Desktopguide

Ubuntu Desktop Guide
Ubuntu Documentation Project <ubuntu-doc@lists.ubuntu.com>

Ubuntu Desktop Guide
by Ubuntu Documentation Project <ubuntu-doc@lists.ubuntu.com>
Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006 Canonical Ltd. and members of the Ubuntu Documentation Project
Abstract
Welcome to the Ubuntu Desktop Guide, a comprehensive guide to using Ubuntu in a desktop environment.
Credits and License
The following Ubuntu Documentation Team authors maintain this document:
• Brian Burger
• Matthew East
The following people have contributed to this document:
• Naaman Campbell
• Milo Casagrande
• Robert Stoffers
The Ubuntu Desktop Guide is based on the original work of:
• Chua Wen Kiat
• Tomas Zijdemans
• Abdullah Ramazanoglu
• Christoph Haas
• Alexander Poslavsky
• Enrico Zini
• Johnathon Hornbeck
• Nick Loeve
• Kevin Muligan
• Niel Tallim
• Matt Galvin
• Sean Wheller
This document is made available under a dual license strategy that includes the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and the Creative
Commons ShareAlike 2.0 License (CC-BY-SA).
You are free to modify, extend, and improve the Ubuntu documentation source code under the terms of these licenses. All derivative works
must be released under either or both of these licenses.
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AS DESCRIBED IN THE DISCLAIMER.
Copies of these licenses are available in the appendices section of this book. Online versions can be found at the following URLs:
• GNU Free Documentation License [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html]
• Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/]
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information compiled in this publication is accurate and correct. However, this does not
guarantee complete accuracy. Neither Canonical Ltd., the authors, nor translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences
thereof.
Some of the software and hardware descriptions cited in this publication may be registered trademarks and may thus fall under copyright
restrictions and trade protection laws. In no way do the authors make claim to any such names.

THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

iv
Table of Contents
About This Guide .............................................................................................................. v
1. Introduction to the Ubuntu Desktop Guide ............................................................... vi
2. Conventions ........................................................................................................... vii
3. Contributing and Feedback ..................................................................................... viii
1. Getting Started ............................................................................................................... 9
1. About Ubuntu ........................................................................................................ 10
2. Getting Ubuntu ...................................................................................................... 14
3. Linux Basics .......................................................................................................... 15
2. Adding, Removing and Updating Applications ................................................................. 21
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 22
2. Add/Remove Applications ...................................................................................... 23
3. Synaptic Package Manager ..................................................................................... 24
4. Command Line Package Management ..................................................................... 25
5. Installing a Single Package File .............................................................................. 26
6. Extra Repositories .................................................................................................. 28
7. Updates ................................................................................................................. 30
3. Common Tasks .............................................................................................................. 31
1. Music .................................................................................................................... 32
2. Video .................................................................................................................... 35
3. Multimedia Codecs ................................................................................................. 37
4. Internet .................................................................................................................. 38
5. Office .................................................................................................................... 42
6. Graphics & Drawing .............................................................................................. 44
7. Games ................................................................................................................... 45
8. Programming ......................................................................................................... 46
4. Configuring Your System ............................................................................................... 48
1. Desktop Tricks ....................................................................................................... 49
2. Partitions and Booting ............................................................................................ 55
3. Hardware ............................................................................................................... 58
4. Networking ............................................................................................................ 63
5. Getting More Help ......................................................................................................... 64
A. Creative Commons by Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 ........................................................... 65
B. GNU Free Documentation License ................................................................................. 70

About This Guide
vi
1. Introduction to the Ubuntu Desktop Guide
Welcome to the Ubuntu Desktop Guide, a comprehensive guide to using Ubuntu in a desktop
environment.
The guide is divided into the following chapters:
1. Getting Started - An introduction to the world of Ubuntu and some basic concepts which are
useful when getting started.
2. Adding, Removing and Updating Applications - How to manage your software in Ubuntu.
3. Common Tasks - Performing common tasks on Ubuntu, including playing music and video, using
the internet, office and graphics programs and more.
4. Configuring Your System - Change the settings of your Ubuntu system according to your needs.
5. Getting More Help - Where to find help if this guide doesn't provide the answer.
HTML and PDF versions of the manual are available online at the Ubuntu Documentation website
[http://help.ubuntu.com].
You can buy this guide in book form from our Lulu store [http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc]. You
will only pay for the price of printing and postage.

About This Guide
vii
2. Conventions
The following notes will be used throughout the book:
A note presents interesting, sometimes technical, pieces of information related to the
surrounding discussion.
A tip offers advice or an easier way of doing something.
A caution alerts the reader to potential problems and helps avoid them.
A warning advises the reader of a hazard that may arise in a given scenario.
Cross-reference conventions for print will be displayed as follows:
• Links to other documents or websites will look like this [http://www.ubuntu.com].
PDF, HTML, and XHTML versions of this document will use hyperlinks to handle
cross-referencing.
Type conventions will be displayed as follows:
• File names or paths to directories will be shown in monospace.
• Commands that you type at a Terminal command prompt will be shown as:
command to type
• Options that you click, select, or choose in a user interface will be shown in monospace type.
Menu selections, mouse actions, and keyboard short-cuts:
• A sequence of menu selections will be displayed as follows: File → Open
• Mouse actions shall assume a right-handed mouse configuration. The terms “click” and
“double-click” refer to using the left mouse button. The term “right-click” refers to using the right
mouse button. The term “middle-click” refers to using the middle mouse button, pressing down on
the scroll wheel, or pressing both the left and right buttons simultaneously, based on the design of
your mouse.
• Keyboard shortcut combinations will be displayed as follows: Ctrl-N .Where the conventions for
“Control”, “Shift,” and “Alternate” keys will be Ctrl, Shift, and Alt, respectively, and shall mean
the first key is to be held down while pressing the second key.

About This Guide
viii
3. Contributing and Feedback
This book is developed by the Ubuntu Documentation Team
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam]. You can contribute to this document by sending
ideas or comments to the Ubuntu Documentation Team mailing list. Information about the
team, its mailing lists, projects, etc. can be found on the Ubuntu Documentation Team Website
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam].
If you see a problem with this document, or would like to make a suggestion, you can simply file a
bug report at the Ubuntu Bugtracker [https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs]. Your help is
vital to the success of our documentation!
Many thanks,
-Your Ubuntu Documentation Team

9
Chapter 1. Getting Started
This chapter introduces the world of Ubuntu and some basic concepts which are useful when getting
started with an Ubuntu system.

Getting Started
10
1. About Ubuntu
Thank you for your interest in Ubuntu 6.06.1 LTS - the Dapper Drake release.
Ubuntu is an entirely open source operating system built around the Linux kernel.
The Ubuntu community is built around the ideals enshrined in the Ubuntu Philosophy
[http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy]: that software should be available free of charge, that
software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities, and that
people should have the freedom to customize and alter their software in whatever way they see fit. For
those reasons:
• Ubuntu will always be free of charge, and there is no extra fee for the "enterprise edition," we make
our very best work available to everyone on the same Free terms.
• Ubuntu includes the very best in translations and accessibility infrastructure that the free software
community has to offer, to make Ubuntu usable for as many people as possible.
• Ubuntu is released regularly and predictably; a new release is made every six months. You can use
the current stable release or the current development release. Each release is supported for at least
18 months.
• Ubuntu is entirely committed to the principles of open source software development; we encourage
people to use open source software, improve it and pass it on.
The Ubuntu community is comprised of developers, programmers, testers, techwriters, documentation
testers, translators, and most importantly, the people who use Ubuntu every day. We invite you to
join this community and help make Ubuntu the operating system you, your family, your friends,
and your colleagues will love to use. Help us translate Ubuntu into your language, try it on new and
unusual hardware, improve the experience of other users with hints, tips, and FAQs, or help to shape
the direction Ubuntu is headed by providing feedback about the software you love most.
Find out more at the Ubuntu website [http://www.ubuntu.com].
1.1. About the Name
Ubuntu is a South African ethical ideology focusing on people's allegiances and relations with each
other. The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu (pronounced "oo-BOON-too") is
seen as a traditional African concept, is regarded as one of the founding principles of the new republic
of South Africa and is connected to the idea of an African Renaissance.
A rough translation of the principle of Ubuntu is "humanity towards others". Another translation
could be: "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity".
"A person with ubuntu is open and available to others, affirming of others, does not
feel threatened that others are able and good, for he or she has a proper self-assurance
that comes from knowing that he or she belongs in a greater whole and is diminished
when others are humiliated or diminished, when others are tortured or oppressed."
—Archbishop Desmond Tutu

Getting Started
11
As a platform based on GNU/Linux, the Ubuntu operating system brings the spirit of ubuntu to the
software world.
1.2. Free Software
The Ubuntu project is entirely committed to the principles of open source software development;
people are encouraged to use open source software, improve it, and pass it on. This means that
Ubuntu is and will always be free of charge.
However, this means more than just being available at zero cost. The philosophy of free software is
that people should be free to use software in all the ways that are "socially useful". "Free software"
doesn't just mean that you shouldn't have to pay for it, it also means that you should be able to use
the software in any way you wish: the code that makes up free software is available for anyone to
download, change, fix, and use in any way. So apart from the fact that free software is often available
without charge, this freedom also has technical advantages: when programs are developed, the hard
work of others can be used and built upon. With non-free software, this cannot happen and when
programs are developed, they have to start from scratch. For this reason the development of free
software is fast, efficient and exciting!
You can find out more about the philosophy of free software here [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/].
1.3. The Difference
There are many different operating systems based on GNU/Linux: Debian, SuSE, Gentoo, RedHat,
and Mandriva are examples. Ubuntu is yet another contender in what is already a highly competitive
world. So what makes Ubuntu different?
Based on Debian, one of the most widely acclaimed, technologically advanced, and well-supported
distributions, Ubuntu aims to create a distribution that provides an up-to-date and coherent Linux
system for desktop and server computing. Ubuntu includes a number of carefully selected packages
from the Debian distribution and retains its powerful package management system which allows easy
installation and clean removal of programs. Unlike most distributions that ship with a large amount of
software that may or may not be of use, Ubuntu's list of packages is reduced to a number of important
applications of high quality.
By focusing on quality, Ubuntu produces a robust and feature-rich computing environment
that is suitable for use in both home and commercial environments. The project takes the
time required to focus on finer details and is able to release a version featuring the latest and
greatest of today's software once every 6 months. Ubuntu is available in flavours for the i386
(386/486/Pentium(II/III/IV) and Athlon/Duron/Sempron processors), AMD64 (Athlon64, Opteron,
and new 64-bit Intel processors), and PowerPC (iBook/Powerbook, G4 and G5) architectures.
1.4. Long-Term Support
Every Ubuntu release is supported for at least 18 months with security and other updates. Ubuntu
6.06.1 LTS is a special enterprise-ready release, and is supported for 3 years on the desktop, and 5

