DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING - C Programming

C PROGRAMMING
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UNIT-2
DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING

• The conditional statements (also known as decision control structures) such as if, if else,
switch, etc. are used for decision-making purposes in C programs.
• They are also known as Decision-Making Statements and are used to evaluate one or
more conditions and make the decision whether to execute a set of statements or not.
These decision-making statements in programming languages decide the direction of the
flow of program execution.
Introduction to Decision
Making:
Types of Conditional
Statements:
1.if Statement
2.if-else Statement
3.Nested if Statement
4.if-else-if Ladder
5.switch Statement
6.Conditional Operator
7.Jump Statements

if
Statement:
An if statement is like asking a computer a question.
• If the answer is "yes" (true), it does one thing.
• If the answer is "no" (false), it does something else or nothing at all.
Syntax of if Statement
if(condition)
{
// Statements to execute if
// condition is true
}

if else
statement:
An if-else statement provides two possible execution paths based on a condition.
• If the condition is true, the code inside the if block is executed.
• If the condition is false, the code inside the else block is executed.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// code to be executed if condition is true
} else {
// code to be executed if condition is false
}

Nested if
statement:
A nested if statement is an if statement within another if statement. This allows for more complex
decision-making processes.
Syntax:
if (condition1) {
// code to be executed if condition1 is true
if (condition2) {
// code to be executed if both condition1 and condition2 are true
} else
{
// code to be executed if condition1 is true but condition2 is false
}
} else {
// code to be executed if condition1 is false
}

if-else-if
ladder:
An if-else-if ladder is used when you have multiple conditions to check and want to execute different code blocks
based on those conditions.
It's like a series of if statements connected together. The conditions are checked sequentially, and as soon as one
condition is true, the corresponding code block is executed, and the rest of the ladder is skipped.
Syntax:
if (condition1) {
// code to be executed if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// code to be executed if condition1 is false and condition2 is true
} else if (condition3) {
// code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 are false, but condition3 is true
} else {
// code to be executed if
none of the conditions are true
}

A switch statement is a multi-way branch statement that allows you to select one of many code blocks to
be executed. It's often used as an alternative to multiple if-else statements when you have a variable with a
limited number of possible values.
Syntax:
C
switch (expression) {
case constant1:
// code to be executed if expression == constant1break;
case constant2:
// code to be executed if expression == constant2break;
// ...default:
// code to be executed
if no case matches
}
Switch statement:

Conditional
Operator:
The conditional operator, often called the ternary operator, is a shorthand way to express an
if-else statement in a single line. It's represented by the question mark (?) and colon (:).
Syntax:
condition ? expression1 : expression2
Example:
int x = 10, y = 20, max;
max = (x > y) ? x : y;

Jump
Statement:
Jump statements alter the normal flow of a program's execution. They allow you to transfer
control to a different part of the code.
Types of Jump Statements
1. Break Statement
• Exits the current loop or switch statement immediately.
• Commonly used to terminate a loop when a specific condition is met.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}

2. Continue Statement
• Skips the rest of the current iteration of a loop and jumps to the next iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
3. Return Statement
• Terminates the current function and returns a value (optional).
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

4. Goto Statement
• Transfers control to a labeled statement within the same function.
• Generally discouraged due to potential for creating hard-to-follow code.
#include <stdio.h>int main() {
int i = 0;
loop:
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
if (i < 5) {
goto loop;
}
return 0;
}

Looping
Statement:
Looping statements in programming allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly until a
certain condition is met. They are essential for automating repetitive tasks and performing
calculations iteratively.
Types of Loops
There are primarily three types of loops in most programming languages:
1. For Loop
• Used when you know the number of iterations in advance.
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
}

2.While
loop:
• Used when the number of iterations is unknown, but you have a condition to check
before each iteration.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
}
3.do-while
loop:
• Similar to a while loop, but the condition is checked after the
loop body is executed at least once.
Syntax:
do {
} while (condition);

Jump in
loop:
Jump statements can be used to modify the normal flow of execution within loops. The two
primary jump statements used in loops are break and continue.
Break Statement
• Terminates the loop entirely.
• Once encountered, the program exits the loop immediately and continues execution after
the loop.
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}

Continue Statement
• Skips the rest of the current iteration.
• When encountered, the program jumps to the beginning of the next iteration of the loop.
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}

DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING - C Programming

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