Design procedure of multiple input converters

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1
Design procedure of multiple input converters
Kavita Tamboli1, Naveen Goel1
1Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SSTC Bhilai, CG, India
--------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract: - It is suggested to use a multiple input boost
converter with high voltage gain. The photovoltaic uses for
this converter are possible. This converter allows the
simultaneous extraction of continuous current from
multiple sources. The converter's steady state analysis is
presented. To take in the most electricity possible from
each solar panel both individually and collectively, the
MPPT algorithm is used. The converter under
consideration may increase voltage by up to 20 times while
keeping input current constant. In a simulation
environment, the proposed converter's open loop steady
state operation is verified.
Keywords— Boost converter, multiple-input converter
(MIC), transformer-less converter, DC-DC converter.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of renewable energy sources and the development
of power electronics systems for harnessing related energy
sources have seen a surge in interest over the last 10 years.
Common renewable energy sources include solar energy,
wind energy, and hydropower. In that they can be
employed simultaneously to maintain continuous power
delivery to the demand, several of these sources are
mutually complementing. It turns out that different
independent single-input converters can link different
renewable energy sources to a common dc bus, and such
configurations have been proposed for hybrid power
systems [1], [2]. However, the design becomes very
complex and expensive when many single-input converters
are used. In order to simplify and reduce the cost of hybrid
power systems, the use of a multiple-input converter (MIC)
in favour of several single-input converters has recently
attracted a lot of attention. II. Converter Topology
Synthesis A single load can receive electricity from a
number of power sources through the MIC. The
fundamental MIC was developed by deriving it from a buck
converter and connecting multiple dc-input voltage
sources in parallel with the original dc-input voltage source
[3], [4]. Because the available dc voltage sources have
various magnitudes and cannot therefore be directly
connected in parallel, only one power source is allowed to
deliver energy to the load at a time. This prevents more
than two dc voltage sources from being connected in
parallel. Instead, a series-connected active switch is used to
connect the dc voltage sources in parallel. Flyback,
forward, and buck-boost converters have all exploited this
connection of the dc-input voltage sources [5, 6, 7], [8]. The
multiple-input forward converter can be thought of as an
isolated multiple-input buck-derived converter with an
isolation transformer. The primary windings of each dc-
input voltage source are different, but they all share a
secondary winding with active switches connected in
series. It is possible to compare the isolated buck-boost
converter with multiple inputs to the flyback converter
with multiple inputs. Such MIC controls frequently start
with a time-multiplexing technique. In order to get over the
constraints of the time-multiplexing approach, some MICs
have been devised that may be used to transport power
from the various voltage sources to the load individually or
concurrently. In order to minimise the amount of passive
components, the MIC suggested in [9]–[11] combines a
buck converter and a buck-boost converter while sharing
an inductor and capacitor between the two converters. The
MICs suggested in [12]-[14] are built on a foundation of
boost converters and buck-boost converters that are
connected in parallel at their outputs. The advantages of
having fewer devices and elements are absent in such
MICs. However, the isolated multiple-input full-bridge
boost converters [15]–[18] and the multiple-input half-
bridge boost converter [19] share the output rectifier using
a multiplewinding transformer. A thorough process for
creating MIC topologies was laid out in [20]. The six basic
nonisolated converters—the buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk,
Zeta, and SEPIC converters—were used as pulsing source
cells (PSCs), and the concepts of pulsating voltage-source
cells (PVSC) and pulsating current-source cells (PCSC)
were introduced. The recommended approach includes
including these PSCs alongside the six basic non-isolated
converters. The input sources of the resulting nonisolated
MICs can deliver the energy to the load separately or
simultaneously. The topologies generated by this method
do not provide isolation, nor do they take into
consideration topologies having a time-multiplexing
control scheme.
For identifying the potential input cells that realise MICs
from their single-input converters, a number of
assumptions, limitations, and requirements were put out in
[21]. Based on these assumptions, limits, and conditions,
the extended set of nonisolated single-input converters
provided in [22] was validated, and the viable input cells
were found. These viable input cellswere used to create a
number of MICs. The resulting MICs were managed using
the time-multiplexing techniques.