Getting Started
12
years on the server. The development process of Ubuntu 6.06.1 LTS was slightly longer than usual to
concentrate on a number of areas:
• Quality Assurance
• Localisation
• Certification
As a result, it will be possible to rely on Ubuntu 6.06.1 LTS for a longer period than usual. Therefore
this release of Ubuntu is referred to as "LTS" or "Long-Term Support".
1.5. The Desktop
The default desktop environment for Ubuntu is GNOME [http://www.gnome.org/], a leading UNIX
and Linux desktop suite and development platform.
Another leading UNIX and Linux desktop is KDE [http://www.kde.org/]. The Kubuntu
[http://www.kubuntu.org] project offers Ubuntu users an alternative choice to the default GNOME
desktop environment. Thanks to the efforts of the Kubuntu team, Ubuntu users are now able to install
and use the KDE desktop easily on their system. To get a working install of Kubuntu on an Ubuntu
install, install the kubuntu-desktop package. Once kubuntu-desktop is installed, one can choose to use
either a Gnome or KDE desktop environment.
1.6. Version and Release Numbers
The Ubuntu version numbering scheme is based on the date we release a version of the distribution.
The version number comes from the year and month of the release rather than reflecting the actual
version of the software. Our first release (Warty Warthog) was in October 2004 so its version was
4.10. This version (Dapper Drake) was released in June 2006 so its version number is 6.06.1 LTS.
1.7. Backing and Support
Ubuntu is maintained by a quickly growing community. The project is sponsored by Canonical Ltd.
[http://www.canonical.com], a holding company founded by Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical employs
the core Ubuntu developers and offers support and consulting services for Ubuntu.
Canonical Ltd also sponsors a number of other Open Source software projects, about which more
information can be found on the Canonical website [http://www.canonical.com].
1.8. What is Linux?
The Linux kernel [http://www.kernel.org], pronounced 'lee-nucks' is the heart of the Ubuntu operating
system. A kernel is an important part of any operating system, providing the communication bridge
between hardware and software.
Linux was brought to life in 1991 by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds. At the time, it would
run only on i386 systems, and was essentially an independently created clone of the UNIX kernel,
intended to take advantage of the then-new i386 architecture.

Getting Started
13
Nowadays, thanks to a substantial amount of development effort by people all around the world,
Linux runs on virtually every modern architecture.
The Linux kernel has gained an ideological importance as well as a technical one. There is an entire
community of people who believe in the ideals of free software and spend their time helping to make
open source technology as good as it can be.
People in this community gave rise to initiatives such as Ubuntu, standards committees that shape
the development of the Internet, organizations like the Mozilla Foundation, responsible for creating
Mozilla Firefox, and countless other software projects from which you've certainly benefited in the
past.
The spirit of open source, commonly attributed to Linux, is influencing software developers and users
everywhere to drive communities with common goals.
1.9. What is GNU?
The GNU Project, pronounced “guh-noo”, was launched in 1984 to develop a complete UNIX
style operating system which is comprised of free software: the GNU system. Variants of the GNU
operating system, which use the Linux kernel, are now widely used; though these systems are often
referred to as “Linux,” they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems.
The GNU project is closely linked to the philosophy of free software, which is central to the projects
that derive from it, such as Ubuntu. The concept of free software is explained at Section 1.2, “Free
Software” [p. 11] .

Getting Started
14
2. Getting Ubuntu
There are a number of methods you may use to obtain a copy of Ubuntu, all of which are described on
the Ubuntu Web site download page [http://www.ubuntu.com/download].
The first method is to download an ISO image from a mirror server near you and make a CD to install
Ubuntu. Two types of CDs are available:
• Desktop CD - the desktop CD allows you to try Ubuntu without changing your computer at all, and
at your option to install it permanently later. This type of CD is what most people will want to use.
• Text-mode install CD - the text-mode install CD allows you to perform certain specialist
installations of Ubuntu. This type of CD is intended for cases such as creating pre-configured OEM
systems or setting up automated deployments; it can also be used as a package source for upgrading
older installations.
If you don't have a CD burner or you have limited or expensive bandwidth, we can send you pressed
copies of the 'Desktop CD' free of charge. You may request CDs via Shipit [http://shipit.ubuntu.com],
the Ubuntu CD Distribution System.
Ordered CDs may take several weeks to arrive.
You can also contact an Ubuntu Local Community Team (LoCoTeam) near you. These are
self-organized groups of Ubuntu enthusiasts who want to bring the Ubuntu community onto a local
level. Most LoCoTeams have extra copies of Ubuntu and give them out freely. A list of existing
Ubuntu LoCoTeams can be found on the Ubuntu wiki [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList].
Another method of obtaining Ubuntu is to join a local Linux Users Group (LUG) and ask if somebody
can make you a copy. Normally, you will have to pay for the cost of the CD and delivery.
If you do not know of an LUG near you, a list can be found at Linux Users Groups WorldWide
[http://lugww.counter.li.org/].

Getting Started
15
3. Linux Basics
Linux is inspired by the Unix operating system which first appeared in 1969, and has been in
continous use and development ever since. Many of the design conventions behind Unix also exist in
Linux and are central to understanding the basics of the system.
Unix was primarily oriented towards the command line interface, and that legacy is carried on in
Linux. Thus, the graphical user interface with its windows, icons and menus are built on top of a basic
command line interface. Furthermore, this means that the Linux file system is structured to be easily
manageable and accessible from the command line.
3.1. Directories and File Systems
Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level
of the file system is the / or root directory. In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is
considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all other
files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.
For example, /home/jebediah/cheeses.odt shows the correct full path to the cheeses.odt file that
exists in the jebediah directory which is under the home directory, which in turn, is under the root (/)
directory.
Underneath the root (/) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are common
across most Linux distributions that are used. The following is a listing of common directories that are
directly under the root (/) directory:
• /bin - important binary applications
• /boot - boot configuration files
• /dev - the device files
• /etc - configuration files, startup scripts, etc...
• /home - local users' home directories
• /lib - system libraries
• /lost+found - provides a lost+found system for files that exist under the root (/) directory
• /media - mounted (loaded) removable media such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...
• /mnt - mounted filesystems
• /opt - provides a location for optional applications to be installed
• /proc - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system,
including currently running processes
• /root - root user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'
• /sbin - important system binaries
• /sys - system files

Getting Started
16
• /tmp - temporary files
• /usr - applications and files that are mostly available for all users to access
• /var - variable files such as logs and databases
3.2. Permissions
All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing,
modifying or executing. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. Each
file has access restrictions, user restrictions and have an owner/group association.
Every file is secured by the following three sets of permissions, in order of importance:
• user
applies to the user who is the owner of the file
• group
applies to the group that is associated with the file
• other
applies to all other users
Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissons. The permissions, along with the
way they apply differently to files and directories, are outlined below:
• read
files can be displayed/opened
directory contents can be displayed
• write
files can be edited or deleted
directory contents can be modified
• execute
executable files can be run as a program
directories can be entered
To view and edit the permissions on files and directories, open the Places → Home Folder and
right-click on a file or directory. Then select Properties. The permissions exist under the Permissions
tab and allow for the editing of all permission levels, if you are the owner of the file.
To learn more about file permissions in Linux, read the file permissions page
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FilePermissions] in the Ubuntu Wiki.

Getting Started
17
3.3. Root And Sudo
The root user in GNU/Linux is the user which has administrative access to your system. Normal users
do not have this access for security reasons. However, Ubuntu does not include the root user. Instead,
administrative access is given to individual users, who may use the "sudo" application to perform
administrative tasks. The first user account you created on your system during installation will, by
default, have access to sudo. You can restrict and enable sudo access to users with the Users and
Groups application (see Section 3.6, “Users and Groups” [p. 19] for more information).
When you run an application that requires root privileges, sudo will ask you to input your normal user
password. This ensures that rogue applications cannot damage your system, and serves as a reminder
that you are about to perform administrative actions which require you to be careful!
To use sudo when using the command line, simply type "sudo" before the command you wish to run.
Sudo will then prompt you for your password.
Sudo will remember your password for a set amount of time. This feature was designed to allow users
to perform multiple administrative tasks without being asked for a password each time.
Be careful when doing administrative tasks, you might damage your system!
Some other tips on using sudo:
• To use a "root" terminal, type "sudo -i" at the command line.
• All of the default graphical configuration tools in Ubuntu already use sudo, so they will prompt you
for your password if needed.
• For more information on the sudo program and the absence of a root user in Ubuntu, read the sudo
page [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo] on the Ubuntu wiki.
3.4. Terminals
Working at the command line is not as daunting a task as you would think. There is no special
knowledge needed to know how to use the command line, it is a program like everything else. Most
things in Linux can be done using the command line, although there are graphical tools for most
programs, sometimes they are just not enough. This is where the command line comes in handy.
The terminal is often called the command prompt or the shell. In days gone by, this was the way the
user interacted with the computer, however Linux users have found that the use of the shell can be
quicker than a graphical method and still holds some merit today. Here you will learn how to use the
terminal.
The original use of the terminal was a file browser and indeed it is still used as a file browser, in the
event of the graphical environment failing. You can use the terminal as a file browser to navigate your
files and undo the changes that have been made.

