DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CONCURRENCY CONTROL ALGORITHM WITH ARCHITECTURE FOR TEMPORAL DATABASE

International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.8, No.5, October 2016
DOI: 10.5121/ijdms.2016.8501 25
DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS OF CONCURRENCY CONTROL
ALGORITHM WITH ARCHITECTURE FOR
TEMPORAL DATABASE
Jaypalsinh A. Gohil1
and Dr. Prashant M. Dolia2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
MK Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat - India
2
Asso.Prof. & Research Guide, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
MK Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat - India
ABSTRACT
Concurrency control mechanism is one of the critical factors which affect the overall performance of
database system. The conflicting situations are normal phenomena in multiuser distributed transaction
environment. Concurrency situation is not desirable for time dependent and time critical large database
applications; it must be efficiently controlled and managed to ensure consistency of database system. The
time aspect of data can be easily represented by temporal database, it allows you to associate time element
with data through temporal validity support. Concurrency control mechanism elevates to a new height
when it is implemented on temporal database especially for multiuser distributed transaction environment
and it requires a special treatment. For consistency requirement to be true different user sessions of a
distributed transaction running simultaneously must produce meaningful and consistent results otherwise it
leaves database into inconsistent state. Traditionally timestamp and locking based approaches are used to
encounter the concurrency problem. This research study proposes an efficient concurrency algorithm
which is a mixture of both timestamp and locking approach suitable for temporal database environment
where more than one users of distributed transaction tries to access the common resource. The scope of
research involves design, implementation, experimental study and performance analysis of proposed
algorithm in comparison with pessimistic and optimistic concurrency control mechanisms. The proposed
algorithm is implemented through trigger using Oracle 12c which supports temporal database consistency
through temporal validity support and efficient locking mechanism. Concurrency and locking situation is
graphically represented in the experiment with the help of Oracle 12c enterprise manager.
KEYWORDS
CC, DB, TDB, TIMESTAMP, LOCK, PESSIMISTIC, OPTIMISTIC, SCN, JAG_TDB_CC, Oracle 12c.
1. INTRODUCTION
The main objective of concurrency control (CC) is to provide consistency for any database
system. The concurrency must ensure that any simultaneous execution of distributed transactions
produces the same result as a sequential execution [1]. An execution is serializable if it is
computationally equivalent to a serial execution. A serial execution of two or more transactions
means that all operations of one transaction are executed before any operation from another
transaction can execute. Since serial executions preserve consistency by definition and every
serializable execution is equivalent to a serial one, every serializable execution also preserves
consistency [2]. The CC takes new dimensions when applied to temporal database (TDB). The
objective of TDB is the management of the data history.

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Generally time dependent and time critical real time applications of database technology are
temporal in nature. Examples include financial applications such as portfolio management, stock
exchange, accounting, and banking; record-keeping applications such as personnel, medical-
record, and inventory management; scheduling applications such as airline, train, and hotel
reservations and project management; and scientific applications such as weather monitoring. The
above mention applications can be classified as temporal databases applications, which record
time-referenced and time-relevant data [3].
The two main concurrency control mechanism available for any database system can be classified
into either pessimistic or optimistic. The pessimistic approach prevents execution of concurrent
transactions in case of conflict. As a contrast the optimistic concurrency control mechanism
allows the concurrent transactions to proceed at the time of conflict with a risk of restarting them
[4,5]. Locking is an efficient mean to provide concurrency control in database system
environment. Lock based concurrency control mechanism works on simple lock mechanism to
control the concurrent access to the data item. If lock is acquired by the transaction then and then
only permission is given to access the data item [6].
The working mechanism of pessimistic concurrency control avoids any concurrent execution of
transactions as soon as potential conflicts between these transactions are detected. Alternately,
optimistic concurrency control allows such transactions to proceed at the risk of having to restart
them in case this suspected conflict actually occurs. In optimistic concurrency mechanism the
concentration is on the fact that the resource should not be blocked for longer period of time [7].
The major drawbacks of pessimistic locking approach are frequent lockouts and deadlocks. The
optimistic locking provides alternative solution to the problems. Optimistic locking does not lock
records when they are read, and proceeds on the assumption that the data being updated has not
changed since the read. Since no locks are taken out during the read, the deadlocks are eliminated
since users should never have to wait on each other’s locks. The Oracle database uses optimistic
locking by default [7].
However in an experimental study when the optimistic locking approach for temporal database
environment was checked for efficiency and performance it was not up to the mark as per the
requirement of temporal database systems and needed improvement [8].
The historical data can be represented in a systematic manner using temporal database [9,10].
Temporal database provides mechanisms to store and manipulate time-varying information.
Temporal databases encompass all database applications that require some aspect of time when
organizing their information. So consistency in temporal database is a critical area needs to be
addressed by database administrator. Oracle introduced Oracle Database 12c on June 25, 2013,
which is considered to be the important architectural transformation in the legacy of the world's
leading database in its 25 years with respect to market presence and dominance [11].
Oracle 12c supports temporal database consistency through temporal validity support and
efficient locking mechanism. Oracle enterprise manager of Oracle 12c provides graphical view of
distributed transaction and various user sessions with locking and unlocking details.
2. RELATED WORK
In past two decades the researchers have focused on time-referenced or temporal data and tried to
develop concepts, tools and techniques that better suits for temporal data management. The recent
research guided by the observations found that most of time-centric real time databases
applications contain temporal data. The traditional database technology lacks the support to such

