Determinant of return on assets and return on equity and its industry wise effects

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.5, No.15, 2014
Determinant of Return on Assets and Return on Equity and Its
Industry Wise Effects: Evidence from KSE (Karachi Stock
Exchange)
Muhammad Mubin
HEC, Pakistan Scholar at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey &
Lecturer in Commerce, Govt. Degree Science and Commerce College, Lyari, Karachi
Email: mubinamin@hotmail.com
Arslan Iqbal
M.Phil Fellow, Department of Commerce, University of Karachi
Email: arslan.iqbal88@gmail.com
Adnan Hussain
Lecturer, Department of Economics, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi
Email: adnanaerc@gmail.com
Abstract:
“The prime purpose of this research is to find out that from the components of Dupont identity of Return on
Equity which component is most consistent or volatile among profit margin, total assets turnover and equity
multiplier in Fuel and Energy Sector, Chemicals Sector, Cement Sector, Engineering Sector, Textiles Sector and
Transport and Communication Sector of KSE 100 index. The purpose of the study was served by taking data
from 2004 to 2012 of 51 companies (falling under six mentioned industries) of KSE 100 as Paradigm of Panel
Data. The F-Statistics of One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) show that it is Assets Turnover which
significantly varies from industry to industry whereas Equity Multiplier and Profit Margin are not much volatile
among indifferent industries. Moreover, Adjusted R Square in Panel OLS Analysis was confirming Industry
Effect on Newly established firms that they can have the benefit of profitability if they are from Fuel and Energy
Sector, Cement Sector and Transport and Communication Sector whereas others Sectors such as Chemicals
Sector, Engineering Sectors and Textiles Sectors does not have that leverage.”
Keywords: Profitability, Dupont Identity, Panel Least Square
JEL Classification: G12, G39, C23
1. Introduction
A business is defined as “Any activity which is done for the purpose of profit” but the question arises how to
calculate profitability as well as comparing the profitability of it with existing firm of industry. Its answer lies in
Profitability Analysis under the area of “Analysis of Financial Statements” where we compare the profitability of
firm with other firms as well as with its industry. The famous Dupont Equation in Profitability analysis discuss
determinants of profitability in details with three stages of origin. The DuPont Model is a technique that can be
used to analyze the profitability of a company using traditional performance management tools. To enable this,
the DuPont model integrates elements of the Income Statement with those of the Balance Sheet.
The product of the net profit margin and total asset turnover equals ROA, and this was the original DuPont
model, as illustrated in Equation 1 below.

=

148
× 100
=

× 100
Where
NP = Net Profit, S = Sales TA = Total Assets
At this point in time maximizing ROA was a common corporate goal and the realization that ROA was
impacted by both profitability and efficiency led to the development of a system of planning and control for all
operating decisions within a firm. This became the dominant form of financial analysis until the 1970s.
(Blumenthal, 1998).
According to Gitman, (1998) the generally accepted goal of financial management became “maximizing the
wealth of the firm’s owners” and focus shifted from ROA to ROE. This led to the first major modification of the
original DuPont model. In addition to profitability and efficiency, the way in which a firm financed its activities,
i.e. its use of “leverage” became a third area of attention for financial managers. The new ratio of interest was
called the equity multiplier, which is (total assets / equity). The modified DuPont model is shown in Equations 2
and 3 below.

