Demography Development studies _university students

DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography: it derives from two words:
Demo - to mean people and
Graph – statistical study, or measurements.
Therefore the term Demography refers to the overall statistical study of
population and how they change over time.
Demography entail the study of the changes in numbers of births, deaths,
marriages, and cases of disease in a community over a period of time.
It is the description and prediction of population growth and patterns in
age/size structure.
Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 1

Concepts of Demography
The study of population with reference to:
Size and density.
fertility, mortality, growth, age structure.
Migration and its relation to economic conditions.
The level of education and other social and economic aspects. And
Statistics on crime, illegitimacy and suicide

Population Size and Trends
• A population refers to all organisms of a given species that live in a
particular area. In everyday life, we often think about population as
the number of people who live in a particular place
• Population size: is the number of individuals in the population or the
number of individuals present in a subjectively designated geographic
range.
• Population growth/trends refers to how the size of the population is
changing over time.

Tanzania population size and trends
• Population size of Tanzania traced back from 1955 with a total
population of 8.7mls, the number has increased up to 60mls by Jan
2020.
• Why population change? (find reasons)
• Currently Tanzania Population is about 59,734,218 approximately
60mls of people with the Yearly Change of 2.98% to mean that;
number of individuals increase for about 3% in every year
• The Global Share is 0.75% and Tanzania population Rank 25 globally.

Year Population
Yearly %
Change
Yearly
Change
Migrants
(net) Median Age Fertility Rate
Density
(P/Km²)
Urban
Pop %
Urban
Population
Country's
Share of
World Pop
World
Population
Tanzania
Global Rank
2020 59,734,218 2.98 % 1,728,755 -40,076 18.0 4.92 67 37.0 % 22,113,353 0.77 % 7,794,798,73
9
24
2019 58,005,463 3.00 % 1,692,025 -40,076 17.6 5.17 65 36.2 % 21,015,391 0.75 % 7,713,468,10
0
25
2018 56,313,438 3.02 % 1,653,099 -40,076 17.6 5.17 64 35.4 % 19,958,545 0.74 % 7,631,091,04
0
25
2017 54,660,339 3.04 % 1,611,109 -40,076 17.6 5.17 62 34.7 % 18,942,828 0.72 % 7,547,858,92
5
25
2016 53,049,230 3.04 % 1,566,597 -40,076 17.6 5.17 60 33.9 % 17,968,436 0.71 % 7,464,022,04
9
25
2015 51,482,633 3.03 % 1,427,222 -50,087 17.6 5.24 58 33.1 % 17,035,213 0.70 % 7,379,797,13
9
26
2010 44,346,525 2.89 % 1,179,241 -100,171 17.4 5.58 50 29.2 % 12,959,969 0.64 % 6,956,823,60
3
30
2005 38,450,320 2.80 % 990,228 -60,105 17.4 5.66 43 25.5 % 9,791,527 0.59 % 6,541,907,02
7
31
2000 33,499,180 2.47 % 770,009 -80,141 17.4 5.75 38 22.8 % 7,624,725 0.55 % 6,143,493,82
3
32
1995 29,649,135 3.30 % 889,058 116,819 17.2 6.05 33 20.8 % 6,154,968 0.52 % 5,744,212,97
9
32
1990 25,203,845 3.10 % 714,010 13,623 17.0 6.36 28 19.1 % 4,807,840 0.47 % 5,327,231,06
1
34
1985 21,633,796 3.14 % 619,107 7,012 16.9 6.55 24 16.9 % 3,661,481 0.44 % 4,870,921,74
0
36
5

Factors for population change
• Fertility rates,
• Life expectancy (mortality rates)
• Age structure (the median age structure)
• Migration
Other factors are;
• Economic development
• Education
• Social and cultural factors
• Female labour market participation
• Historical factors/war.

