![Stability of Cycloalkanes: The Baeyer
St i Th
Strain Theory
Baeyer (1885): since
carbon prefers to have
bond angles of
approximately 109°,
i i th th
ring sizes other than
five and six may be too
strained to exist
Rings from 3 to 30 C’s
do exist but are
strained due to bond
bending distortions and
steric interactions [ H/CH2 (ring) - H/CH2 (acyclic) ] * n
(CH2)n + 3n/2 O2 n CO2 + n H2O + Heat](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/day4lecture-221110084222-97a9cb70/85/day-4-lecture-pdf-18-320.jpg)
![Additional Cyclic Structures
H H
Additional Cyclic Structures
H
H
H
H
Boat Cyclohexane
H H
H H
Fused Polycycles
H
H
H H
trans-decalin cis-decalin
Bridged Polycycles
bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/day4lecture-221110084222-97a9cb70/85/day-4-lecture-pdf-38-320.jpg)
day 4 lecture.pdf
- 1. Conformational Isomers Isomers that differ as a result of sigma bond Isomers that differ as a result of sigma bond rotation of C-C bond in alkanes
- 2. Bond Rotation and Newman Projections As carbon-carbon bond rotates, interconvert As carbon carbon bond rotates, interconvert between staggered and eclipsed conformers E li d f i 12 0 kJ/ l hi h i Eclipsed conformer is 12.0 kJ/mol higher in energy ('free' rotation at room temperature)
- 3. Torsional Strain Energy Force that opposes rotation due to the repulsion Force that opposes rotation due to the repulsion of bonding electrons We do not observe perfectly free rotation There is a barrier to rotation, and some , conformers are more stable than others Small energy barrier easily overcome at RT Each eclipsed H-H costs 4 kJ/mol of Torsional Energy
- 5. Strain Energy in Alkanes Torsional Strain Steric strain- repulsive interaction occurring between atoms that are forced closer together than their t i dii ll atomic radii allow
- 6. In Class: Conformations of Higher and Branched Alkanes Propane Propane Butane 2-methylbutane 2-methylbutane 2-chlorobutane draw conformers (id most/least stable) define anti and gauche staggered conformers define anti and gauche staggered conformers predict relative energies and draw diagrams d t i l ti t f f determine relative percentages of conformers
- 7. What does E tell us? G = -RTlnK = -2.303RTlogK which can rearrange to logK = G/1 36 where R = 0 001987 kcal/K*mol (1 kcal = 4.14 kJ) logK = -G/1.36 where R = 0.001987 kcal/K mol or T = 298 K K 10 (G/1 36) K = 10 -(G/1.36) less stable more stable K = 10 -(-0.9/1.36) = 4.5 0.9 kcal 0.0 kcal G = -0.9 kcal/mol K 10 4.5 so product : reactant is 4.5:1 (product - reactant) or 82% pdt and 18% reactant
- 8. What does E tell us?
- 9. Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are alkanes that have carbon atoms th t f i ( ll d li li d ) that form a ring (called alicyclic compounds) Simple cycloalkanes rings of CH2 units, (CH2)n, or CnH2n
- 10. Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes Cis Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes Rotation about C-C bonds in cycloalkanes is limited by the ring structure Rings have two “faces” and substituents are labeled as to their relative facial positions There are two different 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane isomers, one with the two methyls on the same side (cis) of the ring and one with the methyls on opposite sides (trans)
- 11. Stereoisomers Stereoisomers Compounds with atoms connected in the same order b t hi h diff i th di i l i t ti but which differ in three-dimensional orientation, are stereoisomers The terms “cis” and “trans” should be used to specify t i i i t t stereoisomeric ring structures
- 12. Naming Cycloalkanes Naming Cycloalkanes Count the number of carbon atoms in the ring and the number in h l b i h i If h b f b i the largest substituent chain. If the number of carbon atoms in the ring is equal to or greater than the number in the substituent, the compound is named as an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane For an alkyl or halo substituted cycloalkane start at a point of For an alkyl- or halo-substituted cycloalkane, start at a point of attachment as C1 and number the substituents on the ring so that the second substituent has as low a number as possible. If choice, give substituent that comes first alphabetically lower , g p y number Number the substituents and write the name adding prefix "cyclo"
- 14. cis-1-isopropyl-3-methylcyclohexane Cl trans 1 2 dichlorocyclobutane Cl trans-1,2-dichlorocyclobutane
- 15. Complex Cycloalkanes Complex Cycloalkanes Naturally occurring materials contain cycloalkane structures Examples: chrysanthemic acid (cyclopropane), prostaglandins (cyclopentane), steroids (cyclohexanes and cyclopentane)
- 16. Properties of Cycloalkanes Properties of Cycloalkanes Melting points are affected by the shapes and the g p y p way that crystals pack so they do not change uniformly
- 17. Stability of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain Stability of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain Rings larger than 3 atoms are not flat g g Cyclic molecules can assume nonplanar conformations to minimize angle strain and torsional strain by ring-puckering strain by ring puckering Larger rings have many more possible conformations than smaller rings and are more difficult to analyze
- 18. Stability of Cycloalkanes: The Baeyer St i Th Strain Theory Baeyer (1885): since carbon prefers to have bond angles of approximately 109°, i i th th ring sizes other than five and six may be too strained to exist Rings from 3 to 30 C’s do exist but are strained due to bond bending distortions and steric interactions [ H/CH2 (ring) - H/CH2 (acyclic) ] * n (CH2)n + 3n/2 O2 n CO2 + n H2O + Heat