Vol.5, No.15, 2014
EBT × EBT
149
Formula
RoE = NP
Sales × 100 Sales
TA × TA
TOE
Where
RoE = Return on Equity
NP = Net Profits
TA = Total Assets
TOE = Total Owner’s Equity
Or
Profitability = Operations × Efficiency × Leverage
More recently, Hawawini and Viallet (1999) offered yet another modification to the DuPont model. This
modification resulted in five different ratios that combine to form ROE.
The “really” modified DuPont model is shown below in Equation 4.
RoE = EAT
EBIT × EBIT
Sales × Sales
IC × IC
E
Where:
EAT = Earnings after Tax
EBT = Earnings before Tax
EBIT = Earnings before Interest and Tax
IC = Invested capital = Cash + Working Capital Requirement + Net Fixed Assets
This “really” modified model has introduce two more ratio one is tax effect ratio related to earning after tax
and earning before tax and financial cost ratio discussing earning before tax with earning before interest and tax
but still maintains the importance of the impact of operating decisions (i.e. profitability and efficiency) and
financing decisions (leverage) upon ROE, but uses a total of five ratios to uncover what drives ROE and give
insight to how to improve this important ratio.
1.1 Research Problem
Although Dupont Analysis clearly states that Company’s Return on Equity has three factors i.e. Profit
Margin, Total Assets Turnover and Equity Multiplier from1970’s and onward but Literature is still silent about
which of the factor is more influential and powerful factor of Profitability Indicator i.e. Return on Equity. So
“This research will investigate that which factor of return on equity is more powerful/influential
factors among factors profit margins, total assets turnover and equity multiplier through its volatility
from Six Prominent Industries of KSE 100 index’s Non Financial Companies”
1.2 Research Questions
Above Research Problem be investigated by following Research Question?
• Which is the most prominent factor among three factors of DuPont’s Extended Return on Equity?
• What are the Possible Factors which may affect the common variable of Profitability which is Net
Income?
• Is Possible factor’s influence is consistent in all the industries or it varies from industry to industry?
1.3 Objectives of the study
• To determine influential factors of profitability using Return on Equity as benchmark with the help of
DuPont Identity.
•
• To give Finance Managers of Corporations to have the idea that What are the Possible Common Factors
which may cause the Profitability of Corporations under different Industries.
• To find out that possible factors are from organizations’ inside structure or it is Industry driven.
2. Literature Review
Leisz T. J. and Maranville S. J. (2008) have identified that only simple calculation is required for The Du Pont
model in Profitability analysis. They also justified that these calculations can lead to understanding the

Vol.5, No.15, 2014
comparative advantage in financial term and every individual either sole proprietor or Financial Manager of a
Giant Corporation want to know precise actions that can be taken that will lead to higher profitability and return?
They also contributed that one can get valuable insights to return even with the help of the original model
(culminating in ROA), but the more extended versions that explore the components of ROE also allow even
small business managers to make good financial decisions that will bring a positive impact on the return to
firms’ owners.
Majed et al (2012) discovered that three ratios of ROA, ROE and ROI together showed a strong and positive
relationship with share prices with 45.7% relationship. He also tried to identify the individual effect of RoA,
RoE and RoI and succeeded in concluding that RoA and RoI has positive but low relationship with marketshare
price but failed to get the relationship of RoE with market share price individually. For this they take data from
Jordanian Insurance Public Companies for the period of 2002 to 2007.
Saleem Q and Naseem MA (2012) hypothesized that highly leveraged oil and gas companies have lower
profitability. However, they were failed to support their hypothesis of positive relationship between financial
leverage and profitability. It was also tested in their research that highly leveraged businesses are riskier in terms
of their return on equity and investment but results indicated that highly leveraged firms were less risky in both
market-based and accounting-based measures.
In Jordan, Taani K and Banykhaled AHH (2011) tried to find out the relationship between profitability and
cash flows. Their model included EPS as dependent Variable and eight other factors for regression analysis.
Based on their regression result, it wasconcluded that financial ratios, return onequity, debt to equity, price to
book value, and cash flow from operating activitiesaltogether affect earning per share. For that they used 40
manufacturing companies listed in amman stock exchange and take data from year 2000 to 2009.
Saleem Q and Rehman R (2011) tried to reveal the relationship between liquidity and profitability in case of
oil and gas companies of pakistan with data of 2004 to 2009. Their results show that there is a significant impact
of only liquid ratio on ROA while insignificant on ROE and ROI; the results also show that ROE is no
significant effected by three ratios current ratio, quick ratio and liquid ratio while ROI is greatly affected by
current ratios, quick ratios and liquid ratio.
Roaston P and Roaston A (2012) find out in their research with the RMSE criteria that Price-to-Earnings
ratio is a better predictor of the financial performances of companies than other indicators. For this purpose they
evaluate twelve indicators of 86 companies which were related to financial as well as market indicators.
However, Profitability can not only be indicated by Return on Equity. There are many other variables with
are aligned with Return on Equity such as Earning per share (Taani K and Banykhaled AHH, 2011), Return on
Assets and Return on Investment (Majed et al, 2012), Price to Earning Ratio (Roaston P and Roaston A, 2012)
and Return on Assets. [Naceur (2003) and Alkassim (2005)]. Moreover, Taani K and Banykhaled AHH (2011)
also find out that variables which are consistently significant on earning per share areprofitability ratio (ROE),
market value ratio (PBV), cash flow from operatingactivities, and leverage ratio (DER).
3 Theoretical Modeling and Econometrics Methodology
3.1 Research Framework
External Factors
Competitive
Advantage
(Profit Margin)
Internal Factors
Operational
Advantage
(Assets Turnover)
Capital Structure
Advantage
(Equity Multiplier)
Figure no. 1 Source: Self Created
150
Profitability
(Return on Equity)
3.2 Research Design
This study will be quantitative in nature and will be done through gathering financial figures of Net Income
after Tax, Sales, Total Assets and Total Share holder’s Equity of about Listed Companies of Six Industries of
Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index provided by State Bank of Pakistan under their Annual Report name Balance

