Data Manipulation(DML) and Transaction Control (TCL)
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The document outlines SQL fundamentals related to Oracle 11g, detailing how to create tables for doctors and lawyers with specific constraints. It also covers data manipulation language (DML) operations like insert, select, update, and delete, alongside transaction control language (TCL) commands. Key distinctions between delete and truncate commands, as well as examples of how to utilize various SQL functionalities, are included.
![SELECT Statement
•Syntax:
SELECT *|<column_name(s)> FROM <table_name>
[WHERE <condition>];
•Example:
SELECT * FROM student;
or
SELECT std_id,std_name FROM student;
or
SELECT * FROM student
WHERE dept_id=10;
10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-180402183526/85/Data-Manipulation-DML-and-Transaction-Control-TCL-10-320.jpg)
![UPDATE STATEMENT
•Modify existing records with UPDATE statement.
•Syntax:
UPDATE <table_name>
SET <column_name> = <column_value>, …….
[WHERE <condition>];
•Condition is optional part.
16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-180402183526/85/Data-Manipulation-DML-and-Transaction-Control-TCL-16-320.jpg)
![DELETE STATEMENT
•DELETE is used to either removing table contents or specific rows.
•Syntax:
DELETE FROM <table_name>
[WHERE <condition>];
17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-180402183526/85/Data-Manipulation-DML-and-Transaction-Control-TCL-17-320.jpg)
Data Manipulation(DML) and Transaction Control (TCL)
- 1. SQL Fundamentals Oracle 11g M U H A M M A D WA H E E D O R AC L E D ATA BA S E D E V E LO P E R E M A I L : m .wa h e e d 3 6 6 8 @ g m a i l . co m . 1 Lecture#4
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- 3. Question#1 Create doctor table (lisence no., name, qualification,salary,contact no.,cnic,employee no.) using column level constraints. i- salary needs to be in currency format e.g 200000.00 ii- salary can’t be less than 10000 iii- employee no. is linked with employee table with same field name. 3
- 4. Solution#1 SQL>CREATE TABLE doctor 2 (license_no int, 3 name varchar2(100), 4 qualification varchar2(100), 5 salary NUMBER(10,2) CHECK (salary >=10000), 6 contact_no INT, 7 cnic INT, 8 employee_no INT REFERENCES employee); 4
- 5. Question#2 Create a table lawyer(lawyer no., name, no of cases, office address, contact no) using column level as well as table level constraints where necessary. i- each lawyer must have a unique id ii- each lawyer name is required iii- no. of cases can not be zero iii- each lawyer have either different contact number or none. 5
- 6. Solution#2 SQL>CREATE TABLE lawyer 2 (lawyer_no INT PRIMARY KEY, 3 name VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL, 4 no_of_cases INT CHECK (no_of_cases>0), 5 office_address VARCHAR2(200), 6 contact_no INT 7 , 8 CONSTRAINT lawyer_contact_uk UNIQUE(contact_no)); 6
- 8. CRUD Operations (DML) •CRUD represents an acronym for the database operations Create, Read, Update, and Delete. •Create (known as Insert) •Read/Retrieve ( known as Select) •Update (Update) •Delete (Delete) *Note: CRUD operations are effected by integrity constraints. 8
- 9. Insert Statement •We use following syntax: •INSERT INTO <table_name> (<column1>,<column2>,….,<columnN>) VALUES (<value1>,<value2>,….,<valueN>); OR •INSERT INTO <table_name> VALUES (value1,value2,….); OR •INSERT ALL INTO <table_name> VALUES(<column1>,<column2>,….,<columnN>) INTO <table_name> VALUES(<column1>,<column2>,….,<columnN>) INTO <table_name> VALUES(<column1>,<column2>,….,<columnN>) SELECT * FROM DUAL; 9
- 10. SELECT Statement •Syntax: SELECT *|<column_name(s)> FROM <table_name> [WHERE <condition>]; •Example: SELECT * FROM student; or SELECT std_id,std_name FROM student; or SELECT * FROM student WHERE dept_id=10; 10
- 12. Capabilities of SELECT •Projection a part of SQL statement after SELECT keyword is called “Projection” and it refers to the consideration or elimination of columns. •Selection the part of SQL statement after WHERE keyword is called “Selection” and it refers to the consideration or elimination of rows. •In previous mentioned example “*” refers to projection and “dept_id=10” refers to selection. •Join it is used to bring together data that is stored in different by creating a link between them. You learn more about Joins in later lesson. 12
- 13. TOTAL USER_TABLES •SELECT TABLE_NAME/* FROM TAB; OR SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES; 13
- 14. Line Size •You can set the number of output lines to be displayed on output screen. •Syntax: SET LINESIZE n; n is the number of vertical lines to be displayed simultaneously on screen. 14
- 16. UPDATE STATEMENT •Modify existing records with UPDATE statement. •Syntax: UPDATE <table_name> SET <column_name> = <column_value>, ……. [WHERE <condition>]; •Condition is optional part. 16
- 17. DELETE STATEMENT •DELETE is used to either removing table contents or specific rows. •Syntax: DELETE FROM <table_name> [WHERE <condition>]; 17
- 18. Difference btw Delete & Truncate Statement •Delete is a DML command and Truncate is a DDL command. •We can ROLLBACK the DELETE action but can't do for truncate. •Delete uses WHERE clause to delete specific rows while truncate deletes whole table records. 18
- 20. COMMIT •Ends the current transaction by making all pending data changes permanent. •Syntax: COMMIT; 20
- 21. SAVEPOINT •Marks a savepoint within current transaction. •Syntax: SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>; 21
- 22. ROLLBACK •Ends the current transaction by discarding all pending data changes. •Syntax: ROLLBACK; or ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>; •Example: 22
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