The purpose of this article is to offer a methodical
approach to MIC creation. We examine two distinct MIC
kinds. The first only allows one power source to transfer
energy to the load at a time, but the second allows all input
sources to supply power to the load either concurrently or
individually.
Additionally, the connections between the current MICs
will be made clear.
The structure of this essay is as follows. The fundamental
cells for creating dc-dc converters are covered in Section II.
The rules for connecting PSCs are presented in Section III,
and Section IV generates the MICs using these criteria. In
Section V, conclusions are provided.
2. BASIC CELLS OF SINGLE-INPUT CONVERTERS
As shown in Fig. 1, each fundamental single-input dc-dc
converter can be divided into two basic cells: a PSC and an
output filter cell (OFC) (a). PVSCs and PCSCs are the two
different types of PSCs. Given that the PVSC produces
pulsating voltage, the corresponding OFC should be a
voltage-type low-pass filter, which is essentially composed
of an inductor and a capacitor. LC-OFCs are this type of
OFCs. Similar to how the PCSC supplies pulsating current,
the corresponding OFC should be a current-type low-pass
filter, which is simply achieved by a capacitor. One variety
of OFC is the COFC. The arrangements of a PVSC followed
by an LC-OFC and, accordingly, a PCSC followed by a COFC,
are shown in Figs. 1(b) and (c).
Fig.1 Configurations of single-input converter. (a) General
configuration. (b) PVSC followed by LC-OFC. (c) PCSC
followed by C-OFC.
3. BASIC RULES FOR CONNECTING PSCS AND OFCS
We begin by going through the two main limitations that
Kirchhoff's rules place on integrating independent sources
[24]. First off, parallel connections between two or more
independent voltage sources are not possible due to
Kirchhoff's voltage law. Second, it is impossible to connect
two or more independent current sources in series, in
defiance of Kirchhoff's current law. Any synthesis
regulations for MICs that mix multiple PSCs will be subject
to these fundamental limitations.
A list of the synthesis procedures is provided below.
Combination of Pulsating Sources
The kind of pulse sources being brought together
determines the proper Kirchhoff's law, which is then
utilised to define the connection style. Basically, many
PCSCs, which are primarily current sources, can be
connected in parallel, and many PVSCs, which are primarily
voltage sources, can be connected in series (b). It is clear
that depending on the switching configuration, PVSCs in
series and PCSCs in parallel can both produce electricity
simultaneously.
Furthermore, as PVSCs are switching source cells,
connecting them in parallel is possible without breaking
Kirchhoff's rules, provided that they are not
simultaneously delivering power, which would result in a
direct parallel connection of voltage sources. In other
words, assuming the appropriate switching configuration
is in place, PVSCs can also be connected in parallel, as
shown in Fig. 2. (c). Similar to this, as PCSCs are switching
source cells, they can theoretically also be connected in
series.
Given that the PCSCs do not provide power concurrently,
current sources can be connected directly in series without
deviating from Kirchhoff's principles. The current sources
in PCSCs, including the independent and intermediate
storage ones, are achieved by an inductor behind a voltage
source, despite the fact that they are not perfect current
sources. For instance, we would need to turn on Q so that
the input voltage would charge the inductor to saturation
and destroy the boost PCSC in order to stop the boost PCSC
in Fig. 3(a) from sending energy to the load. Therefore, it is
impossible to connect PCSCs in series in practise. We can
offer the following potential relationships as a conclusion.
Connection Rule 1: Several PVSCs can be connected in
series to give power concurrently or one at a time, whereas
several PCSCs can be connected in parallel. The resulting
MICs enable the supply of power from all input sources to
the load either singly or concurrently, as was already
described.

