Defer stemi
- 1. A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF DEFERRED STENTING VERSUS IMMEDIATE STENTING TO PREVENT NO- OR SLOW-REFLOW IN ACUTE ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (DEFER-STEMI) J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(20):2088- 2098. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.530
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Primary PCI with stenting immediately after coronary reperfusion salvage procedures jeopardizes myocardium, improves prognosis, and is the current standard of care for acute STEMI . • No-reflow is defined as an acute reduction in myocardial blood flow despite a patent epicardial coronary artery . • The pathophysiology of no-reflow involves microvascular obstruction secondary to distal embolization of clot, microvascular spasm, and thrombosis . • No-reflow occurs in ~10% of cases of primary PCI and is associated with patient characteristics such as advanced age and delayed presentation and coronary characteristics such as a completely occluded culprit artery and heavy thrombus burden .
- 3. • No therapies have been shown to prevent no-reflow, and when it occurs, treatment by administration of vasodilator drugs and IABP therapy is empirical . • The rationale for our intervention was to avoid the potential adverse effects of immediate stenting when the likelihood of no-reflow might be greatest. • Deferred stent implantation might allow time for reduction in coronary thrombus burden and recovery of microvascular function such that the likelihood of no-reflow is reduced. • We hypothesized that after initial coronary reperfusion and normalization of coronary blood flow, brief deferral of stenting might reduce the occurrence of no-reflow compared with usual care with immediate stenting and increase myocardial salvage. • We investigated this hypothesis in a real-life clinical setting involving STEMI patients treated with primary PCI.
- 4. Methods • A prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel group trial in STEMI patients enrolled at a single center between March 11, 2012, and November 21, 2012. Participants and eligibility criteria • Patients at risk of no-reflow were selected if radial artery access was used and ≥1 of the following inclusion criteria were met: • 1) clinical history that included myocardial infarction, increased age (i.e., 65 years of age or older), duration of symptoms >6 h; • 2) culprit coronary artery occlusion (TIMI flow grade 0/1 ) at initial angiography, heavy thrombus burden (TIMI grade 2 or higher , long lesion length (≥24 mm), small vessel diameter (i.e., ≤2.5 mm);
- 5. The exclusion criteria were • 1) the absence of normal (TIMI flow grade 3) coronary blood flow after initial reperfusion with aspiration thrombectomy with or without balloon angioplasty. • 2) cardiogenic shock; • 3) a contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (e.g., permanent pacemaker); • 4) inability to give informed consent.
- 6. • During ambulance transfer to the hospital, the patients received 300 mg aspirin, 600 mg clopidogrel, and 5000 IU unfractionated heparin . • Randomization was on a 1:1 basis between usual care with immediate stenting and deferred stenting.
- 7. Interventions • The deferred PCI strategy involved an intention-to- stent 4 to 16 h after initial coronary reperfusion. • This time interval was based on a balance between competing benefits and risks. • A short minimum period (4 h) was adopted, given our concern about the theoretical time-related risk of coronary reocclusion. • In practice, a guideline of at least 8 h was recommended for the deferred PCI to permit the beneficial effects of reperfusion and antithrombotic therapies
- 8. The treatment protocol • Deferred patients included transfer to the Coronary Care Unit, continuous intravenous infusion of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy (tirofiban 0.15 μg/kg/min) and administration of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin 1 mg/kg every 12 h) for up to 16 h. • The radial artery sheath used for PCI was retained or removed according to operator and patient preference. • • Usual care included immediate stenting in the catheter laboratory and intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy for 12 h (tirofiban 0.15 μg/kg/min). • After the PCI procedure was completed, the patients returned to the Coronary Care Unit and were treated with optimal secondary prevention measures .
- 9. Outcomes • Primary Outcome • Incidence of angiographic no-reflow/ slow- reflow (TIMI flow grade < 3) in the deferred and conventional treatment groups. • Secondary Outcomes • The secondary outcomes included angiographic, electrocardiographic, and MRI parameters.
- 10. Angiographic Secondary Outcomes • The angiographic secondary outcomes were no-reflow (TIMI flow grade 0/1), final TIMI flow grade , TIMI myocardial blush grade, the occurrence of intraprocedural thrombotic events (defined as the development of new or increasing thrombus, abrupt vessel closure, or distal embolization occurring at any time during the procedure in the culprit vessel or any significant side branch measuring ≥2 mm).
- 11. Electrocardiographic Secondary Outcomes • The electrocardiographic secondary outcomes included the occurrence of complete (≥70), partial (30% to <70%), or no (≤30%) ST- segment resolution on the ECG assessed 60 min after reperfusion compared with the baseline ECG before reperfusion .
- 12. MRI Secondary Outcomes • The MRI secondary outcomes included the occurrence of microvascular obstruction with late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI 2 days after reperfusion , final infarct size at 6 months , myocardial salvage , and myocardial salvage index (both derived using final infarct size). • Myocardial salvage (percentage of left ventricular volume) was defined as the difference between the initial jeopardized area at risk revealed by T2-weighted MRI at baseline and final infarct size revealed by contrast- enhanced MRI at 6 months . • The myocardial salvage index was defined as infarct size at 6 months indexed to the initial area at risk .
