Demonstration of core knowledgeThe following section demonstrate.docx

Demonstration of core knowledge
The following section demonstrates the core knowledge that I
am qualified to graduate from Mechanical Engineering graduate
program.
This section will focus on two different fields:
· Material properties and Selection
· Simulation of processes
In Material properties and Selection field, the main concept is
to identify the different properties of material to meet the
requirement of the design. This is the early step for mechanical
engineer to select the material for manufacturing products,
which means by obtaining this knowledge I am capable of
implementing what I learn to help designing a product for a
company. For example, the core knowledge that I obtained in
one of my graduate classes can demonstrate this field. The final
project of the class, shown in Fig 1., is the standard procedure
of early design that will be used for manufacturing industries.
The result of the project shows that I am capable of using the
trade-off plot which include several factors density, Young’s
modulus, yield strength, and cost to identify the material that
meet constrains and objectives of the design. Moreover,
understanding the definition of each material property and the
corresponding limitation. Such as density will affect the mass
and volume and yield strength indicates the limit if elastic
behavior are the basic and also the requirement of being a
master student of mechanical engineering.
Fig. 1 Material Selection Trade-off Plot

For the second field, Simulation of processes, before any
complex or costly manufacturing process. It is indispensable to
run the simulation before the actual process. Not only the error
can be predicted in the result of the simulation but the overall
result of the end product. For example, the casting process for
an impeller, a rotor with blades used to increase the pressure
and/or flow of a fluid, is challenging and also easy to fail.
However, with the help of simulating the process, shown in Fig.
2 &3, the failure of the casting process is able to be predicted
by identifying the location of maximum principle, which the
growth of the crack will occur in direction perpendicular to, and
maximum normal stress, which the failure will occur, to
improve the actual casting process and prevent the failure of a
process.
Fig. 2 Identidy the maximum principle stressFig. 3 Identify the
maximun normal stress
Both two fields listed above, Material properties and Selection
and Simulation of processes,
demonstrate the essential core knowledge that I obtained while
studying master of mechanical engineering. The first enable me
to determine which material is the most suitable for the product,
which allow me to work as a design engineer. The latter help me
simulate the manufacturing process which can also help me with
my future to work as a process engineer.
1
A Guide for Writing a Technical Research Paper

Libby Shoop
Macalester College, Mathematics and Computer Science
Department
1 Introduction
This document provides you with some tips and some resources
to help you write a technical research paper,
such as you might write for your required capstone project
paper. First, congratulations are in order– you
are embarking on an activity that is going to change the way
you think and add to the overall body of human
knowledge. The skill of gathering information, deciding what is
important, and writing about it for someone
else is extremely valuable and will stay with you for the rest of
your life. Because we humans have been
doing this for quite some time, we have some reasonably
standard forms for technical research papers, which
you should use for your capstone. You should do this because
your paper will better understood by readers
who are familiar with this form. Before you can begin writing
your paper, you need to have a sense for
what research entails, so I’ll start there. Then I will give you
some tips about writing, including connecting
with your readers, defining your topic, the format of your paper,
and how to include references from the
literature. I am a computer scientist, so be aware that parts of
this paper are biased toward my discipline.
2 What is Research?
A short definition of research, as given by Booth, Colomb, and
Williams (Booth et al., 1995) is “gathering
the information you need to answer a question and thereby help
you solve a problem” (p. 6). You have

all found a problem that you’re interested and are busy
gathering information to help you answer questions
that you have encountered along the way. You should be
gathering this information from trusted sources,
such as articles from refereed journals, articles from edited
magazines from professional societies, articles
from refereed proceedings of conferences, and books. You
should be aware that articles published only on
the Internet are not necessarily considered trusted sources and
should be used sparingly.
3 Understanding Your Readers
Though you are working closely with your capstone advisor
who is primarily reading your drafts, you should
be writing for a broader audience. You want to write with your
readers in mind. In your case, your readers
might be professionals who are familiar with your topic, or they
might be a more general audience, who may
or may not have differing levels of understanding of your topic
area. Booth, Colomb, and Williams (Booth
et al., 1995) suggest that you keep the following questions in
mind while you are writing:
• Who are your readers?
• What do they expect you to do for them? In your case you are
trying to inform them, not entertain
them.
• How much do they know?
• Do they already understand your problem/question? You
should not assume this in your paper– you
should provide some background and explanation of what you
have studied.