Connection Rule 2: With the appropriate switching
configurations, several PVSCs can be linked in parallel and
give electricity one at a time. A diode connected in series
with the switch or a switch that is explicitly unidirectional
must be used in a nonisolated PVSC.
The several linked PVSCs in Fig. 2(a) and (c) can be seen as
a single PVSC, it should be highlighted.. The numerous
connected PCSCs depicted in Fig. 2(c) can also be viewed as
a single PCSC.
In actuality, more than one PCSC can be connected in
parallel to a PVSC, and this PSC configuration acts as a
Fig.3 Configurations of single-input converter. (a) General
configuration. (b) PVSC followed by LC-OFC. (c) PCSC
followed by C-OFC.
voltage source. However, each parallel-connected PCSC
would not function independently if the PVSC or combined
circuit failed. Similar to a current source, a series
connection between multiple PVSCs and a PCSC behaves
similarly and would fail if the PCSC failed. As a result, such
PSC combinations do not result in efficient MICs.
3.2 Cascade of PSCs and OFCs
We begin by assuming that the OFC is the last cell to
supply the load with constant dc voltage. We have two
basic types of OFCs, the LC-OFC and C-OFC, as discussed in
Section II.
When a voltagesource-capacitor loop is closed or opened,
switching creates an incompatible boundary state that
leads to unending current or voltage impulses, according to
fundamental circuit theory. Pulsing sources should be
connected to the right kind of buffer cell in order to
transfer power without creating incompatible switching
conditions (storage element). Switched current can only
interact with capacitive storage to prevent switching a
current-source-inductor cutset, and switched voltage can
only interface with inductive storage to prevent switching
a voltage-source-capacitor loop.
The LC-OFC should be used to filter the voltage delivered
from a PVSC and the C-OFC should be used to filter the
current delivered from a PCSC when connecting a PSC with
an output filter.
Fig. 2 Configurations of (a) multiple PVSCs in series, (b) multiple PCSCs in parallel, and (c) multiple PVSCs in parallel
with appropriate switching arrangement to ensure each PVSC delivering power individually.

The potential links between PSCs and output filters are
outlined in the following rule
Fig.4 Block diagram of MIC topologies. (a) Combined PVSCs
followed by LC-OFC. (b) Combined PCSCs followed by C-
OFC.
Relationship Rule 3: A component of an MIC that is
required is an output filter. Power from a PVSC should be
filtered using an LC-OFC, and power from a PCSC should be
filtered using a C-OFC.
4. SYNTHESIS OF MULTIPLE-INPUT CONVERTERS
A PSC is first connected to each power source. After that,
several PSCs are aggregated and electricity is sent to the
load via an output filter. In Fig. 4, a block diagram is
displayed.
Three types of MICs can be derived for the two different
PSCs, namely the basic and hybrid PSCs, by connecting the
resulting voltage or current to the right output filter. To
make things simpler for the example, MICs are created by
combining just two PSCs.
4.1 Synthesis of MICs With Basic PSCs
The synthesis procedure of this type of MICs takes the
following steps.
Step 1: Choose PSCs from Figs. 2 and combine them
according to connection rules 1 and 2.
Step 2: Cascade the combined PSCs with the appropriate
output filter, according to connection rule 3.
Three groups of MICs are produced from the
aforementioned procedure, depending on the connection
style of the PSCs, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.5 Typical derived MICs generated by seriesconnection
of (a) two buck PVSCs, (b) one buck PVSC and one Cuk
PVSC
Fig.6 Typical derived MICs generated by parallel
connection of (a) two boost PCSCs, (b) one boost PCSC and
one buck–boost PCSC.
As illustrated in Figs. 2-4, there are many basic PVSCs that
can be coupled in series with one another or other PVSCs
to create a variety of MICs. Six representative MICs are
shown in Fig. 5.
The first two MICs are shown in [20], and the remaining
two are produced by connecting a buck PVSC in series with
another buck PVSC, a Cuk PVSC, and a full-bridge PVSC,
respectively.
Fig.7 Typical derived MICs generated by parallel
connection of (a) two buck PVSCs, (b) one buck PVSC and
one Cuk PVSC.
The basic PCSCs can also be coupled in parallel with one
another or other PCSCs, as shown in Figs. 5-7, to create a
variety of different MICs. Six typical MICs are shown in Fig.
6. The ones shown in Fig. 6(a)–(b) are produced by
connecting two identical PCSCs in parallel, such as two
flyback PCSCs, two half-bridge PCSCs, and two full bridge
PCSCs.