Vol.5, No.15, 2014
Sheet Analysis and these industries are Fuel and Energy Sector, Cement Sector, Chemical Sectors, Engineering
Sector, Transport and Communication Sector and Textile Sector.
Profitability of these six industries will be regressed by taking Net Income as Dependent Variable and
Independent Variables will be Sales, Assets and Shareholder’s Equity and Also Industry wise dummy variable
will be introduced to identify the industry Effect.
Then above financial figures of said industries these will be converted into Financial Ratios of Return on
Equity, Net Profit Margin, Total Assets Turnover and Equity Multiplier for Descriptive and Anova Analysis for
Volatility and Consistency.
151
3.3 Research Procedure
The answer of First Research Objective “Which is to find out which factor of profitability is playing
dominant role?”, will be carried out by using Regression Analysis on statistical model for hypothesis testing
that which of the Independent Variable i.e. Sales, Assets or Shareholder’s Equity affect Dependent Variable i.e.
Net Income or There is Industry Effect which is playing dominant effect on Industry.The Industry Effect will be
identified by introducing industry wise dummy variable.
The answer of 2ndobjective “Which is the more influential factor of profitability among dupont
Identity?” will be find out by applying ANOVA analysis Industry wise for Every Factor of Dupont Identity
separately.
3.4 Sampling Framework
The Sampling Framwork and Method in this research, comprises on All the Companies falling under
heading of Mentioned Industries of KSE 100 Index which are taken by focused/purposive sampling.
In selecting the sample, the following pre-determined criteria were as follows:
The firm has published its complete financial statements for the period of 2012.
The firm does not have negative equity at the end of period 2012
The firm does not have Net Loss for the Average of Years 2007 to 2012
The firm’s stock has been actively traded during September 2013.
The purposive sampling with the predetermined criteria above resulted in 51companiesas sample.
See Table 1
Secondary data were available in the form of “Balance Sheet Analysis” published by State Bank of Pakistan
for All the Non-Financial Listed Companies registered at Karachi Stock Exchange. However the conversion of
available portable document file into MS Excel sheet required extensive filtration process and the Financial
Variables of Sales, Net Income after Tax, Total Assets and Total Shareholder’s Equity of Sample Companies of
KSE have been taken from the year 2004 to 2009
3.5 Hypothesis
Objective 1: Common Factors of Profitability (Regression Based)
For Inside Effect:
H1a: Sales,Total Assets and Shareholders Equity altogether CauseNet Income of Mentioned Industries of listed
companies of KSE 100 Index.
For Outside Effect:
H1b: Along with Sales, Total Assets and Shareholders Equity, It is Industry effect which Cause Net Income of
Mentioned Industries of listed companies of KSE 100 Index.
Objective 2: DuPont Factors of Return on Equity (Non Regression ANOVA)
For RoE: Average Return on Equity of Six Industry will be analyzed.
H2a:
μ(FE)≠μ(CM)≠μ(CH) ≠ μ(EN)≠μ(TC) ≠ μ(TX)
For PM: Average Profit Margin of Six Industry will be analyzed.
H2b:
μ(FE) ≠μ(CM) ≠μ(CH)≠μ(EN) ≠μ(TC) ≠ μ(TX)
For TATO: Average Assets Turnover of Six Industry will be analyzed.
H2c:
μ(FE) ≠μ(CM)≠μ(CH) ≠μ(EN) ≠μ(TC) ≠ μ(TX)
For EM: Average Equity Multiplier of Six Industry will be analyzed.