1
• How will they respond to your solution/answer? You must try
to anticipate questions or misunder-
standings that they might have and provide enough explanation
to avoid them.
• In what forum will they encounter your report? You should be
writing your technical research paper as
if it might be published in a journal, professional society
magazine, or conference proceedings. Because
of this, there are some standards for formatting that you should
use, and are discussed later.
4 Define and Narrow Your Topic
Hopefully by now you’ve got a topic selected and you have
done most of your literature search and have
begun your implementation, if your project has such a
component. One of the things that you might be
struggling with is the large amount of information you have and
deciding what you should include in your
paper. You can make this decision easier by first developing
questions that can be answered from what
you’ve read so far. This may lead to a few more questions, so
this process is cyclical.
Let’s consider some of these questions. They should be of the
standard who, what, when, where, why variety.
As an example, suppose that you are researching the topic of
database visualization tools. You might start
with a few very high-level questions that your paper will
answer, such as:

• Where is database visualization in the larger topic of
information visualization?
• Is it found in any other categories of research? Is it related to
any other areas of research?
• What is the history of database visualization?
• Who has made advances in database visualization?
• What was the significance of those advances? Why were their
results important?
• What good is database visualization? What can it do for you?
You will find many answers for these questions, and your task
is to narrow down what you plan to use
to something manageable. The last item above is one that will
have both positive and negative answers.
Another important aspect of that last item is defining who ’you’
is. It may be your readers, but it may
instead be a particular group of users. It may also be that
questions like this don’t have answers of practical
significance. This does not mean that it is not worthy of
research.
You next should try to refine these questions into more specific
ones, and start developing answers. You might
even decide that database visualization as a topic is too wide
and that you will concentrate on “Architectural
Support for Database Visualization,” thereby eliminating topics
such as novel database visualization methods
and concentrating on the computer systems aspects of database
visualization. As an example of how to refine
the above questions, we could start with the following ideas:

Many databases today are massive, with many dimensions in the
data.
People who need to analyze this data have difficulty analyzing
it in its native form, which is tabular.
Overall characteristics of a data set are difficult to discern when
sifting through millions of rows in a table.
A similar problem is faced by scientists with very large
computed data sets, such as from fluid flow
simulations. In scientific visualization, significant advances
were made in graphics hardware and visualization
software that enabled these scientists to see the trends and
important data points in their data sets.
Database visualization research strives to find mappings from
tabular database data to visual displays
that will enable analysts of databases other than scientific data
to see trends, outliers, anomalies, and patterns
in their data.
Ahlberg and Schneiderman (Ahlberg and Schneiderman, 1994)
were able to combine methods for
defining database queries using GUI elements with 2-
dimensional scatterplot displays into a single interactive
2
database visualization tool. Their result was important because
it was one of the first cases of defining a
coupling between database queries and a corresponding
interactive visualization that showed many data
points at once.

With these statements, you have begun to answer some of the
larger questions given above. Notice that
you’ve defined who can benefit from research in this area.
During the refining process, you will continue
describing how individual researchers (and perhaps yourself, if
you are that lucky) have developed a technique
or described a method that will enable users of database
visualization tools or methods to analyze their data
in a way that was not possible previously, and you will describe
why their advance was important.
Eventually, you are also going to develop some ideas for what
still needs to be done and what has not been
solved yet. You will also start to define these ideas, which
could lead to a research problem you would like
to solve. We don’t expect this to occur to any large measure for
most capstone projects, but you should be
looking out for it. Even if you are unable to implement a new
method or complete a proof, you should still
be able to articulate what research still needs to be done, and
you may even be able to describe possible
solutions.
To narrow your topic and what you will report about it, you
should find yourself developing answers that
you deem insignificant or off the main point of the problem that
you are trying to address. So it is also
important to think about that problem.
5 From Questions to a Problem Statement
Once you begin formulating answers to some of the questions
that I mentioned previously, you can then start
to formulate an overall problem statement about your topic.
Defining the problem that you are addressing

can be a struggle, but it is important for several reasons. It
should help you stay on course and not stray
too far afield. It should enable you do succinctly describe to
your readers and anyone else who asks what
you have been studying and why. As you struggle and improve,
you will be developing a skill that you will
find useful later in life, whether you are conducting research or
working for someone who has a problem for
you to solve.
The following is a form to follow for developing a problem
statement, as suggested by Booth, Colomb, and
Williams (Booth et al., 1995). I recommend that you find a copy
of this book and look at what they have to
say about this in Chapter 4. This book also has some other very
useful information about writing a research
paper, only some of which I will be able to cover in this
document.
1. Name your topic:
I am writing about ,
2. State your indirect question (and thereby define the condition
of your problem):
. . . because I am trying to show you who/how/why
3. State how your answer will help your reader understand
something more important yet (and thereby
define the cost of not knowing the answer):
. . . in order to explain to you how/why .
Of course, you may not be able to make just one sentence out of
this, but you should try to make your