Six exemplary MICs produced by paralleling two PVSCs are
shown in Fig. 7. The PVSCs only retain one freewheeling
diode; the others can be removed because they are
superfluous. A diode should be placed in series with each
switching network in line with connection rule 2 to prevent
voltage sources from being connected directly in parallel.
In Fig. 7(a), two buck PVSCs and one freewheeling diode
D3 are connected in parallel, and the diodes D1 and D2 are
added in series with Q1 and Q2, respectively. In Fig. 7(b), a
buck PVSC and a cuk PVSC are linked in parallel, with D2
acting as the freewheeling diode and D1 and D3 acting as
the buck PVSC and cuk PVSC's respective series diodes,
respectively..
The MICs in Fig. 14 allow all input sources to send power to
the load either separately or simultaneously, in contrast to
the MICs in Figs. 5 and 6, which only allow one power
source to transfer energy to the load at a time.
It should be noted that there are additional alternatives for
choosing voltage conversion ratios in the MICs created by
Types II and III PCSCs or Types II and III PVSCs. The
fundamental advantage of these MICs is that the output
voltage can differ from the input voltage in either direction.
4.1 MIC Synthesis using Hybrid PSCs
The same synthesis process can also be used to create MICs
with hybrid PSCs. A hybrid PSC with two input sources and
one output filter is required to produce a two-input
converter topology. As depicted in Fig. 8, the hybrid PSC
feeds power to the load through an output filter. Such MICs
were suggested in [20].
Fig.8 MICs generated by one (a) boost-and-Cuk PVSC, (b)
buck-and-Zeta PVSC, (c) boost-and-Zeta PVSC.
Fig.9 MICs Circuit (a) two boost-and-Cuk PVSCs in series
connection and (b) two buck-and-buck–boost PCSCs in
parallel connection
Similar to the synthesis of MICs using basic PSCs, several
hybrid PSCs can be coupled to produce MICs in line with
connection rules 1 and 2. Fig. 9 shows the configuration of
a MIC created by two boost-and-Cuk PVSCs coupled in
series with an LC-OFC (a). A C-OFC stage, two parallel-
connected buck-and-buck-boost PCSCs, and a MIC are
shown in Fig. 9(b) setup. Because the hybrid PSC contains
various input sources, the MICs generated by different
hybrid PSCs all have at least four input sources. C. Basic
PSC and Hybrid PSC Synthesis of MICs
Connection rules 1 and 2 also allow for the creation of new
MICs by combining a number of basic PSCs and a number
of hybrid PSCs. The circuit designs for MICs depicted in Fig.
10 are made by connecting a buck PVSC in series with two
more PVSCs—a boost-and-Cuk PVSC and a buckand-Zeta
PVSC, respectively—and finishing each with a cascade LC-
OFC stage.
The boost PCSC is connected in parallel with the buck-and-
buck-boost PCSC, the boost-and-boost-SEPIC PCSC, and
each is completed with a cascade C-OFC stage to produce
MICs.
Fig. 10 Circuit configurations of MICs generated by series
connection of one buck PVSC and one boost-and-Cuk PVSC.
where the diodes D1 to D4 act as the rectifier diodes,
freewheeling diodes, and series diodes. Therefore, no other
freewheeling diode is needed.
VII. CONCLUSION
An organized process for creating various input converters
has been outlined in this study. The building blocks for the
synthesis of multiple-input converters have been proposed
as a collection of basic and hybrid PSCs, as well as output

