Design and simulation of radio frequency

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 361
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY
SEEKER ANTENNA STABILIZATION
M Geetha Reddy1, R. Sundararajan2
1
Postgraduate Student, Digital Electronics & Communication Systems, JIET, ENGINEER, BFL, Hyderabad, India
2
Scientist-G (Retd.), DRDO & Research Director, BFL, Hyderabad, India
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal
engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory
corrections,the seekerantenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes
necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to
precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled
antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the
isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inert ia
are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper
feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of
designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is
under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error,
Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Different Guidance schemes are available to guide the
missiles towards intended target for tactical missile systems.
For this function, the target needs to be tracked continuously
with respect to time. Active homing Guidance is one of the
scheme used in tactical missiles during the final phase of
engagement. Though various schemes are available for
mechanizing homing guidance [2], [3], the current
technology is to use active guidance where a RF seeker is
used to measure LOS rotation rate as well as closing
velocity, between target & missile. The output from the
seeker will be used by guidance system to generate
command which is executed by Flight control system. Due
to this trajectory correction process the antenna may get
disturbed from the track. In other words, the track loss will
occur.
This antenna stabilization system will be realized for
operation in Real-time system which is being developed.
The objective of the project is to design and generate
specifications for the subsystems of the servo which has to
meet the following requirements:
1. Servo should follow the command input (Target
following).
2. Stabilization scheme should reject the disturbance due
to trajectory correction executed by the missile in
shortest possible time, i.e., output of servo system
should fall to zero as early as possible for the
disturbance input.
When the commands generated are used for driving the
missile towards target, there exists a possibility of seeker
antenna losing the track of target, resulting in large miss
distance between Missile & Target [1]. To avoid losing the
track in spite of missile motion, it becomes necessary to
stabilize the antenna by proper servo loop, here by providing
good degree of isolation between missile body & Antenna
system.
The Servo loop achieve this isolation has to be made much
faster than the tracking loop and hence results in high gain
system. This high gain loop design will provide adequate
stiffness.
This Paper deals with the design of such antenna
stabilization loop, which tracks the continuously moving
target & places the antenna on the target quickly, whenever
it gets disturbed due to missile motion.
In other words the servo loop ensures 'No Track loss'.
2. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SERVO DESIGN
 Stabilization Band width: 30±5 Hz
 Body disturbance max :100 deg/Sec
 Body acceleration Max:1000 deg/S2
 Target angular rate : 0.5 to 30 deg/Sec
 Gimbal angular freedom : ± 400
 Isolation/Decoupling High
 Accuracy : 0.4 deg
 Bandwidth : 2 Hz

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 Load Diameter : 240 mm (typical)
 Antenna Weight: 750 g
2.1 Analysis of Specifications
As per specifications the following parameters are
calculated
Inertia of the load (Ja) = 6.48*10-3Kg-m2
Torque of the motor(Tm) = 0.113N-m
A suitable motoris selected to overcome the inertia and
accelerate the motor.
3. RESPONSE OF LOAD
Load is the high inertia Load. The response of the load in
the open loop condition is studied for step, ramp and
acceleration inputs.The plant responses are deviating, which
necessitate adoption of closed loop control. The responses of
the systemare as in figure 1.
Fig 1: Open Loop Response of Plant
4. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM RESPONSE
Fig 2: Closed Loop System
Above Figure 2 represents the closed loop system, where ωc
is the command in rad/s ,ωois output rate rad/sec, D is the
disturbance torque acting on the antenna assembly.
The motor transfer function relating the angular rate to input
excitation voltage is mathematically derived and numerical
values for various coefficients of the transfer function are
taken from the selected motor catalog and given as below
Transfer function of the motor between rate and input
voltage:
𝜔
𝑣
=
2.415e007
𝑠2 +1250𝑠+ 434800
Where ω is angular rate of motor in rad/sec and v is the
voltage input.
The loop analysis is done in two cases.
Case 1: without compensator i.e., with simple gain the
response of the systemis as shown in the below Figure 3.
Fig 3: Closed Loop systemresponse without compensator
From Figure 3 we can observe that the system response is
unstable. So a suitable compensator has to be designed.
Case 2: To improve the transient response a Phase Lead
compensator was designed using Bode method and the
Response of the closed loop systemwas studied.
The Response of the closed loop system with the above
Phase Lead Compensator is as shown in Figure 4