27
databases application especially when we address the concurrency aspect. Temporal database
system differs from conventional database systems in way that data stored in a temporal database
is different from the data stored in non-temporal database because time element attached to the
data expresses when it was valid or stored in the database.
Concurrency control is a critical aspect for any database systems. Many researchers tried to
develop many protocol for achieving the serializability. The basic concurrency approaches used
by these protocols are locking, timestamp and multiple versions [12, 13, 14].
Various concurrency control schemes are discussed and all of them follow serializability concept.
Conflicting situation can be resolved by delaying or aborting the transactions. Locking protocols,
timestamp, timestamp validation techniques and multiversion are general concurrency control
schemes [15].
The work proposed for concurrency control in database systems identifies various classes of
concurrency control approaches and done a brief survey focused on designing concurrency
control algorithms which are flexible [16].
In the paper titled Concurrency Control: Methods, Performance and Analysis the author has
analyzed the performance of locking model. The study shows the parameters which can lead to
degradation in performance. The paper also highlights comparative performance analysis of
concurrency control methods applicable to standard locking, restart-oriented locking methods and
optimistic concurrency control approach with reference to conclusions of past simulation results
[17].
The concept of multiversion concurrency-control is explained relative to one-copy serializability.
As per the study the transactions are one-copy serializable in a multiversion database. In the
research study the application of three multiversion concurrency control algorithms wherein one
algorithm user timestamps, one uses locking and final one uses a combination of locking with
timestamps [18].
In another research related to concurrency control through multiple data versions examined the
performance and efficiency of concurrency control approach. In the study the authors have
limited the degree of parallelism resulting from multiversion approach. The approach also shows
space-parallelism trade-off with its pros and cons [19].
The work presented by Kung and Robinson focused on optimistic concurrency control approach.
In the research study two categories of non-locking concurrency control approaches are proposed.
Since the methods are based on optimistic approach, there is an assumption that conflicts between
transactions will not occur. The main point highlighted in the work suggests that locking is not
always feasible and creates an overhead, so locking approach must be used in worst situation only
[12].
Application of concurrency control for temporal database requires a special treatment because
temporal database application stores time-relevant historical data. Some of the concurrency
control algorithms based on pessimistic approach have tried to find solution of concurrency
problem especially for temporal database by improvement in performance. These algorithms tried
to minimize the conflicting situation by use of prior knowledge or by reduction of granule size.
Studies have suggested that these algorithm are not in-line with desired objectives and
particularly not suitable for temporal database environment [20].
The pessimistic approach for concurrency control has some limitations, whereas optimistic
approach is more reliable because it improves the degree of parallelism and it is based on the