filters. A collection of connection rules that can be used to
methodically derive multiple-input converters is proposed.
Although they are more complicated than multiple-input
converters without intermediate storage, converters with
intermediate storage have the advantage of having a wider
range of voltage conversion ratio options. Additionally,
multiple-input converters with isolation can be made
simpler, which improves their functionality and usability.
REFERENCES
[1] F. Iannone, S. Leva, and D. Zaninelli, “Hybrid
photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell
system: Economic and environmental analysis,” in
Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, 2005, pp.
1503–1509.
[2] X. Kong and A. M. Khambadkone, “Analysis and
implementation of a high efficiency, interleaved
current-fed full bridge converter for fuel cell
system,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2,
pp. 543–550, Mar. 2007.
[3] C. Liu and J. S. Lai, “Low frequency current ripple
reduction technique with active control in a fuel cell
power system with inverter load,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1429–1436, Jul.
2007.
[4] E. H. Ismail, M. A. Al-Saffar, A. J. Sabzali, and A. A.
Fardoun, “A family of single-switch PWM converters
with high step-up conversion ratio,” IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1159–
1171, May 2008.
[5] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of
Power Electronics, 2nd ed. Norwell, MA, USA:
Kluwer, 2001.
[6] W. Li and X. He, “A family of interleaved DC–DC
converters deduced from a basic cell with winding-
cross-coupled inductors (WCCIs) for high step-up or
step-down conversions,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1791–1801, Jul. 2008.
[7] W. Li and X. He, “An interleaved winding-coupled
boost converter with passive lossless clamp circuits,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1499–
1507, Jul. 2007.
[8] W. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Deng, and X. He, “Interleaved
converter with voltage multiplier cell for high step-
up and high-efficiency conversion,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2397–2408, Sep.
2010.
[9] Y.-P. Hsieh, J.-F. Chen, T.-J. Liang, and L.-S. Yang, “A
novel high step-up DC–DC converter for a microgrid
system,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4,
pp. 1127–1136, Apr. 2011.
[10] R. Xie, W. Li, Y. Zhao, J. Zhao, X. He, and F. Cao,
“Performance analysis of isolated ZVT interleaved
converter with windingcross-coupled inductors and
switched-capacitors,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers.
Congr. Expo., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010, pp. 2025–2029.
[11] W. Li, W. Li, X. He, D. Xu, and B. Wu, “General
derivation law of nonisolated high-step-up
interleaved converters with built-in transformer,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1650–
1661, Mar. 2012.
[12] K.-C. Tseng, C.-C. Huang, and W.-Y. Shih, “A high step-
up converter with a voltage multiplier module for a
photovoltaic system,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 3047–3057, Jun. 2013.
[13] W. Li, Y. Zhao, J. Wu, and X. He, “Interleaved high
step-up converter with winding-cross-coupled
inductors and voltage multiplier cells,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 133–143, Jan.
2012.
[14] K.-C. Tseng and C.-C. Huang, “High step-up high-
efficiency interleaved converter with voltage
multiplier module for renewable energy system,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1311–
1319, Mar. 2014.
[15] K.-C. Tseng and C.-C. Huang, “A high step-up passive
absorption circuit used in non-isolated high step-up
converter,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf.
Expo., Long Beach, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 1966–1971.
[16] K. Gummi and M. Ferdowsi, “Synthesis of double-
input DC–DC converters using single pole triple
throw switch as a building block,” in Proc. IEEE
Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Rhodes, Greece, 2008,
pp. 2819– 2823.
[17] V. A. K. Prabhala, D. Somayajula, and M. Ferdowsi,
“Power sharing in a double-input buck converter
using dead-time control,” in Proc. IEEE Energy
Convers. Congr. Expo., San Jose, CA, USA, 2009, pp.
2621– 2626.
[18] S. Lee, P. Kim, and S. Choi, “High step-up soft-
switched converters using voltage multiplier cells,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3379–
3387, Jul. 2013.
[19] C.-M. Young, M.-H. Chen, T.-A. Chang, C.-C. Ko, and K.-
K. Jen, “Cascade Cockcroft–Walton voltage multiplier

applied to transformerless high step-up DC–DC
converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 2,
pp. 523–537, Feb. 2013.
[20] J. F. Dickson, “On-chip high-voltage generation in
MNOS integrated circuits using an improved voltage
multiplier technique,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.
11, no. 3, pp. 374– 378, Jun. 1976.
[21] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic, “Interleaved boost
converter with intrinsic voltage-doubler
characteristic for universal-line PFC front end,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1394–
1401, Jul. 2007.
[22] M. Prudente, L. L. Pfitscher, G. Emmendoerfer, E. F.
Romaneli, and R. Gules, “Voltage multiplier cells
applied to non-isolated DC–DC converters,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 871–887,
Mar. 2008.
[23] Z. J. Shen, Y. Xiong, X. Cheng, Y. Fu, and P. Kumar,
“Power MOSFET switching loss analysis: A new
insight,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., Tampa, FL,
USA, 2006, pp. 1438–1442.
BIOGRAPHIES
Kavita Tamboli
M.Tech student in 1Dept.
of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
SSTC Bhilai, CG, India

Design procedure of multiple input converters

More Related Content

Similar to Design procedure of multiple input converters (20)

More from IRJET Journal (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Design procedure of multiple input converters