- 19. Summary: Types of Strain Summary: Types of Strain Angle strain - expansion or compression of bond g p p angles away from most stable Torsional strain - eclipsing of bonds on neighboring t atoms Steric strain - repulsive interactions between nonbonded atoms in close proximity nonbonded atoms in close proximity RING STRAIN = combination of Angle Strain + Torsional Strain
- 20. Conformations of Cycloalkanes Conformations of Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane y p p 3-membered ring must have planar structure Symmetrical with C–C–C bond angles of 60° 3 Requires that sp3 based bonds are bent (and weakened) All C-H bonds are eclipsed p
- 21. Bent Bonds of Cyclopropane Bent Bonds of Cyclopropane In cyclopropane, the C-C bond is displaced In cyclopropane, the C C bond is displaced outward from internuclear axis
- 22. Cyclobutane Cyclobutane Cyclobutane has less angle strain than cyclopropane b t t i l t i b f it l b but more torsional strain because of its larger number of ring hydrogens Cyclobutane is slightly bent out of plane - one carbon t i b t 25° b atom is about 25° above The bend increases angle strain but decreases torsional strain
- 23. Cyclopentane Cyclopentane Planar cyclopentane would have no angle strain but y p g very high torsional strain Actual conformations of cyclopentane are nonplanar, reducing torsional strain reducing torsional strain Four carbon atoms are in a plane The fifth carbon atom is above or below the plane – looks like an envelope looks like an envelope
- 24. Conformations of Cyclohexane Conformations of Cyclohexane Substituted cyclohexanes occur widely in nature y y The cyclohexane ring is free of angle strain and torsional strain The conformation is has alternating atoms in a The conformation is has alternating atoms in a common plane and tetrahedral angles between all carbons Thi i ll d h i f ti This is called a chair conformation All bond angles 109.5o, and all hydrogens staggered
- 25. How to Draw Chair Cyclohexane How to Draw Chair Cyclohexane
- 26. Axial and Equatorial Bonds in C l h Cyclohexane The chair conformation h t ki d f has two kinds of positions for substituents on the ring: axial positions and equatorial positions and equatorial positions Chair cyclohexane has six axial hydrogens six axial hydrogens perpendicular to the ring (parallel to the ring axis) and six equatorial q hydrogens near the plane of the ring You must be able to clearly indicate axial and equatorial positions
- 27. Axial and Equatorial Positions Axial and Equatorial Positions Each carbon atom in cyclohexane has one y axial and one equatorial hydrogen Each face of the ring has three axial and h i l h d i l i three equatorial hydrogens in an alternating arrangement
- 28. Drawing the Axial and Equatorial H d Hydrogens
- 29. Conformational Mobility of Cyclohexane Conformational Mobility of Cyclohexane Chair conformations readily interconvert, resulting in y , g the exchange of axial and equatorial positions by a ring-flip If only H's present, these two structures are identical
- 30. Conformations of Monosubstituted C l h Cyclohexanes Cyclohexane ring rapidly flips between chair y g p y p conformations at room temp. Two conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexane aren’t equally stable. aren t equally stable. The equatorial conformer of methyl cyclohexane is more stable than the axial by 7.6 kJ/mol
- 31. 1,3-Diaxial Interactions 1,3 Diaxial Interactions Difference between axial and equatorial conformers is due to steric strain caused by 1 3 di i l i t ti 1,3-diaxial interactions Hydrogen atoms of the axial methyl group on C1 are too close to the axial hydrogens three b C3 carbons away on C3 and C5, resulting in 7.6 kJ/mol of steric strain 7.6 kJ/mol higher in energy
- 33. Relationship to Gauche Butane I t ti Interactions Gauche butane is less stable than anti butane by 3.8 kJ/mol b f i i f b h d h because of steric interference between hydrogen atoms on the two methyl groups The four-carbon fragment of axial methylcyclohexane and gauche butane have the same steric interaction gauche butane have the same steric interaction In general, equatorial positions give more stable isomer
- 34. Conformational Analysis of Di b tit t d C l h Disubstituted Cyclohexanes In disubstituted cyclohexanes the steric effects of both substituents must be taken into account in both conformations must be taken into account in both conformations There are two isomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. cis and trans In the cis isomer, both methyl groups are on the same face of the ring, and compound can exist in two chair conformations g, p Consider the sum of all interactions In cis-1,2, both conformations are equal in energy
- 35. Trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Trans 1,2 Dimethylcyclohexane Methyl groups are on opposite faces of the ring O t f ti h b th th l t i l d l One trans conformation has both methyl groups equatorial and only a gauche butane interaction between methyls (3.8 kJ/mol) and no 1,3- diaxial interactions The ring-flipped conformation has both methyl groups axial with four 1,3- diaxial interactions diaxial interactions Steric strain of 4 3.8 kJ/mol = 15.2 kJ/mol makes the diaxial conformation 11.4 kJ/mol less favorable than the diequatorial conformation trans 1 2 dimethylcyclohexane will exist almost exclusively (>99%) in the trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane will exist almost exclusively (>99%) in the diequatorial conformation
- 37. Draw the two chair conformers and calculate the strain f h h i Whi h i t bl ? energy for each chair. Which is more stable?
- 38. Additional Cyclic Structures H H Additional Cyclic Structures H H H H Boat Cyclohexane H H H H Fused Polycycles H H H H trans-decalin cis-decalin Bridged Polycycles bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane