Data ethics and machine learning: discrimination, algorithmic bias, and how to discover them. Dino Pedreschi
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The document discusses the ethical implications of big data and machine learning, focusing on issues such as algorithmic bias and discrimination. It highlights specific cases, such as the COMPAS score and credit scoring discrepancies, to illustrate how biases can manifest in data-driven decision-making. It emphasizes the need for responsible technology use and the implementation of policies, user involvement, and education to address these challenges.
![By 2018, 50% of business ethics
violations will occur through
improper use of big data analytics
[source: Gartner, 2016]
AI and Big Data 17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-17-320.jpg)
![The danger of black boxes -2
The three major US credit bureaus, Experian, TransUnion, and
Equifax, providing credit scoring for millions of individuals, are
often discordant.
In a study of 500,000 records, 29% of consumers received credit
scores that differ by at least fifty points between credit bureaus, a
difference that may mean tens of thousands dollars over the life of
a mortgage [CRS+16].
AI and Big Data 21](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-21-320.jpg)
![The danger of black boxes - 4
During the 1970s and 1980s, St. George’s Hospital
Medical School in London used a computer program for
initial screening of job applicants.
The program used information from applicants’ forms,
which contained no reference to ethnicity.
The program was found to unfairly discriminate against
female applicants and ethnic minorities (inferred from
surnames and place of birth), less likely to be selected for
interview [LM88].
AI and Big Data 23](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-23-320.jpg)
![The danger of black boxes - 5
In a recent paper at SIGKDD 2016 [RSG16] the authors
show how an accurate but untrustworthy classifier may
result from an accidental bias in the training data.
In a task of discriminating wolves from huskies in a
dataset of images, the resulting deep learning model is
shown to classify a wolf in a picture based solely on …
AI and Big Data 24](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-24-320.jpg)
![The danger of black boxes - 5
In a recent paper at SIGKDD 2016 [RSG16] the authors
show how an accurate but untrustworthy classifier may
result from an accidental bias in the training data.
In a task of discriminating wolves from huskies in a
dataset of images, the resulting deep learning model is
shown to classify a wolf in a picture based solely on …
the presence of snow in the background!
[RSG16] “Why Should I Trust You?” Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier
SIGKDD 2016 Conference Paper
AI and Big Data 25](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-25-320.jpg)
![As we stated in our 2008 SIGKDD paper that started the field of
discrimination-aware data mining [PRT08]:
“learning from historical data recording human decision making
may mean to discover traditional prejudices that are endemic in
reality, and to assign to such practices the status of general rules,
maybe unconsciously, as these rules can be deeply hidden within
the learned classifier.”
AI and Big Data 31](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-31-320.jpg)
![AI and Big Data 55
Totes-Isotoner Corp. v. U.S.
Rack Room Shoes Inc. and
Forever 21 Inc. vs U.S.
Court of International Trade
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit (2014)
“[…] the courts may have concluded that
Congress had no discriminatory intent when
ruling the HTS, but there is little
doubt that gender-based tariffs have
discriminatory impact”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pedreschi-170308165412/85/Data-ethics-and-machine-learning-discrimination-algorithmic-bias-and-how-to-discover-them-Dino-Pedreschi-55-320.jpg)
Data ethics and machine learning: discrimination, algorithmic bias, and how to discover them. Dino Pedreschi
- 1. Data ethics and machine learning Discrimination, algorithmic bias, and how to discover them. DINO PEDRESCHI KDDLAB, DIPARTIMENTO DI INFORMATICA, UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA
- 5. 5 Spot business trends Prevent diseases Fight crime Improve transportation Personalised services Improve wellbeing
- 6. Event Detection Detecting events in a geographic area classifying the different kinds of users. City of Rome Metropolitan area Covered geographical region: city of Rome Dataset size per snapshot: ≈ 1.2 GBytes per day Number of records: ≈ 5.6 million lines per day 8 months between 2015 and 2016
- 7. San Pietro
- 8. San Giovanni
- 10. Stadio Olimpico
- 13. Estimating wellbeing with mobility data AI and Big Data 13 A B C H W
- 14. Predicting GDP with Retail Market data 14 generic utility function (rationality) personal utility function (diversity) Product Price Quantity Needed Sophistication R2 = 17.25% R2 = 32.38% R2 = 85.72%
- 15. Risks of big data 15
- 16. Big Data, Big Risks Big data is algorithmic, therefore it cannot be biased! And yet… • All traditional evils of social discrimination, and many new ones, exhibit themselves in the big data ecosystem • Because of its tremendous power, massive data analysis must be used responsibly • Technology alone won’t do: also need policy, user involvement and education efforts 16
- 17. By 2018, 50% of business ethics violations will occur through improper use of big data analytics [source: Gartner, 2016] AI and Big Data 17
