DESCRIPTIVE-RESEARCH. learned in just one click
- 2. What is descriptive research? is the most widely-used research design as indicated by the theses, dissertations and research reports of institutions. Its common means of obtaining information include the use of the questionnaire, personal interviews with the aid of study guide or interview schedule, and observation, either participatory or not.
- 3. What is descriptive research? includes studies that purport to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything. This means that descriptive research gives meaning to the quality and standing of facts that are going on. For instance, the information about a group of person, a number of objects, a set of conditions, a class of events, a system of thoughts or any other kind of phenomenon or experience which one may wish to study.
- 4. Nature of Descriptive Research Descriptive research is designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions. Descriptive research involves collection of data in order to test the hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study.
- 5. Aim of Descriptive Research The principal aims in employing descriptive research are to describe the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena. (Travers, 1978). Descriptive Research seeks to tell "what exists" or "what is" about a certain educational phenomenon. Accurate observations and assessments arise from data that ascertain the nature and incidence of prevailing conditions. practices or description of object, process, and person who are all objects of the study.
- 6. Aim of Descriptive Research contribute In the formation of principles and generalization in behavioural sciences contribute in the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behaviour, or performance. reveal problems or abnormal conditions: make possible prediction of future on the basis of findings on prevailing conditions, corrections, and on the basis of reactions of people toward certain issues: give better and deeper understanding of phenomenon on the basis of an in- depth study of the phenomenon.
- 7. Design of Descriptive Research Descriptive research makes some type of comparison contrasts and correlation and sometimes, in carefully planned and orchestrated descriptive researches, cause- effect relationships may be established to some extent.
- 8. Method Six steps in conducting descriptive research Identify problem Review literature Select participants and instruments Collect valid and reliable data Analyze data Report conclusions
- 9. Common Errors Lack of participant response -Low response rates are common -Difficulties interpreting the findings without the data representing non-respondents views Unclear/ambiguous items Researcher needs to develop recording forms that collect the data objectively and reliably.
- 10. Classifications of Descriptive Research Classified by how data are collected Self-report Individuals respond to statements or questions about themselves Observation Data is collected by the researcher watching participants.
- 11. Types and Actual Studies of Descriptive Research Descriptive- Normative Survey- The term normative is sometimes used because surveys are frequently made to ascertain the normal or typical condition, or practice, or to compare local test result with a state or national norm.
- 13. Types and Actual Studies of Descriptive Research Descriptive- Educational-Survey Research Studies- this type of study looks into the teaching-learning process, the child-teacher, the learner and the environment, the attitudes. habits and other characteristics of the learner, the techniques and the methods, the building equipment and materials used. etc which all pertain to education.
- 15. Types and Actual Studies of Descriptive Research Descriptive- Psychological Research Studies- This study pertains to the behaviour of individuals in different situations.
- 17. Types and Actual Studies of Descriptive Research Descriptive- Social Survey- The purpose of this study is to change for the better existing practices of groups living a community. It is concerned with the formulation of constructive programs of social reform and amelioration. A current social problem is existing in a particular place, and the aim is to diagnose the "root causes" of the ills. utilizing the research approach.
- 18. Ethics of Descriptive Research Be sure when you describe any particular group of individuals in your population, you should include not only the characteristics which are common to the group but also their unique as well. Failure to include the unique characteristics of the participant may make the result inconsistent and unreliable. Bear in mind that seldom in the descriptive method per se used as end in itself. It means that the primary objective of descriptive methods is to make use of the results to facilitate predictions or control of some behaviours. Use statistical procedures to assure you of a level of confidence that your results are trustworthy. Data should not be manipulated. Instrument use should be free from cultural bias.
- 20. Importance of Descriptive Research For scientific basis of judgement. This means that descriptive research provides information which could be used as basis for important decisions that are to be made. For a closer look into happenings, behaviour, practice, methods and procedures. Descriptive research provides essential facts and understanding about the nature of anything. For the formation of construction of test analysis of these standardization of tools instruments used in research.
- 21. ASSOCIATIONAL RESEARCH • The basic associational approach examines the relation between two continuous variable ( or at least ones that have many ordered levels) leading to a correlation coefficient.
- 22. Relational or Associational Research The purpose of relational or associational research is to identify the relationship or association between two or more variables. Correlational Research a non-experimental method which studies the relationship between two variables. Use to investigate the direction of relationships between variables. Designed to study the changes in one characteristic/phenomenon which corresponds to the changes in another or with another.
- 23. aspect of correlation DIRECTION Positive Negative Zero
- 24. POSITIVE CORRELATION indicates that there is a positive relationship between the two variables. As one variable increases, the other variable also increase.
- 25. NEGATIVE CORRELATION shows negative relationship between the two variables, the other variable decreases.
- 26. ZERO CORRELATION There is no relationship between the two variables. A change in one variable does not lead to any changes in the other variables.