Getting Started
18
3.4.1. Starting the Terminal
To start Terminal choose Applications → Accessories → Terminal .
3.4.2. Common Commands
View Directories: - ls
The ls (LiSt) lists files in different colors with full formatted text
Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)
The mkdir (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a directory.
Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)
The cd (ChangeDirectory) command will change from your current directory to any directory you
specify.
Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to directory or filename)
The cp (CoPy) command will copy any files you specify. The cp -r command will copy any
directories you specify.
Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory name)
The rm (ReMove) command will delete any filename you specify. The rm -rf command will
remove any directory you specify.
Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory name)
The mv (MoVe) command will rename/move any file or directory you specify.
Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory name)
The locate command will search your computer for any filename you specify. It uses an index of
the files on your system to work quickly: to update this index run the command updatedb. This
command is run automatically each day, if you leave your computer on. It needs to be run with
administrative privileges (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p. 17] ).
You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all files) or "?" (to match one
character).
For a more thorough introduction to the Linux command line, please read the command line
introduction [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BasicCommands] on the Ubuntu wiki.
3.4.3. Switch to Console mode
The usual method of command-line access in Ubuntu is to start a terminal (see Section 3.4.1,
“Starting the Terminal” [p. 18] above) , however sometimes it is useful to switch to the real
console:
1. Use the Ctrl-Alt-F1 shortcut keys to switch to the first console.
2. To switch back to Desktop mode, use the Ctrl-Alt-F7 shortcut keys.
There are six consoles available. Each one is accessible with the shortcut keys Ctrl-Alt-F1
to Ctrl-Alt-F6.

Getting Started
19
3.4.4. Disable the beep sound in Terminal mode
1. Start a Terminal session, select: Applications → Accessories → Terminal from the desktop menu
system.
2. Edit → Current Profile... . Select the General tab. Uncheck the Terminal bell checkbox.
3.5. Text Editing
All of the configurations and settings in Linux are saved in text files. Even though you most often can
edit configurations through the graphical interface, you may occasionally have to edit them by hand.
Gedit is the default Ubuntu text editor, which you can launch by clicking Applications → Accessories
→ Text Editor on the desktop menu system.
At times in this guide, Gedit is run from the command line using gksudo, which runs Gedit with
administrative privileges, in order to modify configuration files.
If you need to use a text editor from the command line, you can use nano, which is a simple to use
text editor. When running it from the command line, always use the following command, which
ensures that the editor will not introduce line breaks:
nano -w
For more information about how to use nano, refer to the guide on the wiki
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto].
There are also quite a few other terminal-based editors available in Ubuntu, popular ones include
VIM and Emacs (the pros and cons of each are cause for much friendly debate within the Linux
community). These are often more complex to use than nano, but are also more powerful.
3.6. Users and Groups
To add users or groups to your system, you can use the Users And Groups application located in
System → Administration → Users and Groups .
To add a new user, click on Add user, fill-in the data fields then click OK. To edit the properties of
each user, click the Properties button located in the main Users window.
To add a new group, select the Groups tab and click Add group. Choose a name for the new group
and, if you want, change the default value for the Group ID. If you try to allocate a Group ID that is in
use, the system will warn you.
You can add users to the newly created group by selecting a user from the left menu and clicking on
the Add button. Removing a user is as simple as adding one: select a user from the right menu then
click Remove. When you are ready, click OK and the new group with its users, if inserted, will be
created.

Getting Started
20
To edit the properties of a group, from within the Groups main window, choose a group name and
click on the Properties button.
To remove a user or a group from the system, select the user or group you want to delete and click
Delete.

21
Chapter 2. Adding, Removing and
Updating Applications
This chapter is a complete guide to adding, removing and updating applications on an Ubuntu system.

Adding, Removing and Updating Applications
22
1. Introduction
In order to add or remove applications in Ubuntu you need to use a package manager. A package
manager is a tool that makes installing and uninstalling applications easy by handling the software in
preconfigured packages that are optimized for Ubuntu. The following package managers are described
in this chapter:
• Add/Remove Applications - this is the simplest way to manage programs.
• Synaptic - this graphical program provides a more advanced means of managing programs.
• APT - this is a powerful command line program to manage programs.
You may also wish to increase the number of programs available to install through your package
managers. Not all the programs that exist for Ubuntu are available by default. You may have to add
extra repositories in order to make them available: that is also described in this chapter.
Finally, this chapter explains how to update your system.
You can only have one package management application running at a time. For example, if
you are running Add/Remove Applications and try to launch Update Ubuntu, it will fail with
an error. Close the running application before you relaunch the new one.

23
2. Add/Remove Applications
Add/Remove Applications is a simple graphical way of installing and removing applications in
Ubuntu. To launch Add/Remove Applications click Applications → Add/Remove Applications on the
desktop menu system.
Running Add/Remove Applications requires administrative privileges (see Section 3.3,
“Root And Sudo” [p. 17]).
To install new applications select the category on the left, then check the box of the application you
want to install. When finished click Apply, then your chosen programs will be downloaded and
installed automatically, as well as installing any additional applications that are required.
Alternatively, if you know the name of the program you want, use the Search tool at the top.
If you have not activated the online package archive, you may be asked to insert your
Ubuntu CD-ROM to install some packages.
Some applications and packages are not available to install using Add/Remove Applications. If you
cannot find the package you are looking for, click Advanced which will open the Synaptic package
manager (see below).

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3. Synaptic Package Manager
Synaptic is an advanced package management application that can install and remove every package
available to your system. The interface is graphical like Add/Remove Applications but a lot more
information is presented to the user, which means that Synaptic gives you complete control over the
package management of your system.
Running Synaptic requires administrative privileges (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p.
17]).
To launch Synaptic, choose System → Administration → Synaptic Package Manager on the desktop
menu system.
The Synaptic screen is divided up into four sections, the two most important being the package
categories on the left side, and the packages on the right.
To install packages, just choose the category, find the package name in the list, right click on it and
choose "Mark this package for installation". Once you are satisfied with your selections click Apply
on the top button bar. Synaptic will then download and install the required packages from the online
repositories and/or from your Ubuntu installation CD.
Alternatively you can click the Search tool bar button, enter the package name or a short search term
in the search text field and click the Search button.
Synaptic will now show you a much shorter list from which to select your application for installation.
This is usually much easier than having to look through the very long list of applications on your own.

25
4. Command Line Package Management
4.1. APT
APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) is a powerful package management system, on which the graphical
programs described above like Add/Remove Applications and Synaptic are based. APT automatically
handles dependencies and performs other operations on system packages to allow the installation of
the desired package/s.
Running APT requires administrative privileges (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p. 17]).
Some common commands that can be used with APT:
• Install packages:
sudo apt-get install packagename
• Remove packages:
sudo apt-get remove packagename
• Retrieve new lists of packages:
sudo apt-get update
• Upgrade system with available updates:
sudo apt-get upgrade
• List further commands and options:
apt-get help
For further information about the use of APT, read the comprehensive Debian APT User
Manual [http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto].

26
5. Installing a Single Package File
The preferred method of installing programs is via the package managers described in this chapter.
However, although the Ubuntu package archives are very large, it is possible that you may wish
to install a package which is not available in the Ubuntu archives. If this happens, you can also
download and install files from websites.
It is important to ensure that any files you download come from a safe source before
installing them.
There are many different kinds of Linux package files. Most of these are associated with the package
managers of specific Linux distributions. Examples are Debian Package files (.deb files), Redhat
Package Manager files (.rpm files), and Tarballs (.tar files).
This section deals with installing these single files.
It is not guaranteed that these files will be compatible with your system and you will not
receive security updates if you install these files. For these reasons, if you wish to install a
program, always use a native Ubuntu package of the application available through a package
manager, if there is one available.
5.1. Install/uninstall .deb files
These files are Debian packages. The package files associated with Ubuntu have the .deb suffix
because of Ubuntu's close relations with the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. You will need
administrative privileges to install a .deb file (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p. 17]).
1. To install a .deb file, simply double click on it, and then select Install Package
2. Alternatively, you can also install a .deb file by opening a terminal and typing:
sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
3. To uninstall a .deb file, deselect it in your package manager, or type:
sudo dpkg -r package_name
5.2. Convert .rpm files to .deb files
Another type of package files is Red Hat Package Manager files which have the .rpm suffix. It is not
recommended to install these on an Ubuntu system. In almost all cases, a native Ubuntu .deb package
is available. However, if absolutely necessary, an .rpm file can be converted to a .deb package using
the program alien.
1. Install the alien program (Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
2. Run the following command in a terminal, with administrative privileges:
sudo alien package_file.rpm

27
5.3. Install tarballs
Files with the .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 suffix are package files known as tarballs which are widely used in
Linux and Unix.
If there is no native Ubuntu package available in any of the Ubuntu repositories, you can use the
command line to install or uninstall the Tarball file by following the instructions that come with the
package.
Tarballs often contain the source code of the program, and need to be compiled in order to be used. To
do this, extra software will generally be needed (see Section 8.1, “Basic Compilers” [p. 46] ).