- 13. Results
- 21. Adverse events and safety In-Hospital Events After Randomization • In the deferred stenting group, recurrent ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction before stenting occurred in 2 patients. • One patient had a severe intramural dissection within the culprit lesion in the left anterior descending coronary artery associated with absent flow in a large diagonal side branch. Five hours after initial reperfusion, the patient experienced recurrent chest pain associated with anterior ST-segment re-elevation. Repeat coronary angiography was performed within 30 min and confirmed reocclusion of the culprit artery. The patient received a stent, and his subsequent clinical course was uncomplicated. • A second patient who inadvertently had not received low molecular weight heparin therapy in the Coronary Care Unit experienced a reinfarction before stenting. This patient was treated with a stent within 30 min of symptom onset and had an uncomplicated clinical course. • One additional patient experienced an abrupt culprit artery closure and intraprocedural thrombotic event due to a guidewire-related dissection. • There were no bleeding events or in-hospital deaths. • There was a greater volume of contrast used in the deferred stenting group (278 ml (IQR: 238 ml to 312 ml) vs. 205 ml (IQR: 170 ml to 250 ml); p < 0.0001). No cases of contrast nephropathy occurred.
- 22. Post-discharge events • The duration of follow-up was 352 ± 79 days from randomization. • Three patients in the deferred stenting group and 1 patient in the immediate stenting group experienced a non-STEMI. • Two additional patients in the immediate stenting group were hospitalized with unstable angina, 1 of whom was treated with PCI. • The incidence of recurrent MI post-randomization was similar for the 2 groups. • In the deferred stenting group, 2 patients experienced an acute reinfarction during the index admission, and 3 patients experienced a non-STEMI during follow-up, whereas in the usual care group, 1 patient experienced a non-STEMI during follow-up (p = 0.108). • There was 1 noncardiovascular death due to small cell lung carcinoma in the deferred stenting group.
- 23. Discussion • We implemented a novel strategy to prevent no-reflow in at-risk patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. • We identified patients with initial evidence of successful reperfusion and with clinical risk factors for no-reflow, and from these patients, the study participants were randomized to immediate stenting or to an intention-to-stent strategy within 4 to 16 h, including prolonged antithrombotic therapy. • The strategy of deferred stenting in primary PCI represents a radical change from standard care.
- 24. • We observed that deferred completion of PCI in selected STEMI patients reduced no-reflow, distal embolization, and intraprocedural thrombotic complications compared with conventional treatment with immediate stenting. • Final coronary flow grade and myocardial blush grade were also better in the deferred stenting group. • During longer term follow-up, myocardial salvage measured with cardiac MRI was significantly greater in the deferred stenting group. • In other words, when indexed to the initial extent of jeopardized myocardium (i.e., the ischemic area at risk), final infarct size was smaller in the patients randomized to deferred PCI. • The MRI results obtained after 6 months of follow-up indicate a beneficial treatment effect that was sustained over time. • Because myocardial salvage is a prognostically validated therapeutic target in primary PCI, the favorable long-term effect of deferred stenting on myocardial salvage is clinically relevant.
- 25. • We also found that in the deferred PCI group, the approach to PCI differed at the second procedure compared with the first for the same operator. • The maximal stent diameter in the second procedure was 0.5 mm greater and the range of stent length was greater. • Three-fourths of patients had an increase in stent diameter. • These observations indicate that vessel dimensions are greater at the second procedure compared with the first, in keeping with attenuation of coronary artery tone with time from reperfusion.
- 26. • Our trial results reflect a balance of potential benefits and potential risks. • The trial was conducted during usual care, and our intervention was based on simple clinical eligibility criteria. • The antithrombotic strategy involved a mechanical component (i.e., deferral of stent implantation to avoid/minimize thrombus embolization) and a therapeutic component based on prolonged treatment with low molecular weight heparin (1 mg/kg) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy during the interval between the first and second PCI procedures.
- 27. • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy is an evidence-based antithrombotic treatment and was included in therapeutic strategy to reduce thrombus burden before stent implantation in the deferred stenting group . • Although these treatments also increase the risk of bleeding, no bleeding problems occurred in the deferred stenting group, probably because radial artery access was used in all patients. • Accordingly, our strategy has the potential to be widely applicable.
- 28. • The clinical risk profiles of the randomized and registry patients differed. • Compared with the registry patients, TIMI thrombus grade 4 and an occluded culprit artery (TIMI flow grade 0/1) were much more common in the trial patients. • Greater thrombus burden and an occluded culprit artery are both associated with large infarct size and an adverse prognosis . • These baseline differences between randomized and registry patients can be explained by appropriate risk stratification and patient selection by the cardiologists at the time of primary PCI.
