host
devices to the network media.
 A NIC is a printed circuit board that
fits into the expansion slot of a bus on
a computer motherboard.
 It can also be a peripheral device. NICs
are sometimes called network
adapters.
 Each NIC is identified by a unique
code called a Media Access Control
(MAC) address.
 This address is used to control data
communication for the host on the
network.

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Repeaters
A repeater is a network device used
to regenerate a signal.
Repeaters regenerate analog or
digital signals that are distorted by
transmission loss due to attenuation.
A repeater does not make an
intelligent decision concerning
forwarding packets

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Hubs
 Hubs concentrate on connections.
 In other words, they take a group
of hosts and allow the network to
see them as a single unit.
 This is done passively, without
any other effect on the data
transmission.
 Active hubs concentrate hosts and
also regenerate signals.

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Bridges
Bridges convert network
data formats and perform
basic data transmission
management.
Bridges provide connections
between LANs.
They also check data to
determine if it should cross
the bridge. This makes each
part of the network more
efficient

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Switches
 Switches add more intelligence to data transfer
management.
 They can determine if data should remain on a LAN and
transfer data only to the connection that needs it.
 Another difference between a bridge and switch is that a
switch does not convert data transmission formats

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Routers
Routers have all the capabilities
listed above.
Routers can regenerate signals,
concentrate multiple connections,
convert data transmission formats,
and manage data transfers.
They can also connect to a WAN,
which allows them to connect
LANs that are separated by great
distances.

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Gateway
 A gateway is a piece of
networking hardware used in
telecommunications for
telecommunications networks
that allows data to flow from
one discrete network to another.
 Gateways are distinct from
routers or switches in that they
communicate using more than
one protocol to connect a bunch
of networks

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Applications of Computer Network :
 Sharing of resources such as printers
 Sharing of expensive software's and
database
 Communication from one computer to
another computer
 Exchange of data and information among
users via network
 Sharing of information over geographically
wide areas.

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Components of Computer Network
 Two or more computers
 Cables as links between the computers
 A network interfacing card(NIC) on each
computer
 Switches
 Software called operating system(OS)

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Network Benefits
The network provided to the users can be divided
into two categories:
 Sharing
 Connectivity
Sharing Resources
Types of resources are:
 Hardware: A network allows users to share many
hardware devices such as printers , modems, fax
machines, CD ROM, players, etc.
 Software: sharing software resources reduces the
cost of software installation, saves space on hard
disk.

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Other Benefits of Computer Network
 Increased speed
 Reduced cost
 Improved security
 Centralized software managements
 Electronic mail
 Flexible access
Disadvantages of Computer Networks
High cost of installation
Requires time for administration
Failure of server
Cable faults

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Computer Networks Versus Human
Network
I) Human Networks
In its broadest sense, a network consists of
two or more entities, or objects, sharing
resources and information.
is a networks that don’t involve computers,
and those networks are everywhere.

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Human Network Examples
Family Network
Most people belong to a family network in
which related people share their resources
and information. This sharing is bi-
directional because even the youngest family
members share information of some sort. As
the family grows, so does the network.

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Peer Network
 This kind of network is represented by a two-
way relationship, a give and take among
equals or peers.

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Restaurant Network: The Client and the Server
So, in any type of human network, there’s a
lot of giving and taking. You’re already more
accustomed to the client/server perspective in
networking than you realize.

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Contact Network
Anyone who has looked for a job knows that
one of the best ways to find a job is to
network.
The more people you meet and get to know,
the better your chances of obtaining work.

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II Computer Networks
• computer network consists of two or more
computing devices that are connected in
order to share the components of your
network (its resources) and the information
you store there

Data communication and Computer Networking I

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