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6. Extra Repositories
6.1. What are Repositories?
There are thousands of programs available to install on Ubuntu. These programs are stored in
software archives (repositories) and are made freely available for installation over the Internet. This
makes it very easy to install new programs in Linux, and it is also very secure, because each program
you install is built specially for Ubuntu and checked before it is installed. To organise the software,
Ubuntu repositories are categorised into four groups: Main, Restricted, Universe, and Multiverse.
The rationale used to determine which software goes into which category is based on two factors:
• The level of support software development teams provide for a program.
• The level of compliance the program has to the Free Software Philosophy
[http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy].
You can find more information about the Repositories available on the website
[http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components].
The standard Ubuntu Install CD contains some software from the Main and Restricted categories.
Once your system is made aware of the Internet-based locations for these repositories, many more
software programs are made available for installation. Using the software package management tools
already installed on your system, you can search for, install and update any piece of software directly
over the Internet, without the need for the CD.
6.2. Adding Extra Repositories
To enable the extra repositories:
1. Open System → Administration → Software Properties .
2. Select Add
3. To enable the Universe repository, check the Community Maintained (Universe) button.
Adding this repository will mean that the majority of the Free Software universe will be
available to install on your system. This software is supported by a carefully selected
group of volunteers within the Ubuntu Community, but is not supported by the core
Ubuntu development team and may not include security updates.
4. To enable the Multiverse repository, check the Non-free (Multiverse) button.
Adding this repository will mean that software which has been classified as non-free
will be available to install on your system. This software may not be permitted in some
jurisdictions. When installing each package from this repository, you should verify
that the laws of your country permit you to use it. Again, this software may not include
security updates.
5. Click Close to save your changes and exit.

29
6. To apply your changes, select Reload.

30
7. Updates
Sometimes the Ubuntu developers release feature and security updates for applications and packages
within the Ubuntu system.
When these updates are available, Ubuntu will inform you with a pop-up and a red icon in your
notification area. To update your system, click the red button, enter your password and click OK.
The Update Manager program will list the available updates: to download and install these updates
click Install Updates. Ubuntu will then download and install the available updates from the Internet.
When Update Manager has finished updating your system, close the pop-up window with the Close
button, then close Update Manager to finish updating your system.
After installing some important updates, it may be necessary to restart your computer. If so,
Ubuntu will inform you with a popup and an icon in your notification area.

31
Chapter 3. Common Tasks
This chapter contains information on common tasks.

Common Tasks
32
1. Music
1.1. Playing and Extracting Audio CDs
When you insert an audio CD, the Sound Juicer CD player and ripper opens automatically. To play
the CD, click the Play button or press Ctrl-P. To play a particular track, double-click on the track or
select the track and click Play.
To extract (rip) your audio CD, make sure the tracks that you want to rip are selected, then click the
Extract button or press Ctrl-Enter.
If you are connected to the internet, Sound Juicer will retrieve the CD artist, title, and track
data from MusicBrainz.org [http://musicbrainz.org], a community-maintained database
which contains data on over 360,000 albums.
To start Sound Juicer manually, choose Applications → Sound & Video → Sound Juicer CD
Extractor.
You can use the preferences window to control where the extracted audio files are stored on your
computer, the filename of extracted audio files, and the file format and codec used for the files. In the
main window, choose Edit → Preferences.
Sound Juicer can extract audio files to the following formats:
• Ogg Vorbis - Ogg Vorbis is a patent-free lossy audio compression format which typically
produces higher quality and greater compression than MP3. See the Vorbis website
[http://www.vorbis.com/faq/] for more information.
• FLAC - FLAC is the Free Lossless Audio Codec. It can compress audio files up to 50% without
removing any information from the audio stream. For more information on this format, see the
FLAC homepage [http://flac.sourceforge.net/] on sourceforge.net.
• WAV - Use the WAV format for voice recordings. Sound Juicer uses this format for low quality
mono audio files.
You can also extract CD audio files to the proprietary non-free MP3 format. Instructions on how to
rip to the MP3 format are in the help for Sound Juicer. Choose Help → Contents and navigate to the
Preferences section.
1.2. Burning CDs
When you put a blank CD in the drive Ubuntu will ask if you want to burn an audio or data CD.
Clicking on Burn Audio CD will launch Serpentine . To add music to your audio CD, either drag
music from your File Browser or use the Add button. You will also need to select the size of your CD
(21, 74, 80 or 90 minutes). Serpentine will warn you if you exceed the set limit.

Common Tasks
33
To make a photo or data CD, click the burn Burn Data CD. Ubuntu will open a CD/DVD Creator
window. The CD Creator is built into the File Browser, and it allows you to add any file or folder you
have permission to access. When you are ready to burn the CD, click Write to Disc. Ubuntu will then
prompt you to select the drive containing the blank CD, and give you the opportunity to name the CD
and select the write speed. Finally, click Write to create the new photo or data CD.
1.3. Playing and Organising Music Files
To play and organize your music, Ubuntu comes with#Rhythmbox Music Player, which looks similar
to iTunes. When you first start Rhythmbox, it will scan your home directory for any supported music
files you have and add it to the database. To start Rhythmbox, choose Applications → Sound & Video
→ Rhythmbox Music Player
Ubuntu does not directly support the MP3 format, because it is restricted by patents and
proprietary rights. Instead Ubuntu supports the Ogg Vorbis format out of the box, a completely
free, open and non-patented format. Ogg Vorbis files also sound better then MP3 files of
the same file size and are supported by many popular music players (a list of players is here
[http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/PortablePlayers]).
You can still play your old MP3 files by installing MP3 support (see Section 3, “Multimedia
Codecs” [p. 37] ). Instructions for other formats, such as Windows Media Audio
(wma/wmv) and other patent encumbered formats can be found on the Ubuntu Wiki
[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats].
The Cowbell ID3 tag editor can edit the metadata on your mp3 and other music files. To use Cowbell:
1. Install the cowbell package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
Updating Applications [p. 21]);
2. To run Cowbell, choose Applications → Sound & Video → Cowbell Music Organizer.
1.4. Using your Ipod
You can play music directly off your IPOD with Rhythmbox Music Player. Simply plug your IPOD
into the computer, and open Rhythmbox.
To transfer music files to and from an IPOD, you can use the program gtkpod:
1. Install the gtkpod package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
Updating Applications [p. 21]).
2. To run gtkpod, choose Applications → Sound & Video → gtkpod.
1.5. Editing Audio Files
Audacity is free, open source software for recording and editing sounds. To use Audacity:

Common Tasks
34
1. Install the audacity package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To run Audacity, choose Applications → Sound & Video → Audacity.
3. For further help about using Audacity, consult the program's help by choosing Help → Contents.

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35
2. Video
To play video, Ubuntu comes with Totem Movie Player which looks and functions similar to
Windows Media Player. Some features of Totem include custom playlists, DVD playback and more.
You can start Totem by clicking: Applications → Sound & Video → Movie Player from the desktop
menu system.
To read video files, Totem uses the Gstreamer framework. To play some video formats, you may need
to add further codec support (see Section 3, “Multimedia Codecs” [p. 37] ).
There are also other multimedia applications available. Examples include Mplayer, Xine and
Totem-xine (which uses the Xine framework, instead of the Gstreamer framework. Some users may
benefit from trying alternative video players.
2.1. DVD Playback
The movie players provided in Ubuntu are capable of reading DVDs that are not encrypted. However,
most commercial DVDs are encrypted with CSS (the Content Scrambling System) and currently for
legal reasons it is not possible to include support for these DVDs in Ubuntu. However it is possible to
enable support as follows:
The legal status of this library is not fully clear. In some countries it is possible that the use
of this library to play or copy DVDs is not permitted by law. Verify that you are within your
rights in using it.
1. Install the libdvdread3 package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
You will need to use Synaptic Package Manager to install this package
2. To activate DVD decryption, type the following line into a terminal prompt:
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh
3. To play DVDs with Totem, you will need to install some extra codecs (see Section 3,
“Multimedia Codecs” [p. 37] ).
4. However, the Gstreamer framework (used by Totem) does not support menus or subtitles for
DVD playback. For this reason, you can install a separate DVD player, Xine, which supports
these. To install Xine, install the gxine package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2,
Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
5. You can then open gxine from the Sound & Video menu.
2.2. Backing Up DVDs
Backing up your DVDs to files or onto DVD+/- discs can be done with DVD::RIP. To install
DVD::RIP:

Common Tasks
36
Before backing up a DVD, you must ensure that you are legally permitted to make copies of
it.
1. Install the Multimedia Codecs (see Section 3, “Multimedia Codecs” [p. 37] ).
2. Enable DVD video playback (see Section 2.1, “DVD Playback” [p. 35] ).
3. Install dvdrip and transcode from the Multiverse repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing
and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
4. You can run the program using the command dvdrip (see Section 1.2, “Start a Program
Manually” [p. 49] ). If you wish, you can add a menu entry for the program dvdrip (see
Section 1.1, “Menu Editing” [p. 49] ). We recommend you enter it in the Sound & Video
menu, and that you use the file /usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm for the icon.
5. To start dvd::rip, choose Applications → Sound & Video → dvd::rip.
2.3. RealPlayer 10
1. Install the libstdc++5 package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. Download the Realplayer package from here
[ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat/pool/main/r/realplay/realplayer_10.0.6-0.0_i386.deb].
3. Install the package you have downloaded (see Section 5.1, “Install/uninstall .deb files” [p. 26]).
4. To run Real Player 10, choose Applications → Sound & Video → RealPlayer 10.
2.4. Video Editing
Kino is an advanced video editor. It features excellent integration with IEEE-1394 for capture, VTR
control, and recording back to the camera. It captures video to disk in Raw DV and AVI format, in
both type-1 DV and type-2 DV (separate audio stream) encodings. For more information, see the Kino
website [http://www.kinodv.org/article/static/2]. To use it:
1. Install the kino package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
2. To run Kino, choose Applications → Sound & Video → Kino Video Editor.
You can also try the PiTiVi video editor by installing the pitivi package from the Universe repository
(see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]). PiTiVi is a video editor for the
GNOME desktop. It is still in fairly early development, but worth a try.

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3. Multimedia Codecs
Many applications in Ubuntu use the GStreamer open source multimedia framework. The codec
plugins for GStreamer are organised in different packages depending on the licensing that applies
to the various codecs. You can see which codecs are contained in which plugin on the GStreamer
website [http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/plugins.html].
Other applications, such as Mplayer and Xine, do not use the Gstreamer framework. Due to patent
and copyright restrictions, codecs for these programs are not included at all in Ubuntu. For more
information on these read the Restricted Formats [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats] wiki
page.
3.1. Add Codecs to Gstreamer
To install extra codecs for Gstreamer:
• Install the following packages from the Universe and Multiverse repositories (see Chapter 2,
Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]):
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse
gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse
gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
You will need to use Synaptic Package Manager to install these packages
Some of these packages may not be permitted in some countries: you should verify that
you are permitted to use them before installing them.