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152
H2d:
μ(FE)≠μ(CM)≠μ(CH) ≠ μ(EN) ≠μ(TC) ≠ μ(TX)
Where,
FE = Fuel and Energy Sector
CM = Cement Sector
CH = Chemical Sector
EN = Engineering Sector
TC = Transport and Communication
TX = Textile Sector
PM = Profit Margin
TATO = Total Assets Turnover
EM = Equity Multiplier
3.6 Statistical Model
Following are the statistical models to be utilized.
NIit = b1Salesit + b2Assetsit + b3Equityit + eit
(Eq.1)
NIit = b1Slit + b2Asit + b3Eqit + b4D1i + b5D2i +
b6D3i + b7D4it +b8D5i +b9D6ti + e it
(Eq.2)
Where,
Sl = Sales, As = Assets,
Eq = Shareholders’ Equity,
Dk = Industry Dummy Variables
3.7 Plan of Analysis
The Plan of Analysis for the said research will be as follow:
• Hypothesis of H1a regarding Common Factors of Profitability has been tested by multiple regression
technique on Statistical Equation (1). T test will be the criteria to Find out Prominent Factors of Net Income.
• Hypothesis of H1b regarding Industry Effect on Profitability has been tested by multiple regression
technique on Statistical Equation (2) T test will be the criteria to Find out Industry Effect.
• Hypothesis of H2a, H2b, H2c and H2c regarding Test of Equality on Return on Equity, Profit Margin, Total
Assets Turnover and Equity Multiplier in mentioned industries, One Factor ANOVA technique has been
applied respectively. F Test will be the criteria for Every One Factor Anova Analysis.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 ANOVA based Analysis (Non Regression based Analysis)
Here All the component of Dupont Identity will be checked individually as follow:
Research Hypothesis:
μ(FE) ≠μ(CM) ≠μ(CH) ≠μ(EN) ≠μ(TC) ≠μ(TX)
For RoE: Null Hypothesis
“Average Return on Equity for the Six Industries is Equal”
(See Table 2)
Table 2 shows the ANOVA description of Return on Equity for mentioning industries; we can see that
except Transport and Communication other five industries’ Coefficient of Variation is not much dispersed.
(See Table 3)
Table 3 clearly rejects our Null Hypothesis of Equality of Return on Equity among selected Industries as F
Calculated is 5.44 which is greater than F critical of 2.24 whereas P Value is confirming the rejection of our Null
Hypothesis.
For Profit Margin: Null Hypothesis
“Average Profit Margin for the Six Industries is Equal”

Vol.5, No.15, 2014
(See Table 4)
Table 4 shows the ANOVA description of Profit Margin Analysis for mentioning industries; we can see that
Profit Margin of Transport and Communication is much volatile as compared to other five industries. However
Table 5 result is not allowed to reject our Null Hypothesis about Profit Margin Analysis
(See Table 5)
Table 5 clearly accepts our Null Hypothesis of Equality of Profit Margin among selected Industries as F
Calculated is 0.80762 which is Lesser than F critical of 2.24. whereas P Value is confirming the rejection of our
research Hypothesis.
153
For TATO: Null Hypothesis
“Average Total Assets Turnover for the Six Industries is Equal”
(See Table 6)
Table 6 shows the ANOVA description of Assets Turnover Analysis for mentioning industries; we can see
that Average Assets Turnover here is changing from one industry to another. As Average Asset Turnover for
Fuel and Energy Sector is 2.29 whereas it is only 0.62 in Cement Industry.
(See Table 7)
Table 7 clearly rejects our Null Hypothesis of Equality of Assets Turnover among selected Industries as F
Calculated is 17.7858 which is much greater than F critical of 2.24 means Average Assets Turnover
insignificantly different from industry to industry.
For EM: Null Hypothesis
“Average Equity Multiplier for the Six Industries is Equal”
(See Table 8)
Table 8 shows the ANOVA description of Equity Multiplier for mentioning industries; we can see that
Equity Multiplier of Fuel and Energy Is much volatile as compared to other five industries. However the result of
Table 9are not allowing to reject our Null Hypothesis about Equality of Averages of Equity Multiplier
(See Table 9)
Results of Table 9are accepting our Null Hypothesis of Equality of Equity Multiplier among selected
Industries as F Calculated is 2.03 which is Lesser than F critical of the 2.24 (95% Significance Level, However
Our Null Hypothesis will reject if we test it at 90% Significance Level, but that will lead to Type 1 error)
4.2 Regression based Analysis
For Inside Effect:
H1a: Sales,Total Assets and Shareholders Equityaltogether Cause Net Income of Mentioned Industries of
listed companies of KSE 100 Index.
(See Table 10)
Table 10 shows that Net Income is significantly affected by Sales Assets and Equity as their t statistics are
6.05, -10.45 and 20.14 respectively. The coefficient of above results shows that
• 1 Million Increase in Sales Will result in 44,000 Increase in Net Income.
• 1 Million Increase in Assets will result in 241,000 decrease in Net Income.
• 1 Million Increase in Shareholder’s Equity will result in 730,000 increases in Net Income.
For Industry Effect:
H1b: Along with Sales, Total Assets and Shareholders Equity, It is Industry effect which Cause Net Income
of Mentioned Industries of listed companies of KSE 100 Index.
(See Table 11)
In comparison of Table 10 when Dummy Variable of Industries are introduced Table 11 shows that Net
Income is still significantly affected by Sales, Assets and Equity as their t statistics are 3.85, -9.23 and 20.41
respectively which are approximately same as Table 10 however coefficient of them slightly decreased which
resulted in 29,000 Increase, 216,000 degrees and 716,000 increase in net income respectively when there will be
One million increase in Sales, Assets and Shareholder Equity respectively and Adjusted R2 has also improved