Factors influencing population change

Fertility rate
• Fertility rate refer to average number of children born to women
during their reproductive years. For the population in a given area to
remain stable, an overall total fertility rate of 2.1 is needed, assuming
no immigration or emigration occurs.
• A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level
Fertility: A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline
• Currently live birth per woman is 4.9 (total fertility rate). In 1955 the
total fertility rate per woman was 6.7 , however it has decreased to
4.9…(Why?)

Birth rate/Death rate
• it is important to distinguish birth rates from fertility rate
• Birth rate is defined as the number of live births per 1,000 women in
the total population of an area. The birth rate is usually given as the
number of live births divided by the average population (or the
population at midyear).
• Death rate is the number of deaths in a given period divided by the
population exposed to risk of death in that period.

Mortality rate
• Mortality rate is the relative frequency of the number of deaths in the
year to the average total population of the year in question.
Types of mortality rate:
• The fetal mortality rate: The ratio of fetal deaths to the sum of the
births (the live births + the fetal deaths) in that year.
• The infant mortality rate: The number of children dying under a year
of age divided by the number of live births that year.
• The maternal mortality rate: The number of maternal deaths related
to childbearing divided by the number of live births (or by the
number of live births + fetal deaths) in that year.

Population size of Tanzania
• The current population of the United Republic of
Tanzania is 60,619,149 as of Monday, January 11, 2021.
• Tanzania 2020 population is estimated at 59,734,218 people at mid
year according to UN data.
• Tanzania population is equivalent to 0.77% of the total world
population.
• Tanzania ranks number 24 in the list of countries by population .

Population size of Tanzania
• The population density in Tanzania is 67 per Km2 (175 people per m2).
• The total land area is 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq. miles)
• 37.0 % of the population is urban (22,113,353 people in 2020)
• The median age in Tanzania is 18.0 years.

Life expectancy in Tanzania
• Life expectancy refers to statistical measure of the average time an
organism is expected to live, based on the year of birth, current age, and
other demographic factors including gender.
• Life expectancy in Tanzania currently is 66.4 years for both sexes, however,
68.3 is for females and 64.5 for males (why? Differences).
• Life expectancy in 1955 was- both sexes 42.9, male 41.8, female 44.1
1975 was- both- 49.8, males 48.6, females 51.1
1995 was- both 52.7, males 50.9, females 54.4
2015 was- both 64.8, males 63. females 66.6 (why
changes over time?).

Infant mortality rate in Tanzania
• Mortality rate or death rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a
particular population, scaled to the size of that population per
unit of time.
• The infant mortality rate in Tanzania is 34.2, this indicates infant
deaths per 1000 live births and the death of children under 5 years of
age is 47.0 per 1000 live births by the year 2020
• In 1955 infant mortality rate was 142.37 per 1000 birth, currently the
number has decreased to 34.17 by 2020 and the death of children
under 5 years has also decreased from 247.14 in 1955 to 46.95 by
year 2020. (this indicates what?)

Population density of Tanzania
• Population density is a quantity of the number of people in an area.
• It is an average number and is calculated by dividing the number of
people by the area. Population density is usually shown as the
number of people per square kilometer.
• The 2019 population density in Tanzania is 65 people per Km2 (170
people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 885,800 Km2
(342,009 sq. miles).
• Currently, 36.2 % of the population of Tanzania is urban (21,015,391
people in 2019)

Assignment/review questions
• 1. Why population change over time? What are the factors behind its
change?
• 2. Give reasons for the reduced number of fertility and mortality rate
in Tanzania.
• 3. Discuss on the varying life expectancy frequency from 1955 to
1985.
• Give out the factors for the varying number of age for life expectancy
between male and female.

Individual assignment
Discuss on the effects of population growth on economic development
of developing countries. Cite an examples from any country of your
choice.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
• is the study of how nation-states interact with one another
within an international system.
• the study of relationships between countries
including the roles of States,
Inter- governmental Organization (IGOs),

International relations
International Non- governmental Organization (INGOs)
Non-governmental Organization (NGOs) and
Multinational Corporations (MNCs).