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4. Internet
4.1. Connecting to the Internet
To connect to the internet, do the following:
1. If you have a Modem or ADSL connection, read Section 3.5, “Modems” [p. 60] first.
2. System → Administration → Networking
3. Select the Connections tab. Select the Ethernet connection interface from the list, then click
the Properties button. Ensure that the button marked Enable this connection is checked. From the
Configuration drop-list select DHCP/Static IP address, then click OK.
4. Select the DNS tab add or delete DNS Servers in the DNS Servers list.
To activate or deactivate network connections, do the following:
2. Select Network settings+Connections Tab+Ethernet connection Activate/Deactivate
4.2. Browse Network Computers
1. To view computers on the network, open:
Places → Network Servers
2. You may need to enter a username and password, and a domain. You should obtain these from
your network administrator.
3. A list of network resources will be displayed.
4.3. Email
The Evolution groupware suite can handle all your email, contact lists, tasks and calendar needs. It
also can act as a newsreader and also integrates with the Gnome panel clock, giving you one-click
access to your task list.
Evolution can be launched by clicking Applications → Internet → Evolution Mail from the desktop
menu system.
Alternatively the Mozilla Thunderbird email client is available. To install this popular email client,
install the mozilla-thunderbird package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications
[p. 21]).
To start Thunderbird, choose Applications → Internet → Thunderbird Mail Client from the desktop
menu system.

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4.4. World Wide Web
The powerful and secure Mozilla Firefox web browser is included in Ubuntu. Firefox features tabbed
browsing, pop-up blocking, in-built search facilities, live bookmarks and more. Also supported
are popular plug-ins such as Java, Macromedia Flash, and Real Player. Firefox can be launched by
clicking Applications → Internet → Firefox from the desktop menu system.
4.4.1. Viewing Online Audio and Video in Firefox
In order to view online audio and video streams in Firefox, you may need to install some plugins.
Which plugin you choose to install depends on the media player which you prefer (see Section 2,
“Video” [p. 35]).
1. For the Totem Gstreamer plugin (the default Ubuntu media player), install the
totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding,
Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
2. For the Totem Xine plugin, install the totem-xine-firefox-plugin package from the Universe
repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
3. For the Mplayer plugin, install the mozilla-mplayer package from the Multiverse repository (see
Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
4. The changes will take effect when you close and open Firefox.
These steps will install the plugin for Firefox. However, to play some formats, you may
need to add some extra codecs (see Section 3, “Multimedia Codecs” [p. 37]).
4.4.2. Macromedia Flash for Firefox
To view flash graphics from the Mozilla Firefox web browser:
1. Install the flashplugin-nonfree package from the Multiverse repository (see Chapter 2, Adding,
2. To download and install the plugin, enter the following command in a terminal:
sudo update-flashplugin
3. The plug-in will be available the next time you start Firefox.
4.4.3. Java plugin for Mozilla Firefox
Some websites require the Java plugin for Mozilla Firefox. To install the java plugin, install the
sun-java5-plugin package (for i386 machines) or the j2re-1.4-mozilla-plugin package (for amd64
machines) from the Multiverse repository.
4.4.4. NVU Web Authoring System
NVU is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) graphical web design application, similar to
Dreamweaver.

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40
1. Install the nvu package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To start Nvu, choose Applications → Programming → Nvu from the desktop menu system.
4.4.5. Bluefish Web Development Studio
Bluefish is a powerful editor for web designers and programmers. Bluefish supports many
programming and markup languages, and includes many utilities for designers and programmers.
1. Install the bluefish package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To start Bluefish, choose Applications → Programming → Bluefish Editor
4.5. Instant Messaging
4.5.1. Gaim
Gaim is the default instant messenger client in Ubuntu. With Gaim you can talk to people who use
AIM/ICQ, Gadu-Gadu, GroupWise, IRC, Jabber, MSN, Napster and Yahoo. The ability to use one
client instead of several is a great benefit and allows you to have all of your buddies in one window so
you can just click a name and talk. To start Gaim, choose Applications → Internet → Gaim Internet
Messenger from the menu.
4.5.2. XChat-GNOME
XChat-GNOME is a advanced, graphical, multi-platform Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. Its features
include advanced scripting support (perl and python) and a clean, easy to use interface.
1. Install the xchat-gnome package from the main repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To start XChat-GNOME, choose Applications → Internet → Xchat-GNOME IRC Chat .
4.5.2.1. Joining #ubuntu with XChat-Gnome
One excellent way to get help with Ubuntu or introduce yourself to IRC is to join Ubuntu's official
support channel on Freenode.
1. Start XChat-Gnome as above.
2. When you start XChat-Gnome for the first time, it will ask you for an IRC Nickname & your real
name. Pick anything you want for your nick (first initial & your last name is good, or be more
creative), put your real name or part of it, and press OK.
3. In the Server Window that opens next, select Ubuntu Servers, and press Connect.

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4.6. Peer To Peer
4.6.1. BitTorrent
BitTorrent capability is included in Ubuntu by default. Find a BitTorrent .torrent file online, click on
it in Firefox, and the Gnome BitTorrent client should start automatically.
Alternatively, download a .torrent file and double click on it.
4.6.2. aMule File Sharing Client
1. Install the amule package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To open aMule, choose Applications → Internet → aMule
4.7. News Readers
4.7.1. Pan News Reader
1. Install the pan package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
2. To open Pan Newsreader, choose Applications → Internet → Pan Newsreader.
4.7.2. Liferea News Reader
1. Install the liferea package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. To open Liferea Feed Reader, choose Applications → Internet → Liferea Feed Reader.

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5. Office
5.1. Introduction
Ubuntu comes with a comprehensive office suite installed - OpenOffice.org. The OpenOffice.org
project is one of the most successful open source projects in the world, and provides a powerful
wordprocessor, spreadsheet, presentation designer and database management, and provides support
for most languages. The Suite has excellent compatibility with other major Office suites, such as
Microsoft Office.
For more information about OpenOffice.org, see the OpenOffice.org website
[http://www.openoffice.org/product/index.html].
However, you may wish to add extra programs to your system. This section outlines a number of
other useful office applications.
5.2. GNOME Office
The GNOME desktop features a separate office suite. These programs are generally lighter and faster
than the programs in the OpenOffice.org suite, and have fewer features as a result. But this may be
exactly what you want. The Suite has excellent compatibility with other major Office suites, such as
Microsoft Office.
The GNOME Office Suite includes the following software:
• A word processor (Abiword);
• A spreadsheet (Gnumeric);
• A database management program (GNOME-DB);
• A diagram editor (Dia);
• Two graphics applications (Inkscape and The GIMP); and
• A project management application (Planner).
Each of these applications can also be installed separately.
To install the GNOME Office suite:
1. Install the gnome-office package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing
2. The Office applications can then be found in the menu at Applications → Office, and the
Graphics applications can be found at Applications → Graphics.
5.3. GnuCash Accounting Application
GnuCash is a program to manage your personal or business finances. Designed to be easy to use, yet
powerful and flexible, GnuCash allows you to track bank accounts, stocks, income and expenses. As

Common Tasks
43
quick and intuitive to use as a checkbook register, it is based on professional accounting principles to
ensure balanced books and accurate reports.
To find out more about GnuCash, see the GnuCash website [http://www.gnucash.org/].
To use GnuCash:
1. Install the gnucash package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. You can open GnuCash by running the command gnucash (see Section 1.2, “Start a Program
Manually” [p. 49] ). If you wish, you can add a menu entry for the program gnucash (see
Section 1.1, “Menu Editing” [p. 49] ).
5.4. Scribus Desktop Publishing Application
Scribus is a professional desktop publishing program. For more information, see the Scribus website
[http://www.scribus.org.uk/].
1. Install the scribus package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. To install additional templates, install the scribus-template package from the Universe repository
(see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]).
3. To start Scribus, choose Applications → Office → Scribus .

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6. Graphics & Drawing
Ubuntu has some very powerful, world-class graphics and drawing applications available.
6.1. gThumb Image Viewer
gThumb is an advanced image viewer and browser. It has many useful features, such as filesystem
browsing, slide show, image catalogs, web album creation, camera import, image CD burning, batch
file operations and quick image editing features like transformation and color manipulation.
gThumb is included in Ubuntu by default. To start it, choose Applications → Graphics → gThumb
Image Viewer .
gThumb's excellent help files are accessible from Help → Contents.
For more advanced photo & image editing, see The GIMP, below.
6.2. The GIMP (Gnu Image Manipulation Program)
The GIMP lets you draw, paint, edit images, and much more! GIMP includes the functionality and
plug-ins of other famous image editing and processing programs.
The GIMP is installed in Ubuntu by default, and can be started by choosing Applications → Graphics
→ GIMP Image Editor .
More information is available from the GIMP homepage. [http://www.gimp.org/]
6.3. Inkscape Vector Graphics Editor
Inkscape is a powerful editor for working with the SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) format.
1. Install the inkscape package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. To start Inkscape choose Applications → Graphics → Inkscape SVG Vector Illustrator .
6.4. Blender 3d Modeller
Blender is an integrated 3d suite for modelling, animation, rendering, post-production, interactive
creation and playback.
1. Install the blender package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. To start Blender choose Applications → Graphics → Blender 3d modeller.