Vol.5, No.15, 2014
slightly. Moreover Table 11 also confirms that there is industry effect also there which may drive Net Income, as
Fuel and Energy Sector (t-statistics, 2.39**), Cement Sector (t-statistics, 1.74*) and Transport and
Communication Sector (t-statistics, 3.639***) are the industries which may affect Net Income of the respective
companies, However, Industry Effect of Chemicals, Textiles and Engineering is not dominant due to their lower
t- statistics.
[Note: Significance Level * = 90%, ** = 95%, *** = 99%]
In Table 11, there is an alarming number which is Durbin-Watson stats. 0.65 of Durbin-Watson stats show
that there is positive autocorrelation. To remove the effect of autocorrelation further analysis has been done by
introducing 1 period lag variable.
Further Analysis for Industry Effect with Introduction of Lag Variable
(See Table 12)
Table 12 shows improved durbin-watson stat of 2.26 as compared to 0.65 durbin-watson stat of Table 11,
But Introduction of Lag variable has nullified the industry effect as all the t-statistics of industry wise dummy
variable has become insignificant resulting in significance of Sales, Assets, Equity and AR(1) [Lag Variable of
Net Income] as their t-statistics are significant with 3.39, 6.28, 8.64 and 14.80 respectively which shows that It is
mainly the Net Income of Previous Year which may result in Net Income of This Year, then 2nd important
factors is corporations equity which may drive Net Income, 3rd Assets and Last Sales of the Corporations. T-Statistics
154
values confirm this conclusion.
5. Conclusions
Based on ANOVA results of Table 2, 4, 6 and 8, we can conclude that out of three factors of Return on
Equity under DuPont identity which are Profit Margin, Assets Turnover and Equity Multiplier, It is Total Assets
Turnover which is most influential factor among three factors with F-Statistics of 17.78 (Significant at 99.99%)
which means that it is total asset turnover which vary from industry to industry due to the nature of their
operations. However F-Statistics of Equity Multiplier are only 2.03 (Significant at 90%) which shows its lower
effect on Return on Equity whereas Profit Margin does not affect Return on Equity at all due to its lowest F-Statistics
of 0.8 only.
Based on Regression results of Table 12, we can conclude that It is mainly Net Income of Previous Years
which may result in the Profitability of the coming year due to its high t-statistics of 14.80*. The second
prominent factor which may cause net income is the Shareholder’s Equity of corporations as t-statistics is 8.64*.
Then It is Assets and Sales which may driven Net Income as their t-statistics are 6.28* and 3.39* respectively.
However from Table 11, for Newly started Organization, when we exclude the effect of the Profitability of
Previous Years, There are some Industries which may drive the Net Income of Organization which are Fuel and
Energy Sector (t-statistics, 2.39***), Cement Sector (t-statistics, 1.74****) and Transport and Communication
Sector (t-statistics, 3.639*) whereas the Effect of Other Industries are not dominant.
[Note: Significance Level * = 99.9%, ** = 99%, *** = 95%,**** = 90%]
6. Future Study
Based on Results of this study we have concluded that it is Assets Turnover which has influentially affected
Return on Equity so
• It can further be verified by taking more time series data i.e. from 1990’s till date as this study has only
taken 6 years (2007 to 2012) data on its panel meter.
• Effect of Assets Turnover may also be verified by taking more companies in same study i.e. All KSE Index
as this study has only taken companies of KSE 100 Index.
• Moreover, in this study Assets Turnover effect on Return on Equity has been confirmed in all six industries
but in which pair of industry this effect is more prominent can be finding out in further study.
References
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155
Appendix
Table 1 Sample Companies of KSE 100 Index
Types of Industry KSE 100 Excluded Revised
Financial institutions banks 26 26 0
Fuel energy 17 2 15
Miscellaneous 12 12 0
Chemical 12 2 10
Engineering 11 11
Cements 7 2 5
Transport and Communication 7 7
Others 3 3 0
Textile 3 3
Paper board 2 2 0
Total 100 49 51
TABLE 2: DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY of Return on Equity – Industrywise
Groups Count Average Variance Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation
Fuel and Energy 87 0.38446 0.378 0.614816228 159.9175864
Cements 29 0.1415 0.03756 0.193801954 136.9651655
Chemicals 55 0.39891 0.0864 0.293938594 73.68543328
Textiles 18 0.14669 0.01604 0.126650491 86.33871383
Engineering 66 0.28413 0.06059 0.246156776 86.63566556
Trans. Communication 36 0.02121 0.28762 0.536303427 2528.3685
TABLE 3: ANOVA analysis of Return on Equity – Industry wise
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F Value
Between Groups 5.01518 5 1.00304 5.44472 0.000083968 2.245676788
Within Groups 52.5032 285 0.18422
Total 57.5183 290
Note: Significance level 5%