28
assumption that conflicts are rare. The research work of Achraf Makani and Rafik Bouaziz has
proposed an optimistic algorithm suitable for temporal database environment. The proposed
algorithm cantered on the temporal specifications to reduce the granule size and then to minimize
the conflict degree. The algorithm is also capable of detecting conflicting situations as soon as
possible. In the research they have also introduced and used end of transaction marker technique.
The main aim of study is to reduce to the maximum the period during which resources are locked.
According to their conclusion the optimistic approach is more suitable for temporal database as
compared to pessimistic approach which has some limitations [20].
3. PROPOSED WORK
The research work proposes JAG_TDB_CC as an effective and efficient concurrency control
algorithm along with its architecture which is suitable for temporal database environment. The
proposed work is a blend of timestamp and locking approach. The study also combines the merits
of pessimistic and optimistic concurrency control mechanisms by eliminating the dangers of
deadlocks, frequent lockouts and long waiting times among the various user sessions of
distributed transaction. The study also uses a unique System Change Number (SCN) for
individual row as an additional concurrency parameter for condition checking.
To implement the JAG_TDB_CC algorithm initially we have designed five procedures, the
description of each are as follows:
Procedure_1: PRO_TRANDETAILS: This procedure finds the details of current running
transactions and sessions and stores those details into TRANDETAILS table.
Procedure_2: PRO_VST(MVST): This procedure outputs and stores start time of active session
of a distributed transaction. The output value is stored in MVST variable which will be used in a
trigger for condition checking.
Procedure_3: PRO_MINVST(MMINVST): This procedure outputs and stores start time of oldest
running session of distributed transaction. The output is stored in MMINVST variable and will be
passed to trigger for condition checking.
Procedure_4: PRO_MAXSCN(MMAXSCN): This procedure gives maximum values of System
Change Number (ORA_ROWSCN) form the table and passes it through MMAXSCN variable to
trigger for condition checking.
Procedure_5: PRO_LOCKSESSION(LC): This procedure finds locking details among all
running user sessions and stores them in LOCK_DETAILS table. The procedure also stores lock
count (number of locks held by various sessions) into LC variable and passes it to trigger for
condition verification.
3.1. PROPOSED JAG_TDB_CC ALGORITHM
begin
Call PRO_TRANDETAILS;
Call PRO_VST(MVST);
Call PRO_MINVST(MMINVST);
Call PRO_MAXSCN(MMAXSCN);
Call PRO_LOCKSESSION(LC);

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If Operation=INSERT then
If MVST>MMINVST && MVST>MMAXSCN && LC>1 then
Error: “Concurrency error for Insert operation”
Else
Msg: “Record/s are successfully Inserted”
End If;
End If;
If Operation=UPDATE then
Error: “Concurrency error for Update operation”
Else
Msg: “Record/s are successfully Updated”
End If;
End If;
If Operation=DELETE then
Error: “Concurrency error for Delete operation”
Else
Msg: “Record/s are successfully Deleted”
End If;
End If;
end;
The proposed algorithm is designed and implemented through a trigger which denies or allows
INSERT, UPDATE or DELTE operations among various user sessions of a distributed
transaction after performing concurrency condition check. Whenever any user sessions of a
distributed transaction say S1 (S1,S2,S3,...Sn) waiting in a session queue tries to perform either
INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE operation on conflicting data object on which the lock already
held by some other session the trigger performs concurrency checks and then either grants or
denies the access based on concurrency rules specified in the proposed algorithm. The flow of
algorithm logic is highlighted in the following diagram.

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Figure 1. Flow Chart for Jag_Tdb_Cc Algorithm
If we analyse the main concurrency condition i.e. IF MVST>MMINVST &&
MVST>MMAXSCN && LC>1 of proposed algorithm it comprises of three parts. In the first
phase MVST>MMIMVST will check that the start time of currently active session must be grater
then start time of oldest running session. In the second phase MVST>MMAXSCN the algorithm
checks that the start time of currently active session must be grater then maximum values of
SCN-System Change Number of targeted conflicting relation. So the first two phases of condition
checking of the proposed algorithm follows a timestamp approach. The locking approach is used
in third and final phase of condition where the proposed algorithm checks whether the lock count
LC>1 or not. The LC (lock count) is nothing but numerical counter generated by a procedure
which indicates the number of locks held by different user sessions on conflicting data object. For
the concurrency condition to be true all three parts of the condition must be executed and
evaluated together, so at last the trigger evaluates all three phases of condition together using
&& operator. Based on condition finally the trigger of proposed algorithm either denies or allows
the access of conflicting temporal data object.