Common Tasks
45
7. Games
Ubuntu comes with a number of games by default, including Aisleriot Solitaire, Gnometris, and
Mines.
Explore Ubuntu's Games menu at Applications → Games .
7.1. Frozen-Bubble
In Frozen-Bubble you attempt to shoot bubbles into groups of the same color to cause them to pop.
1. Install the frozen-bubble package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding,
2. To start Frozen-Bubble, choose Applications → Games → Frozen-Bubble.
7.2. PlanetPenguin Racer
Race Tux, the Linux mascot, down a snow- and ice-covered mountain as quickly as possible, avoiding
the trees and rocks that will slow you down.
Ensure you have hardware accelerated 3D drivers installed for your video card. For more
information see Section 3, “Hardware” [p. 58] .
1. Install the planetpenguin-racer package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding,
2. To start PlanetPenguin Racer, choose Applications → Games → PlanetPenguin-Racer.
7.3. Scorched3D
Scorched3D is a 3D remake of Scorched Earth, an artillery duel game.
Ensure you have hardware accelerated 3D drivers installed for your video card. For more
information see Section 3, “Hardware” [p. 58] .
1. Install the scorched3d package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing
2. To start Scorched3D, choose Applications → Games → scorched 3d.
7.4. Windows Games
Many games which are available for Windows can be run on Linux through emulators. Examples of
these are Wine and Cedega
1. For information about Wine, see the Ubuntu wiki [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Wine].
2. For information about Cedega, see the Ubuntu wiki [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Cedega]

Common Tasks
46
8. Programming
8.1. Basic Compilers
1. In order to be able to compile programs, some extra packages are necessary. These can be
installed all at once, as follows:
2. Install the build-essential package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications
[p. 21]).
8.2. Java (1.5)
The following instructions are only for i386 and amd64 computers. For PowerPC machines,
please look at the Ubuntu Wiki. [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/JavaPPC]
1. To install the Java Runtime Environment (to run java programs), install the sun-java5-jre
package from the Multiverse repository (see Section 6, “Extra Repositories” [p. 28]).
2. To install the Java Development Kit (to compile java programs), install the sun-java5-jdk
package from the Multiverse repository (see Section 6, “Extra Repositories” [p. 28]).
3. To choose which java installation you want to use, run:
sudo update-alternatives --config java
and pick the option which you prefer.
8.3. Development Tools
A list of handy open source development tools for use on Ubuntu such as Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs) and powerful editors.
• Anjuta [http://anjuta.sourceforge.net/] is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for C and
C++.
• Bazaar-NG [http://www.bazaar-ng.org/] is a decentralised version control system used for Ubuntu
development.
• Bluefish [http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/index.html] is a powerful editor for experienced web
designers and programmers.
• Eclipse [http://www.eclipse.org/] is an IDE for Java and other programming languages. It forms the
basis for closed-source programs such as JBuilder.
• Eric [http://www.die-offenbachs.de/detlev/eric3.html] is a fully featured Python and Ruby IDE.
• Glade [http://glade.gnome.org/] is a User Interface designer for building GNOME applications.
• IDLE [http://www.python.org/idle/] is the Python IDE built with the Tkinter GUI toolkit.
• KDevelop [http://www.kdevelop.org/] is a IDE for KDE which supports many programming
languages.
• MonoDevelop [http://www.monodevelop.com/Main_Page] is an IDE for writing mono/.net
applications in C# and other languages.

Common Tasks
47
• NetBeans [http://www.netbeans.org/index.html] is a Java IDE that features support for CVS and a
form builder.
8.4. Programming Documentation
Some useful documentation for programming with Ubuntu.
8.4.1. Dive Into Python
Dive Into Python is a book on learning how to program in the preferred Ubuntu language, Python.
Aimed at programmers with some previous experience, it comes installed with every Ubuntu
installation.
You can read Dive Into Python here [file:///usr/share/doc/diveintopython/html/toc/index.html].
8.4.2. PyGTK Tutorial
PyGTK Tutorial is a tutorial on developing with the graphical toolkit often used for developing
Ubuntu applications. It assumes that you have knowledge of Python but not necessarily GTK.
1. Install the python-gtk2-tutorial package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating
Applications [p. 21]).
2. To access the documentation, visit python-gtk-tutorial
[file:///usr/share/doc/python-gtk2-tutorial/html/index.html].
8.4.3. Other Documentation
Devhelp is an application to read and search all of the documentation that you install.
1. Install the devhelp package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. Choose: Applications → Programming → Devhelp

48
Chapter 4. Configuring Your System
This chapter contains information on configuring your system.

Configuring Your System
49
1. Desktop Tricks
This section details some tips for using and customising Ubuntu's desktop environment (called
GNOME), and the file manager (called Nautilus).
1.1. Menu Editing
Ubuntu comes with the Alacarte Menu Editor, so you can customize your menus and add entries for
applications that don't automatically appear after they are installed.
To add a new menu entry:
1. Open Alacarte with Applications → Accessories → Alacarte Menu Editor, or by right-clicking
on any top-level menu and choosing Edit Menus.
2. In Alacarte's left-hand pane, choose the submenu the new entry should appear in.
3. Choose File → New Entry. In the New Entry window, choose a Name, Comment, Command and
Icon. The Command will usually be the package name, Name is what will appear on the menu,
and the Comment will appear in the tooltip that appears near the menu entry. Icons are added to
the /usr/share/pixmaps directory by default, or can be chosen from anywhere in your files.
To change the order of menu entries, use the up and down arrows on the right-hand side of the
Alacarte window.
To stop a menu entry from being displayed, use the checkboxes beside each entry. This does not erase
the menu entry, so you can restore it later in the same way.
1.2. Start a Program Manually
Sometimes it can be useful to start a program manually, for example when the program does not have
an entry in the menu. This is easy to do with the Run Applications dialogue.
For an application you intend to use regularly that does not have a menu entry, it is also very easy to
add a menu entry to Ubuntu. (see Section 1.1, “Menu Editing” [p. 49] )
1. Open the Run Applications dialogue by typing:#Alt-F2
2. Enter the name of the program you wish to run, and press Enter.
1.3. Run programs automatically when GNOME starts
1. Choose System → Preferences → Sessions .
2. Click on the Startup Programs tab.
3. Use the Add, Edit, and Delete buttons to manage programs to run at startup. Some programs will
automatically add themselves to this list when you configure them.

50
1.4. Login automatically to GNOME when the computer starts
It is possible to login a user automatically when the computer boots. This is not recommended for
most computers, as it is not secure and may allow other users access to your information
1. System → Administration → Login Screen Setup
2. Select the Security tab. Check the Enable Automatic Login checkbox option.
3. Choose the user you wish to be automatically logged in.
1.5. Change Display Mode in Nautilus
Ubuntu's file manager Nautilus provides two modes in which you can interact with your filesystem:
Spatial mode and Browser mode.
• In Browser mode, the file manager window represents a browser, which can display any location.
Opening a folder updates the current file manager window to show the contents of the new folder.
• In Spatial mode, the file manager window represents a particular folder. Opening a folder opens
the new window for that folder. Each time you open a particular folder, you will find its window
displayed in the same place on the screen and the same size as the last time you viewed it (this the
reason for the name).
Browser mode is the default setting on Ubuntu, but you may wish to change this:
1. In Nautilus, choose Edit → Preferences.
2. Click on the Behavior tab.
3. Unselect the Always open in browser windows check box.
4. Close and reopen Nautilus.
1.6. Show hidden files and folders in Nautilus
1. In Nautilus, use the Ctrl-H shortcut keys to toggle hidden files and folders on and off, or select
View → Show Hidden Files.
2. To permanently show all hidden files and folders, choose Edit → Preferences.
3. Click on the Views tab.
4. Select the Show hidden and backup files check box.
1.7. Open the Location Bar in Nautilus
The Location Bar is the bar in your file manager in which you can type an address. Toggle the bar on
and off with: Go → Location... You can also use the Ctrl-L shortcut keys.
1.8. View remote SSH, FTP, and SFTP servers using Nautilus
1. Make sure the Nautilus Location Bar is open (see Section 1.7, “Open the Location Bar in
Nautilus” [p. 50] ).

51
2. In the Location Bar, enter the following:
For SSH, use:
ssh://username@ssh.server.com
For FTP, use:
ftp://username@ftp.server.com
For SFTP, use:
sftp://username@sftp.server.com
Replace username with your username and replace everything after the @ symbol with the
server's address. You will be prompted for a password if needed. If there is no username
(anonymous) omit the username and the @ symbol.
Alternatively, to specify your password manually, change one of the above like so:
ftp://username:password@ftp.server.com
3. To access remote servers easily through Nautilus, add a permanent bookmark to the server by
selecting Places → Connect to Server... and entering the details for the remote server.
1.9. Change the default "Open with" program for a file type
1. In Nautilus, right click on the file and choose Properties from the menu that appears. The
Properties dialog opens.
2. Click on the Open With tab. A list of applications appears.
3. Select the default application you want for the file type. If the application is not on the list, use
the Add button to add the application to the list.
1.10. Open files with administrative privileges from the file manager
To enable support for opening files with administrative privileges from the file manager, you need to
add a Nautilus script:
Please note that opening files with administrative privileges constitutes a security risk.
Always ensure that you are familiar with the file that you are opening.
1. Open a new file to edit in the relevant directory:
gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open as Administrator
2. Insert the following lines into the new file:
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
3. Save the edited file (an example [../sample/nautilus_open_as_administrator])

52
4. Make the edited file executable:
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open as Administrator
5. You can now open files as root by right clicking on the file and selecting Scripts → Open as
Administrator
1.11. Install Extra Fonts
This section describes how to install extra fonts from the Ubuntu archives.
1. For international fonts, install the following packages from the Universe repository (see
Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]):
xfonts-intl-arabic
xfonts-intl-asian
xfonts-intl-chinese
xfonts-intl-chinese-big
xfonts-intl-european
xfonts-intl-japanese
xfonts-intl-japanese-big
xfonts-intl-phonetic
2. For Microsoft TrueType core fonts, install the msttcorefonts package from the Multiverse
3. For Ghostscript fonts, install the gsfonts-x11 package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
4. After installing any new font, rebuild the font information files by typing the following at a
terminal prompt:
sudo fc-cache -f -v
If you prefer to download individual fonts by hand, you can install them simply and easily by opening
a file manager, and typing fonts:/// into the location bar (See Section 1.7, “Open the Location Bar in
Nautilus” [p. 50] ). Then you can simply drag the font you downloaded into the group of existing
fonts.
1.12. RAR Archiver
1. Install the rar package from the Multiverse repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. Run:
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
3. To open a rar file, double click on it.