- 18. AI and Big Data 18
- 19. 19
- 20. The danger of black boxes - 1 The COMPAS score (Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions) A 137-questions questionnaire and a predictive model for “risk of crime recidivism.” The model is a proprietary secret of Northpointe, Inc. The data journalists at propublica.org have shown that • the prediction accuracy of recidivism is rather low (around 60%) • the model has a strong ethnic bias ◦ blacks who did not reoffend are classified as high risk twice as much as whites who did not reoffend ◦ whites who did reoffend were classified as low risk twice as much as blacks who did reoffend. AI and Big Data 20
- 21. The danger of black boxes -2 The three major US credit bureaus, Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax, providing credit scoring for millions of individuals, are often discordant. In a study of 500,000 records, 29% of consumers received credit scores that differ by at least fifty points between credit bureaus, a difference that may mean tens of thousands dollars over the life of a mortgage [CRS+16]. AI and Big Data 21
- 22. The danger of black boxes - 3 In 2010, some homeowners with a regular payment history of their mortgage reported a sudden drop of forty points in their credit score, soon after their own enquiry. AI and Big Data 22
- 23. The danger of black boxes - 4 During the 1970s and 1980s, St. George’s Hospital Medical School in London used a computer program for initial screening of job applicants. The program used information from applicants’ forms, which contained no reference to ethnicity. The program was found to unfairly discriminate against female applicants and ethnic minorities (inferred from surnames and place of birth), less likely to be selected for interview [LM88]. AI and Big Data 23
- 24. The danger of black boxes - 5 In a recent paper at SIGKDD 2016 [RSG16] the authors show how an accurate but untrustworthy classifier may result from an accidental bias in the training data. In a task of discriminating wolves from huskies in a dataset of images, the resulting deep learning model is shown to classify a wolf in a picture based solely on … AI and Big Data 24
- 25. The danger of black boxes - 5 In a recent paper at SIGKDD 2016 [RSG16] the authors show how an accurate but untrustworthy classifier may result from an accidental bias in the training data. In a task of discriminating wolves from huskies in a dataset of images, the resulting deep learning model is shown to classify a wolf in a picture based solely on … the presence of snow in the background! [RSG16] “Why Should I Trust You?” Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier SIGKDD 2016 Conference Paper AI and Big Data 25
- 26. Deep learning is creating computer systems we don't fully understand www.theverge.com/2016/7/12/12158238/first-click-deep-learning-algorithmic- black-boxes AI and Big Data 26
- 27. Is AI Permanently Inscrutable? nautil.us/issue/40/learning/is-artificial-intelligence-permanently-inscrutable 27
- 28. The danger of black boxes - 6 In a recent study at Princeton Univ, the authors show how the semantics derived automatically from large text/web corpora contains human biases ◦ E.g., names associated with whites were found to be significantly easier to associate with pleasant than unpleasant terms, compared to names associated with black people. Therefore, any machine learning model trained on text data for, e.g., sentiment or opinion mining has a strong chance of inheriting the prejudices reflected in the human-produced training data. AI and Big Data 28
- 29. Human Bias AI and Big Data 29
- 30. Human Bias can be Learned - 7 AI and Big Data 30
- 31. As we stated in our 2008 SIGKDD paper that started the field of discrimination-aware data mining [PRT08]: “learning from historical data recording human decision making may mean to discover traditional prejudices that are endemic in reality, and to assign to such practices the status of general rules, maybe unconsciously, as these rules can be deeply hidden within the learned classifier.” AI and Big Data 31
- 33. Satya Nadella's rules for AI www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12057516/satya-nadella-ai-robot-laws AI and Big Data 33
- 34. U.S. – F.T.C. Salvatore Ruggieri 34 www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/big-data-tool-inclusion-or- exclusion-understanding-issues/160106big-data-rpt.pdf (Sept. 2014)
- 35. U.S. – White House Salvatore Ruggieri 35 www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1 _2014.pdf (May 2014)
- 36. U.S. – White House Salvatore Ruggieri 36 www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/2016_0504_data_disc rimination.pdf (May 2016)
- 37. U.S. – White House www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NST C/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf (October 2016) AI and Big Data 37
- 38. E.U. - EDPS Salvatore Ruggieri 38 secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Con sultation/Opinions/2015/15-11-19_Big_Data_EN.pdf
- 39. E.U. - EDPS Salvatore Ruggieri 39 secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Con sultation/Opinions/2015/15-09-11_Data_Ethics_EN.pdf
- 40. Netherlands www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/ethical-and-legal-aspects-of-informatics- research (September 2016) AI and Big Data 40
- 41. Big Data Ethics informationaccountability.org/big-data-ethics-initiative/ AI and Big Data 41