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3.2 Proposed Architecture
Figure 2. Proposed Concurrency Control Architecture
The figure 2 shows proposed concurrency control architecture. A transaction manager module
allows more than one user sessions of a distributed transaction to operate concurrently and
maintains sequence among them. Whenever any user session tries to perform either INSERT,
UPDATE or DELETE operation on the shared temporal data object, the control is shifted to
concurrency controller. Before verification of concurrency condition of proposed algorithm the
concurrency controller consults with lock manager for lock/unlock operation. In turn the lock
manager passes lock counter values LC back to the concurrency controller. Now concurrency
controller performs condition checking as per concurrency rules specified in proposed algorithm.
If a session passes the condition check successfully, the transaction manager sends read/write
operation to data manager. Finally data is permanently stored in database by session’s COMMIT
operation.
4. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
4.1 Creation of Temporal Relation
The experiment starts with designing three relations namely COURSE, STUDENTS and third
temporal relation STUDENT_COURSE by using the PERIOD FOR clause at the time of creation
of relation STUDENT_COURSE using following query [20, 21]. The following figure 3 shows
the structure of table with inserted records:
Figure 3. Structure of Three Tables Along with its Data

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4.2 Session View at the Start of Experiment
Initially three distinct users sessions namely C##JAG1, C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 are invoked by
experiment as shown in the below figure 4. The C##JAG1 is the owner of the
STUDENT_COURSE temporal relation. The user C##JAG1 grants ALL permission on
STUDENT_COURSE relation to other two users’ namely C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 respectively.
At the beginning of the experiment all three users’ issues a SELECT command on
STUDENT_COURSE shared temporal relation.
Figure 4. Three User Sessions C##JAG1, C##JAG2 And C##JAG3 at the Start of Experiment with SCN
Value
4.3 Concurrency Control Checks for JAG_TDB_CC Algorithm
In the next phase of experiment the proposed algorithm is implemented by a trigger. Now the
conceptual idea of proposed algorithm is materialized through trigger implementation. The
following sequence of snapshots describes the working mechanism of proposed algorithm in
different concurrency situations.
The above figure 5 highlights the concurrency control mechanism of trigger during update
operation. If one user session is performing the update operation on locked row then trigger
description restricts the update operation of other user session from modifying the same row. If
all the users in our case C##JAG1, C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 tries to perform UPDATE operation
on the same shared resource STUDENT_COURSE relation, only one user i.e. C##JAG1 is
allowed to proceed with INSERT operation as per rules of algorithm meanwhile the algorithm
denies the UPDATE operation of other two users C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 and gives them
appropriate concurrency error message.

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Figure 5. Concurrency Check for UPDATE Operation
Note that the algorithm only denies the user from accessing locked resource, instead of blocking
it. So other users C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 are allowed to perform their normal non-conflicting
operations without waiting for C##JAG1 to release the lock. So if lock is held by one user in our
case C##JAG1 on the conflicting data object then on the same object other user sessions
C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 cannot acquire the lock simultaneously until the session holding the
lock i.e. C##JAG1 releases it. So ultimately no user session goes into waiting state and does not
remain idle for indefinite time until lock is released. Since no user sessions are blocked they can
perform their non-conflicting operations in normal manner without waiting for locked resource to
be released which can be seen in the below figure 6.
Figure 6. User Sessions Performing Non-Conflicting Operations
Apart from concurrency control checks on UPDATE operation, in our experimental study we
have performed similar concurrency control checks on INSERT and DELETE operations and
they yields the same results as per the rules of algorithm.

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4.4 Graphical Representation of Concurrency Environment
Figure 7. Enterprise Manager Showing Concurrency Environment
The above image graphically shows the concurrency environment for proposed experiment. It
shows that the resource is not locked for other user sessions and they can execute their non-
conflicting operations. As per proposed concurrency control method no concurrent locks are
acquired by more than one user on conflicting object. So if lock is held by C##JAG1 user the
other users i.e. C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 are waiting for their turn only denies the access of locked
resource instead of blocking it. So one can say that C##JAG1 user’s session is not blocking
C##JAG2 and C#JAG3 user’s respectively but only denies them the access of conflicting
resource as a contrast to both pessimistic and optimistic locking experiments [7,8]. The following
figure 8 confirms the correctness of algorithm by showing the details that no concurrent user
sessions blocking each other in case of conflict.
Figure 8. Who is Blocking Whom?

