Designing for longspans and complex structure
- 1. Long Span andLong Span and complex Structurecomplex Structure
- 2. Loads acting onto a structural systemsLoads acting onto a structural systems 1. Dead load 2. Live load 3. Wind load 4. Stress created by temperature differences 5. Stress created by other form of disruption including ground movement, vibration, deformation or earthquake
- 3. How long is longHow long is long--span for buildingsspan for buildings Structure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as long span structure for this span is usually unable to be achieved by ordinary RC structure.
- 4. Materials suitable for various forms of longMaterials suitable for various forms of long span and complex structurespan and complex structure 1. All reinforced concrete including precast 2. All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel, stainless steel or alloyed alumimum, 3. All timber 4. Laminated timber 5. Metal/RC combined 6. Plastic-coated Textile material 7. Fiber reinforced plastic
- 5. Common Structural FormsCommon Structural Forms for Long Span Building Structuresfor Long Span Building Structures 1. Insitu RC, tensioned 2. Precast concrete, tensioned 3. Structural steel – erected on spot 4. Structural steel – prefabricated and installed on spot 5. Portal frame – insitu RC 6. Portal frame – precast 7. Portal frame – prefabricated steel
- 6. One way to classify long-span and complicated structures Form active systems Vector active systems Section active systems Surface active systems
- 7. Form active structural systemsForm active structural systems . . . are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in which the redirection of forces is effected by particular form design and characteristic form stabilization Example of structures: 1. Cable structures 2. Tent structures 3. Pneumatic structures 4. Arch structures
- 8. Illustrated examples of parallel cable structures
- 9. Examples of cable structures formed by arch
- 10. Examples of tent structures
- 11. Examples of pneumatic structures
- 12. Examples of pneumatic structures
- 13. Examples of arch structures
- 14. Vector active structural systemsVector active structural systems . . . are systems of short, solid, straight lineal members, in which the redirection of forces is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multi- directional splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements Example of structures: 1. Flat trusses 2. Curved trusses 3. Space trusses
- 15. Flat truss systems curved truss systems
- 16. Illustrated examples of flat truss structures
- 17. Illustrated examples of hinged truss structures
- 18. Section active structural systemsSection active structural systems . . . are systems of rigid, solid, linear elements, in which redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces Example of structures: 1. Beam structures 2. Frame structures 3. Slab structures
- 19. 1 & 2 bay beams 1 & 2 bay frames Beam-grid systems Slab structures
- 21. Illustrated examples of multi-panel frame structures
- 22. Surface active structural systemsSurface active structural systems . . . are systems of flexible or rigid planes able to resist tension, compression or shear, in which the redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces Example of structures: 1. Plate structures 2. Folded structures 3. Shell structures
- 24. Various forms of folded structures
- 26. Development History of Long Span Structure
- 27. The development of long span structures
- 28. How arch was constructed to provide a long span roof for traditional western buildings
- 29. Long span roof structure as seen from the interior Vaulted ceiling
- 30. Exterior view of the Crystal Palace, built in 1851 for the first World Fair
- 31. The Gallery of Machine, constructed in 1889 for the Paris Exhibition
- 32. Other Overseas Examples The Munich Olympic Stadium
- 33. The Munich Olympic Stadium for the 1972 Olympic
- 34. Other Overseas Examples The Melbourne Central
- 37. An openable roof operating on a Rail system
- 38. Other Overseas Examples Sky Dome, Toronto
- 40. Openable roof
- 42. The Skydome
- 43. Features of the roof system • SkyDome's roof system features a series of 3 moveable panels and 1 stationary panel. • the roof operates on a system of steel tracks and is powered by a series of DC motors • roof area is 31,525 sq metres • weight is 11,000 tons • span at widest point 209 metres • height is 85m (from field level to highest point) • roofing material is PVC on insulated acoustic steel deck • 100% of the field & 91% of seating area exposed with the roof open • pen/close time - 20 minutes (21m per minute)
- 44. Other Overseas Examples Charles-de-Gaulle International Airport, France
- 46. Interior view of the airport concourse
- 47. Curving trusses extending from the roof to take up the external glass wall
- 48. The Louisiana Superdome, USA – a 580m clear span sport complex opened in 1975
- 49. Erecting the steel trusses for the Superdome, the towering structures in majority are the temporary supporting to facilitate the erection
- 50. A pneumatic exhibition hall in a construction plant expo in Les Vegas, USA
- 51. Interior view of the exhibition hall and the air-pressurizing fans
- 52. Another example of Tent Structure – German Pavilion, Expo ’67, Montreal, Canada
- 53. Other Overseas Examples Tenerife Exhibition Central Stadium
- 54. Tenerife Exhibition Centre in Spain, a shallow arch structure of 270m span completed in 1995.
- 55. 85m-span ribbed arch that formed the podium deck of the exhibition space which is constructed by in-situ, post-tensioned concrete
- 56. TGC Station at the Airport of Lyon, France, completed in 1994. (span 120m)
- 57. Station interior under the 120m span roof
- 61. Airport Terminal at Stuttgart, Germany
- 62. Roof plan/detail of the Stuttgart Terminal Building
- 63. Example in China – Guangzhou Olympus Stadium
- 64. External view of Stadium
- 65. Detail showing the form and shape of the cantilevered roof
- 66. Hoisting the cantilever truss
- 67. Placing the roof truss in position
- 68. Tie systems to stabilize the cantilevered roof Tie systems
- 69. Enlarged details of the Tie systems
- 70. Decking system of the roof
- 71. Laying of the roof deck
- 72. Piers supporting the cantilever roof truss Semi-cladded roof underside
- 75. Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre – The Nest
- 76. Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre – The Nest
- 78. Example in Hong Kong
- 79. Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Space Museum
- 80. The Hong Kong coliseum
- 81. The Hong Kong coliseum
- 82. Span about 35m Member Centre of the Hong Kong Jockey Club
- 83. The Peak Tower
- 84. The Peak Tower
- 85. The Hong Kong Stadium
- 86. Hanger structure for HK Aircraft Engineering Company Ltd. (HAECO) at Chek Lap Kok Airport
- 88. Headquarter Building, Hong Kong $ Shanghai Bank
- 90. The Skylight structure of Festival Walk
- 91. The Interior Space housed the Shying Ring and food court inside Festival Walk
- 93. Linking structure between the International Finance Center Phase I and II
- 95. The deck and roof structure of the HK Convention and Exhibition Centre
- 96. Hoisting of the 80m-span roof truss
- 97. Placing of the roof truss at the top of the core wall
- 99. Linking structure between Phase I and II of the HK Convention and Exhibition Centre
- 100. The New Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok
- 101. The New Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok
- 103. The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
- 104. The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
- 105. View of the mall interior under the Sky Dome in the Cyber Centre, Cyber Port
- 107. The Arch in Kowloon Station
- 108. The roof structure of Langham Place – Shopping Mall
- 109. The Grand Atrium in Langham Mall
- 112. New Lisbon, the hotel tower
- 113. End of PresentationEnd of Presentation