![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 3 Issue 5, August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD28022 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2353
Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the
Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability
Thit Waso Khine
Lecturer, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological University, Lashio, Myanmar
How to cite this paper: Thit Waso Khine
"Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and
Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply
on its Frequency Stability" Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-3 |
Issue-5, August
2019,pp.2353-2355,
https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd28022
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal ofTrend inScientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
ABSTRACT
Oscillator circuit is one that converts DC power into AC power at a frequency
without any input signal. Oscillators are commonly used in communication
systems to generate carrier frequency ranging from audio frequency (20 Hz)
to radio frequency (100G Hz). There are two main classes of oscillators,
harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal output (e.g. sine wave) and relaxation
oscillator with non-sinusoidal output (e.g. square wave, triangle wave,etc.).In
this paper, class A Colpitts oscillator with LC feedback circuit is designed as a
radio frequency oscillator to generate the output signals at 5M Hz. After
designing, this circuit is simulated with Multisimsoftwaretoanalyzetheeffect
of power supply on its frequency stability. Three supply voltages, (14 V, 12 V
and 10 V) are set as sample parameters to analyze the variation of frequency
and voltage of the output signal. Changing DC power supply one by one as the
above selected parameters in Multisim, the change of value of frequencies are
noted and output signal results are also shown with the help of virtual
oscillator.
KEYWORDS: Colpitts oscillator; class A amplifier; LC feedback circuit; frequency
stability.
INTRODUCTION
Oscillator play important roles incommunicationsystem togeneratethecarrier
or local oscillation signal. They employ a sensitive amplifier whose output is
fed-back to the input in phase.
Thus, the signal regenerates and sustains itself. Most
oscillators consist of three-basic parts. The first one is
amplifier which may be class A, class B or class C. the second
is a frequency selector consisting of passive components
such as filter circuit that are responsible for the shape and
frequency of the wave produced [2]. The third is a positive
feedback path. Colpitts oscillator is an oscillator with LC
feedback circuit. LC feedback network is used in oscillators
requiring high frequencies of oscillation [1]. Also, due to the
frequency limitation of most op-amps, discrete transistors
(BJT or FET) are often used as the gain element [1]. And so,
in this paper, BJT transistor is used as class A amplifier to
provide gain and LC network is used as frequency selector.
A. Design Calculation
In this work, class A Colpitts oscillator is designed according
to the design protocol [1]. Firstly, design requirements are
specified as the following:
Device is 2N3904 (npn);
ℎ = 100 (Worst-case) ; 𝐼 = 1m A;
Desired frequency, f= 5M Hz; L=10µ H with Q=50;
𝑅 = 5kΩ; 𝑉 = 12 V;
In design calculation, the value of resistors and capacitors
are used for standard values.
𝑅 = 2πf QL = 15.7 kΩ (1)
Effective external load = 𝑅 //𝑅 = 3.8 kΩ (2)
For class A amplifier, 𝑅 = 3.9 kΩ is selected for maximum
power transfer.
𝑅 = 3.9 k// 3.8 k = 1.92 kΩ (3)
𝐼 = (4)
1m= (5)
𝑅 = 6.8 kΩ
For bias stability, 𝑅 = 0.1ℎ 𝑅 (6)
𝑅 = 68 kΩ
𝑉 =𝑅 1 + 1
ℎ 𝐼 + 𝑉 + = 8.24V (7)
R = = 220 kΩ (8)
𝑅 = = 100 kΩ (9)
𝐴 = k = − 𝑔 𝑅 = − 64 (10)
For the loop gain, k𝛽 = 1 (11)
𝛽 = − (12)
𝐶 =
( )
= 0.1 nF (13)
𝐶 = (14)
𝐶 = 0.1 nF and 𝐶 = 6.5 nF
Assuming the other capacitors' values suitably, the design
circuit is complete and the complete class A Colpitts
oscillator circuit is shown in fig.1.
IJTSRD28022](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/456designingclassacolpittsoscillatorandanalyzingtheeffectofdcpowersupplyonitsfrequencystabil-190919054135/85/Designing-Class-a-Colpitts-Oscillator-and-Analyzing-the-Effect-of-DC-Power-Supply-on-its-Frequency-Stability-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD28022 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2355
Fig. 4 Output signal (frequency = 4.11 MHz)
C. Analysis of the Simulation Results
Frequency stability is one of the characteristics of an
oscillator and it varies with varying power supply.