53
1.13. Advanced Desktop Applets
gDesklets is a system for bringing mini programs (desklets), such as weather forecasts, news tickers,
system information displays, or music player controls, onto your desktop, in a symbiotic relationship
of eye candy and usefulness.
1. Install the gdesklets and gdesklets-data packages from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2,
2. Choose: Applications → Accessories → gDesklets
3. For more information, visit the gDesklets website [http://www.gdesklets.org/]
1.14. Hide Recent Documents in the Places menu
To hide Recent Documents from the Places menu, open a terminal and run the command:
chmod 400 ~/.recently-used
To enable it again, run the command:
chmod 600 ~/.recently-used
1.15. Show the Computer, Home, and Trash desktop icons in GNOME
1. Open the Configuration Editor, by running the program gconf-editor (see Section 1.2, “Start a
Program Manually” [p. 49] ).
2. Choose apps → nautilus → desktop.
3. Tick the box beside computer_icon_visible, home_icon_visible, and trash_icon_visible. The
changes take effect immediately.
1.16. Change my preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird
1. Choose System → Preferences → Preferred Applications
2. Click on the Mail Reader tab, and select the Custom option.
3. In the Command text box, type mozilla-thunderbird %s, then close the dialog.
1.17. Restart GNOME without rebooting the computer
1. Save and close all open applications.
2. Use the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shortcut keys to restart GNOME.
3. If Ctrl-Alt-Backspace is disabled, type
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
(See Section 1.18, “Preventing the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shortcut keys from restarting X” [p.
54] to disable Ctrl-Alt-Backspace.)

54
1.18. Preventing the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shortcut keys from restarting X
1. Make a backup copy of your existing /etc/X11/xorg.conf file:
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
2. Open /etc/X11/xorg.conf for editing:
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
3. Add the following lines to the end of the file:
Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection
4. Save the edited file (an example [../sample/xorg.conf_disablectrlaltbackspacegnome]).
5. The change will take effect the next time you log in to GNOME. If you want the change to take
effect immediately, restart GNOME manually. (See Section 1.17, “Restart GNOME without
rebooting the computer” [p. 53] .)

55
2. Partitions and Booting
2.1. Graphical Partition Editor
Gparted is a graphical tool to edit disk partitions.
1. Install the gparted package (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p.
21]).
2. You can run the application with System → Administration → Gnome Partition Editor .
2.2. Make partitions available from Ubuntu
Windows and other partitions should be automatically available from any Ubuntu system. If they are
not, you can enable them using the graphical disks tool.
1. Open System → Administration → Disks
2. Select the correct hard disk, and click the Partitions tab.
3. Select the relevant partition, and click Enable.
4. To unmount the partition, click Disable.
2.3. Make partitions automatically available
Again, Windows and other partitions should be automatically available from Ubuntu. If they are not,
the following procedure will make them automatically available:
1. Read Section 3.7.1, “Check disk space usage and view the partition table” [p. 61]
2. First make a directory where the partition can be made available ("mounted"):
sudo mkdir /media/windows
3. Next, backup your disk configuration file and open the file in a text editor with administrative
privileges:
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
4. Append the following line at the end of file:
/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs umask=0222 0 0
Replace /dev/hda1 with the correct device name for your partition.
If your Windows partition uses the FAT32 filesystem, replace ntfs with vfat in the
above command.

56
If you have a FAT32 filesystem, it is also safe to allow read-write access. To do this,
change the value of umask to 0000.
5. Save the edited file (an example [../sample/fstab_automountntfs])
6. The changes will take effect when the computer is restarted.
2.4. Run a system command automatically at startup
Sometimes it can be useful to add a custom command to the startup process so that your computer
executes it on every boot. To do this:
1. Edit the crontab with administrative privileges (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p. 17]):
sudo crontab -e
2. Insert the following line:
@reboot /home/user/command
Replace /home/user/command with the full address to your command.
3. Save the file and exit.
2.5. Change default Operating System at boot
To change the Operating System which starts by default when booting, it is necessary to edit the
configuration file for booting.
1. Make a backup of your boot configuration file, and open it in a text editor:
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
2. Find this line:
...
default 0
...
3. Replace with the following line:
default X_sequence
4. Save the edited file (an example [../sample/menu.list_changedefaultosgrub])
2.6. Permanently disable/enable boot-up services
This requires administrative privileges (see Section 3.3, “Root And Sudo” [p. 17]).
1. Run Services Settings: System → Administration → Services.
2. Enter your password.
3. Tick/untick the services you want running, then click OK when done.

57
4. For greater control over the boot-up services, install the bum from the Universe repository
(see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and Updating Applications [p. 21]) and run it: System →
Administration → Boot-up Manager.

58
3. Hardware
3.1. Digital Cameras
Most USB digital cameras will be automatically detected by Ubuntu. Simply plug in and switch on
your USB digital camera, Ubuntu will then ask you if you would like to import the photos from your
camera. Click on Import, Ubuntu will then show you a preview of your photos. Choose a location to
save your photos to, then click on Import, Ubuntu will then save your photos to your hard drive.
If you do not get the auto-import popup with your camera, it might be worth starting gThumb and
trying File → Import Photos.... See Section 6.1, “gThumb Image Viewer” [p. 44] for more on
gThumb.
3.2. 3D Graphic Cards
3.2.1. Introduction to 3D Video Acceleration
Most video hardware should work automatically with Ubuntu. However with some types of video
hardware, 3D acceleration (which is needed by some games) will not be supported automatically. This
section details how to get this working with some popular video hardware.
The first step is to find out whether 3D acceleration is working.
1. To do this, enter in a terminal:
glxinfo | grep rendering
2. If 3D acceleration is working, the following will be displayed:
direct rendering: Yes
3. If not, follow the instructions in the following sections to activate 3D acceleration.
3.2.2. 3D Nvidia Video Card Driver
No Nvidia Video cards have 3D acceleration enabled automatically with Ubuntu, because the
manufacturer does not release open source drivers. However, it is possible to activate 3D acceleration.
The process depends on which type of video card you have.
1. If you have an older TNT, TNT2, TNT Ultra, GeForce1 or GeForce2 card, install the
nvidia-glx-legacy and nvidia-settings packages from the Restricted repository (see Chapter 2,
2. Alternatively, if you have a newer card, install the nvidia-glx package from the Restricted
3. To enable the new driver, run the following command in a terminal:
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable

59
4. You may adjust the settings of the new drivers by running the application nvidia-settings (see
Section 1.2, “Start a Program Manually” [p. 49]). If you wish, add a menu entry for this
program (see Section 1.1, “Menu Editing” [p. 49]).
3.2.3. 3D ATI Video Card Driver
Many ATI video cards work well with Ubuntu automatically. To check that 3d acceleration works
with your card, see Section 3.2.1, “Introduction to 3D Video Acceleration” [p. 58] . If it does not
work, this procedure should activate it.
1. Install the xorg-driver-fglrx package from the Restricted repository (see Chapter 2, Adding,
2. You now need to configure the computer to use the new driver so run this command in a
terminal:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
3. When the dialogue appears and asks whether to do automatic detection of your video, pick Yes.
4. When asked to select a driver, pick fglrx.
5. Follow the remaining instructions as appropriate.
6. Restart your machine for changes to take effect.
3.3. Keyboard Layouts
This section deals with adding keyboard layouts to your system, and switching between them easily.
3.3.1. Add a Layout
To add a keyboard layout to your system:
1. Go to System → Preferences → Keyboard
2. Choose Layouts
3. Press Add... to add further keyboard layouts. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is
currently four.
4. Close the dialogue.
3.3.2. Switch Keyboard Layouts
To switch between keyboard layouts, you can set a key combination:
1. Go to System → Preferences → Keyboard
2. To configure your layouts, choose Layout Options
3. Expand the Group Shift/Lock behaviour option
4. Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is
by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt-Shift.

60
5. Close the dialogue
6. You can now use your key combination to switch between keyboard layouts.
3.3.3. Keyboard Indicator
Alternatively add the Keyboard Indicator applet to your panel:
1. Right-click on an empty space on the panel where you want to add the applet
2. Click Add to Panel...
3. Choose Keyboard Indicator from the Utilities section
4. You can now right-click on the Keyboard Indicator to manage your keyboard layouts.
3.4. Wireless Cards
Many wireless cards are automatically detected by Ubuntu during installation. A
complete listing of wireless cards which work with Ubuntu can be found on Ubuntu Wiki
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupportComponentsWirelessNetworkCards]. Please add your
wireless card to the list if it works with Ubuntu.
Some cards may not work automatically with Ubuntu. If this is the case, please look at the Wireless
Troubleshooting Guide [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/WirelessTroubleshootingGuide] on the Ubuntu Wiki
which is an excellent resource for troubleshooting wireless cards.
All information regarding wireless networking on Ubuntu is collected at Wireless Networking Central
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/WifiDocs] on the Ubuntu Wiki.
3.5. Modems
3.5.1. Winmodems
Most winmodems are not supported by Ubuntu, but drivers can be found that will enable the use of
such modems. First you need to identify what chipset your winmodem is using:
wget -c http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo ./scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
Read this file, it should list what modem chipset you have. Once you are aware of the chipset you
have, see http://www.linmodems.org/ and follow the directions for your modem. More infomation can
be found at SettingUpModems [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SettingUpModems] on the Ubuntu Wiki.
3.5.2. ADSL Modems
All PPPOE and router-style ADSL modems are supported by Ubuntu (that use ethernet for the
connections), and some USB ADSL modems are supported too. For router-style ADSL modems, just