- 42. Value-Sensitive Design Design for privacy Design for security Design for inclusion Design for sustainability Design for democracy Design for safety Design for transparency Design for accountability Design for human capabilities AI and Big Data 42
- 43. EU Projects: SoBigData.eu Social Mining & Big Data Ecosystem project (SoBigData, H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015, duration: 2015-2019, www.sobigdata.eu AI and Big Data 43
- 44. Master Universitario Di II Livello BigData Technology BigData Sensing&Procurement BigData Mining BigData StoryTelling BigData Ethics Il Master Big Data ha l’obiettivo di formare“data scientists”,dei professionisti dotati di un mix di competenze multidisciplinari che permettono non solo di acquisire dati ed estrarne conos- cenza, ma anche di raccontare“storie” attraverso questi dati, a supporto delle decisioni, della creatività e dello sviluppo di servizi innovativi, e di saper gestire le ripercussioni etiche e legali dei Big Data, che spesso contengono informazioni personali e suscitano problematiche relative alla privacy, alla trasparenza,alla consapevolezza. Aree di innovazione socio-economica: BigData for Social Good BigData forBusiness Big Data AnalyticsESocial Mining SoBigData Data Ethics Literacy Rapporto MIUR su Big Data, 28 Luglio 2016 ◦ www.istruzione.it/allegati/2016/bigdata.pdf Master UNIPI in Big Data Analytics & Social Mining ◦ masterbigdata.it AI and Big Data 44
- 45. Data ethics technologies DISCRIMINATION DISCOVERY FROM DATA
- 46. AI and Big Data 46
- 47. Discrimination discovery Given: ◦ an historical database of decision records, each describing features of an applicant to a benefit ◦ e.g., a credit request to a bank and the corresponding on credit approval/denial ◦ some designated categories of applicants, such as groups protected by anti-discrimination laws, find whether, and in which circumstances, there are evidences of discrimination of the designated categories that emerge from the data. DCUBE: Discrimination Discovery in Databases 47
- 48. German Credit dataset DCUBE: Discrimination Discovery in Databases 48
- 49. How? Fight with the same weapons Idea: use data mining to discover discrimination ◦ the decision policies hidden in a database can be represented by decision rules and discovered by frequent pattern mining ◦ Once found all such decision rules, highlight all potential niches of discrimination by filtering the rules using a measure that quantifies the discrimination risk. DCUBE: Discrimination Discovery in Databases 49
- 50. Discrimination discovery from data FOREIGN_WORKER=yes & PURPOSE=new_car & HOUSING=own CREDIT=bad ◦ elift = 5,19 supp = 56 conf = 0,37 elift = 5,19 means that foreign workers have more than 5 times more probability of being refused credit than the average population (even if they own their house). 50
- 51. Outcome: Funded Not funded Conditionally funded Case Study: grant evaluation 51
- 52. Dataset attributes 52 Features of the PI Project costs Research Area Project Evaluation
- 53. A potentially discriminatory rule Antecedent ◦ Project proposals in “Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences” ◦ Young females ◦ Total cost of 1,358,000 Euros or above Possible interpretation ◦ “Peer-reviewers of panel PE4 trusted young females requiring high budgets less than males leading similar projects” 53
- 54. Case study: US Harmonized Tariff System US Harmonized Tariff System (HTS) https://hts.usitc.gov/ Detailed tariff classification system for merchandise imported to US Chapter 61, 62, 64, 65: apparels ◦ Different taxes for same garments separately produced for male and female ◦ Description is at semi-structured form 64.4¢/kg + 18.8%96¢/doz + 1.4%8.5%Women and girls 38.6¢/kg + 10%08.9%Men and boys CoatsFur felt hatsCotton pajamas Different taxes for same apparels for men and women 64.4¢/kg + 18.8%96¢/doz + 1.4%8.5%Women and girls 38.6¢/kg + 10%08.9%Men and boys CoatsFur felt hatsCotton pajamas Different taxes for same apparels for men and women 54 Women: 14% Men: 9% 1.3 billions USD!!!
- 55. AI and Big Data 55 Totes-Isotoner Corp. v. U.S. Rack Room Shoes Inc. and Forever 21 Inc. vs U.S. Court of International Trade U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (2014) “[…] the courts may have concluded that Congress had no discriminatory intent when ruling the HTS, but there is little doubt that gender-based tariffs have discriminatory impact”
- 56. Sample rule from the HTS dataset AI and Big Data 56
- 58. Soccer Player Ratings How humans evaluate sports performance?
- 62. Wrapping up AI AND BIG DATA 62
- 63. Right of explanation • Applying AI within many domains requires transparency and responsibility: • health care • finance • surveillance • autonomous vehicles • Government • EU General Data Protection Regulation (April 2016) establishes (?) a right of explanation for all individuals to obtain “meaningful explanations of the logic involved” when automated (algorithmic) individual decision- making, including profiling, takes place. • In sharp contrast, (big) data-driven AI/ML models are often black boxes. AI and Big Data 63
- 64. Accountability “Why exactly was my loan application rejected?” “What could I have done differently so that my application would not have been rejected?” AI and Big Data 64
- 65. Social Mining & Big Data Ecosystem www.sobigdata.eu
- 66. 66 Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining Lab http://kdd.isti.cnr.it
- 67. Special thanks • Salvatore Ruggieri • Franco Turini • Fosca Giannotti • Anna Monreale • Luca Pappalardo SMARTCATs