Depending on these power supplies the value of time taken
to start is varied. In this oscillator design, time taken is
generally calculated as t = × 𝑄 and is nearly 10 µs. From
the above data, the analysis values are summarized in the
table as the following.
TABLE I. Difference of values at selected Vcc(s)
Frequency
(MHz)
pk- pk (V)
Time taken
( ≈ 𝟏𝟎µ𝒔)
Vcc (10 V) ≈4.66 ≈1.8 > 10µ𝑠
Vcc (12 V) ≈4.26 ≈2.5 ≈ 10µ𝑠
Vcc (14 V) ≈4.11 ≈2.6 < 10µ𝑠
D. Conclusion
From the simulation results, the proposed class A Colpitts
oscillator (5 MHz) is designed successfully and the effect of
power supply on frequency stability is analyzed. Frequency
stability is one of the important facts for oscillators and it is
affected by temperature changes, mechanical vibrations and
power supply and there is also left for analysis of the other
two factors in this paper.
Acknowledgment
Firstly, the author would like to thank her beloved parents
and her husband for their supports and encouragements to
do this paper. The author also wishes to give her thanks to
all teachers who teach her in her whole life.
References
[1] Glifford D.Ferris, "Elements of Electronic Design"
Minneapoils/St.Paul.NewYork.Los Angeles. San
Francisco, 1995.
[2] Electronic Devices; Conventional Current Version
(Ninth Edition). Thomas L. Floyd (2011).
[3] Steven T. Karris,"Electronic Device and Amplifier
Circuits, (Third Edition).
[4] Haykin Simon, CommunicationSystems,JohnWiley,4th
Edition, 2001.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/456designingclassacolpittsoscillatorandanalyzingtheeffectofdcpowersupplyonitsfrequencystabil-190919054135/85/Designing-Class-a-Colpitts-Oscillator-and-Analyzing-the-Effect-of-DC-Power-Supply-on-its-Frequency-Stability-3-320.jpg)
Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 3 Issue 5, August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD28022 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2353 Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability Thit Waso Khine Lecturer, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological University, Lashio, Myanmar How to cite this paper: Thit Waso Khine "Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5, August 2019,pp.2353-2355, https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd28022 Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal ofTrend inScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) ABSTRACT Oscillator circuit is one that converts DC power into AC power at a frequency without any input signal. Oscillators are commonly used in communication systems to generate carrier frequency ranging from audio frequency (20 Hz) to radio frequency (100G Hz). There are two main classes of oscillators, harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal output (e.g. sine wave) and relaxation oscillator with non-sinusoidal output (e.g. square wave, triangle wave,etc.).In this paper, class A Colpitts oscillator with LC feedback circuit is designed as a radio frequency oscillator to generate the output signals at 5M Hz. After designing, this circuit is simulated with Multisimsoftwaretoanalyzetheeffect of power supply on its frequency stability. Three supply voltages, (14 V, 12 V and 10 V) are set as sample parameters to analyze the variation of frequency and voltage of the output signal. Changing DC power supply one by one as the above selected parameters in Multisim, the change of value of frequencies are noted and output signal results are also shown with the help of virtual oscillator. KEYWORDS: Colpitts oscillator; class A amplifier; LC feedback circuit; frequency stability. INTRODUCTION Oscillator play important roles incommunicationsystem togeneratethecarrier or local oscillation signal. They employ a sensitive amplifier whose output is fed-back to the input in phase. Thus, the signal regenerates and sustains itself. Most oscillators consist of three-basic parts. The first one is amplifier which may be class A, class B or class C. the second is a frequency selector consisting of passive components such as filter circuit that are responsible for the shape and frequency of the wave produced [2]. The third is a positive feedback path. Colpitts oscillator is an oscillator with LC feedback circuit. LC feedback network is used in oscillators requiring high frequencies of oscillation [1]. Also, due to the frequency limitation of most op-amps, discrete transistors (BJT or FET) are often used as the gain element [1]. And so, in this paper, BJT transistor is used as class A amplifier to provide gain and LC network is used as frequency selector. A. Design Calculation In this work, class A Colpitts oscillator is designed according to the design protocol [1]. Firstly, design requirements are specified as the following: Device is 2N3904 (npn); ℎ = 100 (Worst-case) ; 𝐼 = 1m A; Desired frequency, f= 5M Hz; L=10µ H with Q=50; 𝑅 = 5kΩ; 𝑉 = 12 V; In design calculation, the value of resistors and capacitors are used for standard values. 