Deixis lecture
- 1. Deixis
- 2. What isdeixis? • Deixis term is borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or indicating and has as prototypical or focal exemplars the use of demonstratives, person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs, and a variety of grammatical features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance • Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extralinguistics context of the utterance such as , who is speaking, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the current location in the discourse • It concerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983: 54).
- 4. 3 Traditionalcategories a. Person Deixis : concerns the encoding of the rule of participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered b. Place deixis : concerns the encoding of spacial locations relative to the location of the participants. c. Time Deixis : concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken.
- 5. • who is speaking • the time or place of speaking • the gestures of the speaker • the current location in the discourse • The topic of the discourse •Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as
- 6. Types ofDeixis Levinson (1983) 1. Person Deixis 2. Time Deixis 3. Place Deixis 4. Discourse Deixis 5. Social Deixis
- 7. 1. Persondeixis a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my,mine, you, your,yours Is there a difference between these: - I want to see you, you but not you you can never tell if they are boys or girls these days b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs c) Honorifics -Your Majesty, sir, These terms of social deixis indicate social status
- 8. Persondeixis • Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as • the speaker • the addressee, and • referents which are neither speaker nor addressee
- 9. kindsofpersondeixis: • What is first person deixis? • What is second person deixis? • What is third person deixis?
- 10. First person deixisis • deictic reference that refers to • the speaker, or • both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.
- 11. Examples (English) •The following singular pronouns: • I • me • myself • my • mine •The following plural pronouns: • we • us • ourselves • our • ours •Am, the first person form of the verb be
- 12. Second persondeixis Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. Examples (English) •you •yourself •yourselves •your •yours
- 13. Third person deixisis Definition deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. Examples (English) •he •she •they •the third person singular verb suffix -s •He sometimes flies. • Person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical categories of person, it may be argued that we need to develop an independent pragmatic framework of possible participant role.
- 14. TimeDeixis • Temporal or Time Diexis is any expression used to point to a time • Time Deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance, such as, tonight, last week, yesterday, before, after, etc. • Time Deixis includes time adverbs like now, then, soon and so forth, and also different tenses.
- 15. • Tomorrow - Tomorrow denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The tomorrow of a day last year was a differbt day from tomorrow of a day next week. Example of Time Deixis
- 16. • Tenses = time relations in connection to a given point in time –present = an event/action simultaneouslyto the speech act (work) – past = an event/action before the speech act (worked) – future = an event/action after the speech act (you will work) • There are language systems with more than 3 possibilities – They distinguishbetween levels of past, dependent on their distance from the speaker's utterance – Tense of immediate past => ex.: frz. Jean vient de resoudre le problème. John has just been able to solve the problem. • Difference between absolute tense – Absolute tense refers immediately to the time of the speaker's utterance: simple past, simple present • Relative tenses refer to other tenses: – past perfect: event refers to another event, that happens afterwards Time Diexis: Tenses
- 18. PLACEDEIXIS It concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event.
- 19. Twobasic waysof referringto objects: By describing or naming them By locating them
- 20. Locations canbe: fixed reference points specified relative to other objects
- 21. • Example • The station is two hundred yards from the cathedral. • Kabul lies at latitude 34 degrees, longitude 70 degrees. It is fixed reference points.
- 22. Deictically,theycanbespecifiedrelativetothelocationof the participants atCT. • It’s two hundred yardaway. • Kabul is four hundred miles of here.
- 23. PURE PLACE-DEICTICWORDS Thespeakers’ location is at coding time (CT) It’s very gratefulto be here with you. Here Ther e Distal from speaker’s location at CT./ Proximal to addressee at RT. Put the flowers there.
- 24. Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘howare thingsatsomeplacedistantfromthe speaker’. • Example 1: • How are things there? ‘How are things where the addresseeis’
- 25. Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘howare thingsatsomeplacedistantfromthe speaker’. • Example 2: • We’re there. ‘there refers to the place we previously mentioned asour goal’ My friends and I visited Masjid Agung Demak last week. We’re there for collecting data about the role of Walisongo in spreading Islam.
- 26. DEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUN (Proximal-distal dimension) This The object in a pragmatically given area close to the speaker’s location at CT. This is my friend. That The object beyond the pragmatically given area close to the speaker’s location at CT. That is my friend.
- 27. Combination between deictic and non-deictic terms This, that Deictic Non-deictic Surfaces, fronts, back, sides This side of the box. ‘The surface of thebox’ This side of the tree. ‘That the area of the three visible from the point of speaker CT’.
- 28. Temporal term fordeictic location • There’s a good fast food joint just ten minutes from here.
- 29. 4. DISCOURSEDEIXIS Concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself. (Levinson, 1983: 85)
- 30. Time discourse-deictic It seems natural that time-deictic words can be used to refer to portions of the discourse: Examples: • Last week • Next Thursday • Last paragraph • In the next Chapter
- 31. Demonstrative “This” and “That” • “This” canbe used to refers to aforthcoming portion of the discourse. i.g : I betyou haven’t heard this story • “That” to apreceding portion i.g : That wasthe funniest story I’ve neverheard Place discourse-deictic
- 32. Anaphora • Concern the use of ( usually ) a pronoun to refer to the same referent as some prior term, as in : “Harry’s a sweetheart, he’s so considerate”
- 33. Discourse Deixis: • Any expression used to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse: in the previous/next paragraph, or Have you heard this joke? 61
- 34. Example • Teacher: Tom, spell “mouse” • Tom: M-O-U-S • Teacher: But what’s the end of it? • Tom: A tail! 62
- 35. SOCIALDEIXIS • Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63) • Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realties of the social situation in which the speech act occurs. (Fillmore, 1975: 76 in Levinson, 1983: 89)
- 36. Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions which indicate higher status are described as honorifics. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes as social deixis. Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so- called TV (tu/vous) pronouns in many language. (Cruse, 2000: 321)
- 37. There are two basic kinds of socially deictic information: RELATIONAL ABSOLUTE
- 38. RELATIONAL; The relationsthat typicallyexpressed: • Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics) • Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee honorifics) • Speaker and bystander (e.g. bystander or audience honorifics) • Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)
- 39. ABSOLUTE sociallydeictic information: • Authorized speaker: Thai: -‘khrab’ a polite participle that can only be used by male speakers. - ‘kha’ a polite participle that can only be used by female speakers • Authorized recipient: Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President