35
5. SESSION OUTLINE VIEW
The following table 1 represents session outline view for C##JAG1, C##JAG2 and C##JAG3
users showing step by step sequence of operations when three different users sessions tries to
modify (UPDATE) the same resource roughly the same time. Here the session outline view is
given for UPDATE operation, but the same concurrency control mechanism can be applied on
INSERT and DELETE operations using a proposed algorithm.
Table 1. Session Outline View for UPDATE Operation
6. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The following table represents average waiting time statistics collected during experimental study
of pessimistic, optimistic and proposed JAG_TDB_CC concurrency control approach [7,8].

36
Table 2. Session Waiting Time Statistics
C##JAG1 C##JAG2 C##JAG3
Pessimistic 0.45 0.52 0.59
Optimistic 0.10 0.02 0.02
Proposed 0.05 0.01 0.01
The comparative performance analysis of pessimistic, optimistic and proposed concurrency
control approach is highlighted in the below chart.
Figure 9. Performance Analysis
The performance evaluation gives the hindsight to the fact that the session waiting time for all
three user sessions i.e. for C##JAG1, C##JAG2 and C##JAG3 are decreased significantly near to
almost nil in proposed method as compared to traditional pessimistic and optimistic concurrency
control approaches [7,8]. The statistical analysis also highlights the fact that in pessimistic
approach the different user sessions remain idle in waiting state for longer period of time as
compared to either optimistic or proposed concurrency control approaches. The performance
analysis clearly indicates that proposed approach is best suited for concurrency control over
either pessimistic or optimistic approaches.
7. CONCLUSION
Concurrency control is critical aspect for any database application. If concurrency situation is not
efficiently tackled, it can leave a database into unstable state. Concurrency control touches a new
horizon when it is applied on temporal database especially in multiuser distributed transaction
environment. Timestamp and locking are two common approaches for concurrency control. To
provide efficient concurrency control the proposed algorithm combines both timestamp and
locking approaches together. The algorithm is applied through trigger which either denies or
allows a user session of a distributed transaction to perform its operation based on the
concurrency control rules specified in algorithm. In conflicting situations instead of blocking the
user session the proposed algorithm denies the user from accessing the locked resource. In the
third phase concurrency control mechanism of proposed algorithm denies the acquisition of
simultaneous lock on conflicting resource. So if lock is already obtained by one user session on
shared data object then no other user session can obtain the lock on the same resource
simultaneously until the session holding the lock released it. So the algorithm prevents other

37
conflicting user sessions from going into waiting state and allowed them to remain idle for
indefinite time until lock is released which was the case in pessimistic and optimistic concurrency
control approaches [7,8]. Since no user sessions are blocked they can perform their non-
conflicting operations in normal manner without waiting for locked resource to be released. The
performance evaluation of proposed algorithm confirms that not only it overcomes the limitations
of both pessimistic and optimistic concurrency control approaches but also it is the best
alternative for temporal database environment. The future scope of proposed algorithm can be
extended to time centred and time critical real time database applications for instance banking,
stock exchange, personal and medical record keeping, airlines, train, bus and hostel reservation
system, movie ticket booking and online shopping where time dependant distributed transactions
are frequent.
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AUTHORS
Jaypalsinh A. Gohil is a research scholar at Department of Computer Science &
Applications, MK Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-India. He is having more
than 10 years of teaching experience at U.G. & P.G. level. He has already published in
total 11 research papers in various international and national journals. He has also
contributed in the area of computer science and applications by publishing 02 books.
Dr. Prashant M. Dolia is working as an Associate Professor at Department of
Computer Science & Applications, MK Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-
India. He is possessing more than eighteen years of teaching experience at PG level. He
has published 28 research papers in various international journals and 01 research paper
in national journal. He has also published 09 books in subject of Computer Science &
Applications.

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