- 29. • Thrombus is mechanistically involved in no-reflow, and stent implantation may cause distal embolization of clot and microvascular thrombosis . • Based on the rationale for our intervention, we examined whether coronary thrombus burden might be lower at the start of the second PCI compared with the start of the first procedure (when stenting is normally performed), and this indeed was the case. • Furthermore, thrombus in the culprit artery had dissipated during the intervening period. • Thus, coronary stent implantation in the deferred stenting group of patients occurred when thrombus burden was less, and so the substrate for distal embolization and microvascular thrombosis had diminished. • This may explain the lower incidence of no-reflow in the deferred stenting group.
- 30. Study limitations • Investigators and patients were unblinded in our study. • For this reason, the primary and secondary outcomes underwent independent analysis blind to treatment group assignment to prevent ascertainment bias. • Our study design did not include an angiographic control in the immediate stenting group, but we do not think that this is relevant because the occurrence of no-reflow and other angiographic sequelae, such as intraprocedural thrombotic events, is due to the effect of PCI, so additional invasive angiography in the control group seems unnecessary. • The minimal delay of 4 h to the second procedure in the deferred stenting group was relatively short and may not have been sufficient time to permit significant reduction in thrombus size. • Although 2 patients experienced recurrent STEMI, their outcome was favorable.
- 31. • The rate of recurrent ischemia in the deferred stenting group was low, and, considering the limited sample size, we cannot exclude the possibility that this was due to chance. • Because deferred stenting involves a second invasive procedure with radiographic contrast medium, on safety grounds, radial artery access is recommended and advanced peripheral vascular disease and severe renal dysfunction (e.g., glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min) should be exclusion criteria. • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy and unfractionated heparin were used rather than bivalirudin , and because the former antithrombotic combination therapy almost certainly remains the most common combination used worldwide, we think that our results are generalizable. • Our standard-care antiplatelet strategy involved oral clopidogrel given at the time of the first medical contact . Because more effective antiplatelet drug therapies are available, such as prasugrel, ticagrelor, and cangrelor , we postulate that the efficacy and safety of the deferred strategy could be further enhanced with one of these drugs instead of clopidogrel.
- 32. Conclusions • In high-risk STEMI patients, deferred stenting in primary PCI reduced no-reflow and increased myocardial salvage compared with conventional primary PCI with immediate stenting.
Editor's Notes
- #8: and so that all patients could be treated between 7:00 am and 11pm during the first 24 h of admission to ensure that the second procedure occurred at a time that facilitated a rest period for the patient and the staff. Finally, an upper limit of 16 h was set to minimize any prolongation of the hospital admission.
- #10: The primary outcome was the incidence of no-/slow-reflow (2), defined as absent flow (TIMI flow grade 0), incomplete filling (TIMI flow grade 1), or slow-reflow but complete filling (TIMI flow grade 2) of the culprit coronary artery during or at the end of the PCI as revealed by the coronary angiogram. Both angiograms were analyzed for the deferred stenting group and the worst/lowest flow grade and myocardial blush grade were recorded. The definition of no-reflow also required the absence of coronary dissection or obstruction (e.g., due to thrombus) that could cause a decrease in coronary blood flow (3)
- #11: Embolization was defined as a distal filling defect with an abrupt cutoff in one of the peripheral coronary artery branches of the infarct-related vessel, distal to the site of angioplasty (9). In the deferred stenting group, the intended stent strategy at the end of the first procedure was prospectively recorded, and stent dimensions were compared with the actual stents used in the second procedure by the same operator (Online Appendix). In addition, thrombus burden at the start of the second procedure was compared with the end of the first procedure. Thrombus area was delineated as a contrast filling defect using QCA software (Medis QAngio XA software v. 7.2.34., Raleigh, North Carolina) and expressed in square millimeters.
- #14: A total of 411 patients were treated with primary PCI between March 11, 2012 and November 21, 2012, and all of these patients were included in a registry (Fig. 1, Table 1). Of these, 101 patients (mean age, 60 years; 69% male) were randomized (52 in the deferred stenting group, 49 in the immediate stenting group (Fig. 1) by 8 of 13 cardiologists (62%). The trial stopped when all patients had a minimal follow-up period of 6 months, and all randomized patients were included in the analysis.
- #33: Recent studies (28–31), including 3 nonrandomized case series (28–30) and a systematic review (31), support the notion that deferred stenting may be safe in appropriately selected STEMI patients.
- #34: Our initial estimates for the expected incidences of no-/slow-reflow were slightly higher than the observed rates. The reasons for this may be multifactorial and may reflect the effect of core laboratory adjudication over investigator-reported events.
- #36: Two patients had recurrent myocardial infarction, which represents important balancing information on potential risks. The strategy is simple, pragmatic, and potentially widely applicable. Our results support the rationale for a substantive multicenter clinical trial to assess the cost-effectiveness of early deferred completion of PCI after reperfusion versus conventional treatment in STEMI patients at risk of no-reflow.