problem statement as concise as possible. Once you have this, it
should keep you grounded as you write.
Another added benefit of doing this is that you will have a nice
concise and straightforward way to begin
your oral presentation on your topic.
3
6 Supporting Your Position
During your research of current literature, you will develop
questions and answers to those questions. You
may also develop unanswered questions and devise possible
answers to those questions. When you are writing,
imagine you are having a conversation with your readers. You
wish to make yourself clear by articulating
your position– what questions you are studying and why you
have answered them the way that you have.
You do this throughout your paper by making claims and
supporting them with evidence.
Most of what I have talked about so far has to do with
developing your claims. It is important that you have
these well articulated. It is your evidence to support your claims
that make up the majority of your paper.
You must convince your readers that your claim is correct,
because your supporting evidence is, according to
Booth, Colomb, and Williams, “accurate, precise, sufficient,
representative, authoritative, and perspicuous”
(Booth et al., 1995). Perspicuity refers to making certain that
users see what you want them to see from a
piece of data or other evidence. Chapter seven of this book
describes this and these other concepts in detail.

The most important thing to remember about supporting your
claims with evidence is that you provide
sources for claims of fact that you make. You do this by
referring to the literature within your text. For
example, I might make the following statement in a paper:
Human interaction and intervention is critical to the
effectiveness of visualization of financial data (Lux,
1997) and to the exploration of multi-dimensional data spaces
(Ahlberg and Schneiderman, 1994).
While you are writing, you will need to decide how passionate
you are about your position. You can take
a pretty strong stand and back it up, or you can be an observer
who carefully comes to a conclusion after
considering many points of view. One way or the other, have an
opinion of your own, based on your research.
7 The Paper Format
Once you have gathered your claims and supported them with
evidence, you need to organize them into a
paper format with which readers of scientific research papers
will be familiar. I will describe the parts of
most research papers in the order in which they typically appear
in a technical research paper.
7.1 Title
The title of your paper should communicate clearly what your
paper is about. Do not try to be overly clever
or witty.
7.2 Abstract
You should not write this until your paper is complete. The

abstract should contain the main messages of
your paper, in the form of a definition of the problem you
researched and what your conclusions were at a
very high level. If you have your own accomplishments to
report, these should be described at a high level.
Under no circumstances should you copy sentences from your
paper into your abstract. You are writing at
a much higher level here. To get a sense for this, read over
several abstracts from papers that you gathered
during your research. The abstract is short - no more than 250-
300 words - so you need to be concise.
7.3 Introduction
In this section, you introduce your topic and explain the
problem you are investigating. Earlier in this
paper, I described how to define your problem and formulate a
problem statement. You can use this in your
introduction. You explain how this problem fits in a larger
context, you provide some motivation for why
4
this topic is of importance, and you provide some historical
context. Some of the example questions I posed
earlier can help you with how to explain these. When you write
about historical context in terms of who
has done what, use first person active voice and refer to the
author’s last names. For examplerepeated from
earlier:
Ahlberg and Schneiderman (Ahlberg and Schneiderman, 1994)
were able to combine methods for defining
database queries using GUI elements with 2-dimensional

scatterplot displays into a single interactive database
visualization tool.
The introduction is also where you should summarize your
findings in some way and tell your reader where
all the detail you are about to present will lead them. A
technical paper is not a mystery novel. After
reading the introduction, your reader should have a good idea of
where you are going to take them. You
should be providing a framework onto which you will be adding
during the subsequent sections of the paper.
Some writers recommend writing the introduction after writing
the other subsequent sections of the paper.
You will at the very least need to revisit the introduction after
the paper is completed.
7.4 Background and Motivation [optional]
If a paper is fairly large and has an extensive amount of
background material and/or a long description of
your motivation for studying such a problem, you might want to
include this in a separate section from the
introduction.
7.5 Sections with names of your choice
Following the introduction, you lay out the sections of your
paper in some way that helps you organize your
main messages that you are trying to get across (your claims
and their supporting evidence). You might
have an initial section that describes your problem by way of
example. If you implemented a method or
devised a solution to a problem, you will want to have a section
for that. Use sections that break up your
presentation of ideas into logical parts.