International relations
• Began to emerge around the 15th century, when people
started exploring the world and interacting with other
governments and cultures
• Generally, international relations is the relationships
between the worlds national governments, conducted by
politicians at the highest level.

Importance of International relations
• To understand defects of nationalism- to set down the impacts of
1st world war.
• Put Nation sovereignty out of date-each nation state has to
surrender at least some of its nation sovereignty. No country is
isolated
• It avoids international conflicts and ensures international peace –
It helps to understand the true importance of collective security
and disagreement
Elements
of
Developments
Studies
HS
6116
December
2020
21

Importance…cont.
• Educative values-To educate the people in the interest of the
very survival of human being. Any states which violate
international peace should be silenced by collective actions
of all the states.

Actors of IR
• The state – defined by its boundaries.
• Non-state Actors
• International Organizations
• Multinational Corporations e.g. Coca cola, Nike etc.
• Non-Governmental Organizations

Factors determining IR
• (i) Geographical location of a state
• (ii) Economic development of a state
• (iii) Demographic - the size of the population and its ethnicity
• (iv) Strategic factor
Other factors are;

Factors determining IR
(i) The historical-psychological and Sociological factor
(ii) The organizational-administrative factor
(iii) The military factor

Theories of IR
Theories of International Relation
• Realism theory
• Liberalism theory
• Marxism theory
• Constructivism theory

Realism theory
• Realism developed theories concerning the use of power to improve
their positions each person will use others to reach his/her goals
• Focus on states and their relations in relation with power. (military
and political power). State need to maximize their security and
chances of survival. Quest for military and/or economic security;
Balance of Power Based on self-interest.

Realism
• Realism theory is the approach that emphasizes the self-interest of
the state within a competitive system. The states themselves are the
main actors, and there is no authority above the states to regulate
their behavior.
• The realism approach recognizes that state-on-state antagonism is
natural and that the desire to accumulate resources is natural.
Basically, in a nutshell, a foreign policy realist would tell you each
state is looking out for number one.
Elements
of
Developments
Studies
HS
6116
December
2020
28

Liberalism
• Liberalism theory/Idealism - focus on the creation of a peaceful world
by integration. Based on the assumption of the innate goodness of
the individual and the value of political institutions in promoting
social progress. States, nongovernmental organizations, and
intergovernmental organizations as key actors IOs (UN, WTO, ICC)
NGOs
• Liberalism state must establish and protect the rule of law and must
respect its citizens’ rights to life, liberty, and property believed that
constitutional states must respect each other.

Difference btn realism and liberalism
• Realist focus on the preservation of order in the international
system, they emphasize on the preservation of the existing
system that can be categorized as Conservatives. Idealists or
Liberals focus on the increase of freedoms lead to evolution
to a better condition which is beneficiary for all states and
organisations.

Marxism theory
• Marxist reject the realist/liberal views of state conflict or
cooperation. Marxists view the international system as an
integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation.
• Capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its
self-destruction revolutionary action to topple capitalism and
bring about socio-economic change.

Marxist..
• The capitalists' interests lie in securing their power and expanding
profits. Workers on the other hand have interests in:
• higher wages
• safe working conditions
• shorter hours and
• job security.

Constructivism theory
Constructivism theory, for them they advocate that: states and other
major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors
are not all alike.
Political culture shapes foreign policy.
Form of government shapes foreign policy
History shapes foreign policy
Domestic political trends and debates shape foreign policy.
State with same identity influence the way those states interact with
each other.

To Do Task:
Go and read the following:
 The concept of Globalization
 Regional integration
 Foreign policy and diplomacy concepts
 Conflicts resolutions

Demography Development studies _university students

More Related Content

Similar to Demography Development studies _university students (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Demography Development studies _university students