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Fig 4: Closed Loop systemresponse with a Phase Lead
Compensator
The analysis of the above plot indicates the overshoot of
52% and settling time of 0.44sec. This overshoot is not
acceptable from performance point of view. Hence the zero
location of the compensator has been varied and finally
positioned at s=-5 with this the response obtained is as
shown in Figure 5.
Fig 5: Closed Loop systemresponse with a Phase Lead
Compensator zero located at s= -5.
Analysis of the result indicates the improvement of
overshoot to 14% which is satisfactory for the system.
Settling time is not much changed by this modification.
The results have been verified by Bode method for both
uncompensated and compensated system. The stability
margins obtained for both the systems are as given below
Table 1: Margins of the system
Parameters Uncompensated Compensated
Gain margin 0 dB 24.45dB
Phase margin -15.07260 70.260
The corresponding bode plots are given in Figure 6
Fig 6: Bode Plots of uncompensated and compensated
system.
5. PARAMETRIC STUDY
The feedback sensor to be utilized in the actual systemis the
Rate Gyro feedback. This offers good damping to the total
response. The undamped natural frequency of the gyro
which will be selected for such application will be greater
than 120Hz.This is very far away from the frequency region
of interest of the servo loop. Hence the dynamics of the
sensorcan be neglected and only the steady state gain of the
sensorcan be used for loop gain analysis. This gain has been
varied from 0.2 to 1 and the response studied. It has been
found that around 0.8 to 0.9 sufficient loop gain is present in
the systemto offer the required stiffness.
6. SIMULATION OF THE TOTAL CONTROL
LOOP
The whole loop simulation is performed in MATLAB &
SIMULINK for three conditions [4]
1. Normal Tracking.
2. Disturbance Rejection.
3. Tracking and Disturbance simultaneously acting.
It may be noted that Sl.No. 3 is the realistic condition which
will occur during the flight. Sl.No 1 & 2 are for the
performance evaluation under individual conditions.
The Simulink simulation setup is as given in Figure 7

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Fig 7 Simulation setup
Simulation outputs for the above three conditions are
indicated in Figure 8
Fig 8: Simulation Results
7. CONCLUSION
A Servo system for stabilizing the antenna tracking a
moving target has been designed and performance
evaluation is obtained by simulation. The disturbance
rejection as per the specification has been achieved in
addition to tracking. The motor which is of BLDC has been
suggested for use in the actual system so also the
specification for the Rate Gyro has been worked out for
procurement and integration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank Defence R&D Kalyani Center for
Technology and Innovation (KCTI) team for providing
necessary data, facilities & time to carry out this task at
KCTI Premises, in addition to my regular tasks. Also fruitful
suggestions have been accorded by superiors in completing
this task in specified time frame, which enabled KCTI to
undertake Hardware fabrication to realize this system, based
on the design.
REFERENCES
[1]. Missile Guidance and Control Systems by George M.
Siouris
[2]. Missile Guidance and pursuit kinematics, Dynamics and
Control by Dr N.A. Shneydor
[3]. Tactical & strategic missile guidance by Paul Zarchan
[4]. Missile Flight Simulation by Jeffrey Strickland.
BIOGRAPHIES
M Geetha Reddy working as Engineer in
BFL Defence R&D KCTI Hyderabad.
Pursuing postgraduate in Digital
Electronics & Communication Systems at
JIET.
R Sundararajan Sc-‘G’ (Retd.) from
DRDO Hyderabad on super annuation.
Worked in areas related to Guidance,
Control, and Modelling & Simulation etc.
of Guided weapon system. At present
working in BFL Defence R&D KCTI
Hyderabad as Research Director.

Design and simulation of radio frequency

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