A formal scientific paper in other disciplines such as Biology
contains these sections: Methodology, Results,
Discussion. Though we frequently stray from using these
section headings in Math and Computer Science,
the general concept is still there. You should explain what you
did, what resulted, and provide a discussion
of those results. This format will pertain for those few of you
who might perform some computational
experiments (if you tested several algorithms to determine their
speed of execution, for example).
7.6 Discussion and Future Work
You should give your readers a sense for where you might go
from here with your work, or what questions
remain unresolved. Try to tell your reader what work still
remains to be done to solve any remaining
problems. Or you may be able to speculate what the results you
have presented will lead to in the future.
The idea here is that with this piece of the puzzle, we will now
be able to accomplish something that we
could not previously accomplish. You should try to explain that.
7.7 Conclusion
Here you summarize your findings. You try to wrap up what you
have presented to your reader in a tidy
package. You may wish to combine this with the discussion and
future work section.
5
7.8 References

Some people call this section ’References Cited’, ’Literature
Cited’, or ’Selected Bibliography’. It is techni-
cally incorrect to just call it a bibliography, because that refers
to all literature citations on any particular
subject. This section will contain only references to works cited
within your paper. You should not use
footnotes or end notes in place of this section. There are several
formats that are acceptable for this section,
and corresponding ways to refer to these entries within the text.
You should choose one method and stick to
it. The Chicago Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press,
1993) contains examples. There are also other
style formats, which are nicely described in a writer’s handbook
at the web page of UW-Madison’s Writing
Center (University of Wisconsin Writing Center, 2003). The
Macalester Library has developed a web page
of online references for style (Macalester College Library Staff,
2003), which I encourage you to refer to for
more information. This includes a link to the Columbia Guide to
Online Style (Columbia University Press,
2003) and other sites that will help you with how to format your
references to online material, such as papers
on the web and discussion lists and newsgroups. You’ll see that
I have used the styles documented there for
web page sources provided in this paper.
This paper uses a style like that documented by the American
Psychological Association (APA), in which
the author and year are presented in the text, and the references
in the references cited section are in
alphabetical order by the last name of the first author. An
alternative is to number the references and refer
to the numbers within brackets in the text. With this style, the
references in the references cited section are
either in order of their appearance in the text, or in alphabetical

order.
If you use software such as latex and bibtex or endnote, the
process of organizing your references can be
easier. I built this paper using latex and bibtex on a linux
machine, and chose the APA style. There are other
styles that you could use instead. For example, I could easily
reprocess this document with the IEEE style
and produce a document with the style that the Institute for
Electrical and Electronic Engineers requires
for their publications.
8 Books about Writing
The Macalester College Library has several books in the
reference section and in the stacks on writing in
general and writing technical papers. I particularly like Strunk
and White (White et al., 1999) and Williams
(Williams, 2000) for general style and Turabian (Turabian,
1996) for information about technical paper
writing.
References
Ahlberg, C. and Schneiderman, B. (1994). Visual information
seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query
filters with starfield displays. In Proceedings of the ACM
CHI9́2 Conference, pages 313–317.
Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. C., and Williams, J. M. (1995). The
Craft of Research. The University of Chicago
Press. ISBN: 0-226-06584-7.
Columbia University Press (2003). Columbia guide to online
style.
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx basic.html (2 Feb.

2003.
Lux, M. (1997). Visualization of financial data. In Proceedings
of the Workshop on New paradigms in
Information Visualization, pages 58–61.
Macalester College Library Staff (2003). Citing resources and
preparing publications.
http://www.macalester.edu/library/research/general/citing.html
(2 Feb. 2003).
Turabian, K. L. (1996). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago Guides
to Writing, Editing, and Publishing). University of Chicago
Press. ISBN: 0226816273.
6
University of Chicago Press (1993). The Chicago Manual of
Style. The University of Chicago Press, 14th
edition. In Mac Library Reference Section.
University of Wisconsin Writing Center (2003). Writer’s
handbook.
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/Documentation.html (2
Feb. 2003).
White, E., Angell, R., and Strunk, W. (1999). The Elements of
Style. Allyn & Bacon, 4th edition. ISBN:
0205313426.
Williams, J. M. (2000). Style, Ten Lessons in Clarity and
Grace. Addison Wesley Longman, 6th edition.
ISBN: 0-321-02408-7.

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