𝑅 = 2πf QL = 15.7 kΩ (1) Effective external load = 𝑅 //𝑅 = 3.8 kΩ (2) For class A amplifier, 𝑅 = 3.9 kΩ is selected for maximum power transfer. 𝑅 = 3.9 k// 3.8 k = 1.92 kΩ (3) 𝐼 = (4) 1m= (5) 𝑅 = 6.8 kΩ For bias stability, 𝑅 = 0.1ℎ 𝑅 (6) 𝑅 = 68 kΩ 𝑉 =𝑅 1 + 1 ℎ 𝐼 + 𝑉 + = 8.24V (7) R = = 220 kΩ (8) 𝑅 = = 100 kΩ (9) 𝐴 = k = − 𝑔 𝑅 = − 64 (10) For the loop gain, k𝛽 = 1 (11) 𝛽 = − (12) 𝐶 = ( ) = 0.1 nF (13) 𝐶 = (14) 𝐶 = 0.1 nF and 𝐶 = 6.5 nF Assuming the other capacitors' values suitably, the design circuit is complete and the complete class A Colpitts oscillator circuit is shown in fig.1. IJTSRD28022
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD2 Fig.1 Class A Colpitts oscillator circuit B. Simulation Results All oscillators take time to start. In this simulation, the difference time taken to start oscillates and frequency values at the selected parameters of DC power supply are shown. Firstly, the output signal results of oscillator at Vcc = 12 V is shown in fig. 2. Fig. 2 Output signal (frequency = 4.26 MHz) International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com 28022 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Fig.1 Class A Colpitts oscillator circuit All oscillators take time to start. In this simulation, the difference time taken to start oscillates and frequency values at the selected parameters of DC power supply are shown. Firstly, the output signal results of oscillator at Vcc = 12 V is Fig. 2 Output signal (frequency = 4.26 MHz) Similarity, the output signal result at Vcc = 10 V is also shown in fig. 3 and it is found that the value of frequency is more than the value at Vcc = 12 V but peak to peak voltage is less than above. Fig. 3 Output signal (frequency = 4.66 MHz) Finally, the last output signal result at Vcc = 14 V is shown in fig. 4.There is observed that the frequency value is the least among them and the time taken is also the least. www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 August 2019 Page 2354 Similarity, the output signal result at Vcc = 10 V is also shown in fig. 3 and it is found that the value of frequency is more than the value at Vcc = 12 V but peak to peak voltage is Fig. 3 Output signal (frequency = 4.66 MHz) Finally, the last output signal result at Vcc = 14 V is shown in fig. 4.There is observed that the frequency value is the least among them and the time taken is also the least.
- 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD28022 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2355 Fig. 4 Output signal (frequency = 4.11 MHz) C. Analysis of the Simulation Results Frequency stability is one of the characteristics of an oscillator and it varies with varying power supply. Depending on these power supplies the value of time taken to start is varied. In this oscillator design, time taken is generally calculated as t = × 𝑄 and is nearly 10 µs. From the above data, the analysis values are summarized in the table as the following. TABLE I. Difference of values at selected Vcc(s) Frequency (MHz) pk- pk (V) Time taken ( ≈ 𝟏𝟎µ𝒔) Vcc (10 V) ≈4.66 ≈1.8 > 10µ𝑠 Vcc (12 V) ≈4.26 ≈2.5 ≈ 10µ𝑠 Vcc (14 V) ≈4.11 ≈2.6 < 10µ𝑠 D. Conclusion From the simulation results, the proposed class A Colpitts oscillator (5 MHz) is designed successfully and the effect of power supply on frequency stability is analyzed. Frequency stability is one of the important facts for oscillators and it is affected by temperature changes, mechanical vibrations and power supply and there is also left for analysis of the other two factors in this paper. Acknowledgment Firstly, the author would like to thank her beloved parents and her husband for their supports and encouragements to do this paper. The author also wishes to give her thanks to all teachers who teach her in her whole life. References [1] Glifford D.Ferris, "Elements of Electronic Design" Minneapoils/St.Paul.NewYork.Los Angeles. San Francisco, 1995. [2] Electronic Devices; Conventional Current Version (Ninth Edition). Thomas L. Floyd (2011). [3] Steven T. Karris,"Electronic Device and Amplifier Circuits, (Third Edition). [4] Haykin Simon, CommunicationSystems,JohnWiley,4th Edition, 2001.