61
connect it up, configure the modem as per your ISPs instructions and configure networking in Ubuntu.
For information on PPPOE modems see this guide [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ADSLPPPoE] on the
Ubuntu wiki.
3.6. Printers
Some printers will be automatically detected by Ubuntu; for those that are not, choose System →
Administration → Printing then choose Printer → Add Printer and run the Printer Install Wizard.
There are some printers that need further setup. Search the databases at LinuxPrinting.org
[http://www.linuxprinting.org/] or check the Ubuntu Wiki's Printer page
[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupportComponentsPrinters] for possible information on your
printer.
3.7. Other Tips
3.7.1. Check disk space usage and view the partition table
1. Launch System → Administration → Disks
2. Select the Harddrive, then the Partitions tab
3. Each partition will be listed under Partition List, with disk space and mount point.
3.7.2. List devices
1. To list mounted devices, run the following command in a terminal:
mount
The listing shows the device (such as a hard disk partition), the mount point (where you access
the files), the filesystem type and the mount options.
This example shows the hda2 hard disk partition mounted as '/', with the filesystem type ext3.
The partition is mounted with two options, one to allow the device to be read from and wrote to
and the other to remount the device as read only in the event of any errors.
/dev/hda2 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
2. To list PCI devices:
lspci
3. To list USB devices:
lsusb
3.7.3. Mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROMs manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders
1. Assuming that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
2. To mount CD/DVD-ROM:

62
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
3. To unmount CD/DVD-ROM:
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/

63
4. Networking
4.1. Change the Computer Name
2. Select the General tab. Enter the name of the computer in the Hostname field.
3. Click OK, close all open applications and reboot.
4.2. Networking Utilities
4.2.1. Firestarter Firewall
A firewall protects a computer system from unauthorized access. It is not normally necessary to install
a firewall on an Ubuntu system, because access to the system is closed by default. However, if you
run any services which you allow other computers to access (for example, the Apache web server),
it is advisable to install a firewall. Firestarter is a program which allows you to control a firewall
through a graphical interface.
1. Install the Firestarter package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing
2. After it is installed, run Applications → System Tools → Firestarter to configure your firewall.
The firewall will now start in the background when your computer starts.
4.2.2. Graphical Network Monitor
Etherape displays network activity among different hosts using circles of varying size.
1. Install the etherape package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. Choose: Applications → Internet → Etherape
4.2.3. Network Traffic Analyzer
Ethereal is a network traffic analyzer/sniffer that captures packets off the network in real time and
displays the contents of them.
1. Install the ethereal package from the Universe repository (see Chapter 2, Adding, Removing and
2. Choose: Applications → Internet → Ethereal

64
Chapter 5. Getting More Help
There are a number of places from which you can obtain help with your Ubuntu desktop system, these
include:
• The Ubuntu Documentation Website [http://help.ubuntu.com] - this contains this guide, and other
guides produced by the Ubuntu Documentation Team for Ubuntu and Kubuntu.
• The Ubuntu Wiki [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserDocumentation] - this contains many guides
contributed by the community.
• Web Forums [http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums] - here you can ask questions on a forum
and receive answers from the forum community.
• Mailing Lists [http://lists.ubuntu.com] - here you can ask questions by email, and receive answers
from the mailing list community.
• IRC chat: irc.freenode.net channel #ubuntu - chat in realtime with the irc community. You will
need an irc client to connect. Ubuntu comes with a messenger client, open Applications → Internet
→ Gaim Internet Messenger .
For more information, visit the How to Get Help [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HowToGetHelp] wiki
page.

65
Appendix A. Creative Commons by
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0
CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT
PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE
AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS
INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES
REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR
DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.
License
THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE
COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE ("CCPL" OR "LICENSE"). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY
COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN
AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED.
BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND
AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU
THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH
TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
1. Definitions.
a. "Collective Work" means a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology or encyclopedia, in
which the Work in its entirety in unmodified form, along with a number of other contributions,
constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective
whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work (as
defined below) for the purposes of this License.
b. "Derivative Work" means a work based upon the Work or upon the Work and other
pre-existing works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization,
motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any
other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted, except that a work that
constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of
this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical composition or sound
recording, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image ("synching")
will be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of this License.
c. "Licensor" means the individual or entity that offers the Work under the terms of this License.
d. "Original Author" means the individual or entity who created the Work.
e. "Work" means the copyrightable work of authorship offered under the terms of this License.
f. "You" means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not
previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received

Creative Commons by Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0
66
express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous
violation.
g. "License Elements" means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor
and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, ShareAlike.
2. Fair Use Rights. Nothing in this license is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any rights arising
from fair use, first sale or other limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright owner under
copyright law or other applicable laws.
3. License Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You
a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright)
license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below:
a. to reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collective Works, and to
reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collective Works;
b. to create and reproduce Derivative Works;
c. to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly
by means of a digital audio transmission the Work including as incorporated in Collective
Works;
d. to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly
by means of a digital audio transmission Derivative Works.
e. For the avoidance of doubt, where the work is a musical composition:
i. "Performance Royalties Under Blanket Licenses." Licensor waives the exclusive right
to collect, whether individually or via a performance rights society (e.g. ASCAP, BMI,
SESAC), royalties for the public performance or public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of
the Work.
ii. "Mechanical Rights and Statutory Royalties." Licensor waives the exclusive right to
collect, whether individually or via a music rights society or designated agent (e.g. Harry
Fox Agency), royalties for any phonorecord You create from the Work ("cover version")
and distribute, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 115 of the US
Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions).
f. "Webcasting Rights and Statutory Royalties." For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work
is a sound recording, Licensor waives the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via
a performance-rights society (e.g. SoundExchange), royalties for the public digital performance
(e.g. webcast) of the Work, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of
the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions).
The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter
devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary
to exercise the rights in other media and formats. All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are
hereby reserved.
4. Restrictions. The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by
the following restrictions:

67
a. You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work
only under the terms of this License, and You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource
Identifier for, this License with every copy or phonorecord of the Work You distribute, publicly
display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You may not offer or impose any terms
on the Work that alter or restrict the terms of this License or the recipients' exercise of the
rights granted hereunder. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices
that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute, publicly
display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work with any technological
measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this
License Agreement. The above applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but
this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the
terms of this License. If You create a Collective Work, upon notice from any Licensor You
must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collective Work any reference to such Licensor
or the Original Author, as requested. If You create a Derivative Work, upon notice from any
Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Derivative Work any reference to
such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested.
b. You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform a
Derivative Work only under the terms of this License, a later version of this License with
the same License Elements as this License, or a Creative Commons iCommons license that
contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g. Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Japan).
You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License or other
license specified in the previous sentence with every copy or phonorecord of each Derivative
Work You distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You
may not offer or impose any terms on the Derivative Works that alter or restrict the terms of this
License or the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder, and You must keep intact all
notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute,
publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Derivative Work with any
technological measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the
terms of this License Agreement. The above applies to the Derivative Work as incorporated in a
Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Derivative Work
itself to be made subject to the terms of this License.
c. If you distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work or
any Derivative Works or Collective Works, You must keep intact all copyright notices for the
Work and give the Original Author credit reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing
by conveying the name (or pseudonym if applicable) of the Original Author if supplied; the title
of the Work if supplied; to the extent reasonably practicable, the Uniform Resource Identifier,
if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer
to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and in the case of a Derivative
Work, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Derivative Work (e.g., "French translation
of the Work by Original Author," or "Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author").
Such credit may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case

68
of a Derivative Work or Collective Work, at a minimum such credit will appear where any
other comparable authorship credit appears and in a manner at least as prominent as such other
comparable authorship credit.
5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer
UNLESS OTHERWISE AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS
THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF
ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MATERIALS, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY
OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE,
MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT,
OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE
OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS
DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION
MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
6. Limitation on Liability. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN
NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS
BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
7. Termination
a. This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by
You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Derivative Works or
Collective Works from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated
provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1,
2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.
b. Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration
of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right
to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time;
provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other
license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this
License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.
8. Miscellaneous
a. Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform the Work or a Collective Work, the
Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the
license granted to You under this License.
b. Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform a Derivative Work, Licensor offers to the
recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted
to You under this License.
c. If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not
affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without

69
further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum
extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.
d. No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless
such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such
waiver or consent.
e. This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work
licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the
Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may
appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual
written agreement of the Licensor and You.
Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection
with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any
damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential
damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if
Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights
and obligations of Licensor.
Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL,
neither party will use the trademark "Creative Commons" or any related trademark or logo of Creative
Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in
compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published
on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time.
Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.

70
Appendix B. GNU Free Documentation
License
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston,
MA
02110-1301
USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it
is not allowed.
Version 1.2, November 2002
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document
"free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered
responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must
themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a
copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software
needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any
textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend
this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the
copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work
in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

GNU Free Documentation License
71
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it,
either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals
exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's
overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject
or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of
Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section
does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or
Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format
whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters
or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made
in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
"Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup,
Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary
formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are
needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

72
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely
XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language.
(Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you
modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License
applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty
Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially,
provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange
for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display
copies.
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the
Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers
in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones
listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must
either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or
with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public
has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of
the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent
steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent

73
copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before
redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.
MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections
2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of
the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
Modified Version:
GNU FDL Modification Conditions
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and
from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the
modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this
requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to
use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum [p.
76] below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in
the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the
title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there
is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent
copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous
versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network

74
location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section,
and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles.
Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M.Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified
Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any
Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary
Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some
or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the
Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of
your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as
a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by)
any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by
you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another;
but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old
one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their
names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the
terms defined in section 4 [p. 73] above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them
all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant
Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same
name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in

75
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license
notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original
documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled
"Endorsements".
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this
License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single
copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim
copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this
License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or
works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond
what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License
does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the
Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the
Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the
Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document
under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided
that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those
notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

76
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for
under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation
License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that
a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option
of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify
a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document
and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Sample Invariant Sections list
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts."
line with this:
Sample Invariant Sections list
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts
being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge
those two alternatives to suit the situation.

77
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these
examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public
License, to permit their use in free software.

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