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Table 4: DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY of Profit Margin – Industry wise
Fuel and Energy 87 0.14912 0.04401 0.209780646 140.6818519
Cements 26 0.10468 0.0304 0.174355016 166.556164
Chemicals 55 0.233 0.09193 0.303198735 130.1268318
Textiles 18 0.08549 0.00759 0.087105716 101.8929842
Engineering 66 0.05285 0.01869 0.136719487 258.6759306
Table 5: ANOVA for Profit Margin – Industry wise
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F Value
Between Groups 10.4773 5 2.09547 0.80762 0.544998542 2.246015185
Within Groups 731.679 282 2.59461
Total 742.156 287
Significance level 5%
TABLE 6: Descriptive Summary for Assets Turn Over – Industry wise
Fuel and Energy 87 2.29411 3.09896 1.760385265 76.7348317
Cements 26 0.62424 0.13393 0.365963477 58.6257912
Chemicals 55 1.18905 0.28386 0.532784199 44.807409
Textiles 18 0.7004 0.12785 0.357566825 51.0521123
Engineering 66 1.61552 0.49482 0.703437203 43.5424164
TABLE 7: ANOVA Analysis of Assets Turnover – Industry wise
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-Vlaue
Between Groups 111.591 5 22.3182 17.7858 0.000000 2.24601519
Within Groups 353.863 282 1.25483
Total 465.453 287
Table 8: Descriptive Summary for Equity Multiplier – Industry wise
Fuel and Energy 87 3.23076 13.4886 3.672676331 113.6784771
Cements 30 2.13762 0.66896 0.817898132 38.26211395
Chemicals 55 2.2374 0.80573 0.897623693 40.11908283
Textiles 18 2.78366 1.56959 1.252831627 45.00655187
Engineering 66 2.95065 1.50991 1.228784461 41.64452638
TABLE 9: ANOVA Analysis of Equity Multiplier – Industry wise
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-Value
Between Groups 51.3023 5 10.2605 2.03053 0.074427107 2.245565578
Within Groups 1445.18 286 5.05309
Total 1496.49 291
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Table 10: Panel Least Square Regression for Inside Effect
Dep. Variable: Net Income
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic P-Value.
SALES 0.044298 0.007314 6.056289 0.0000
ASSETS -0.241253 0.023071 -10.45698 0.0000
EQUITY 0.732032 0.036338 20.14507 0.0000
R-squared 0.676025 F-statistic 301.5227
Significance level: 5%
Table 11: Panel Least Square Regression for Industry Effect
SALES 0.029826 0.007740 3.853561 0.0001
ASSETS -0.216948 0.023498 -9.232502 0.0000
EQUITY 0.716622 0.035107 20.41251 0.0000
FE 2085.799 872.3583 2.390989 0.0175
CEMENT -1957.365 1120.853 -1.746317 0.0818
CHEMICALS 990.8017 842.0398 1.176668 0.2403
TEXTILES -1888.816 1440.832 -1.310920 0.1909
ENGINEERING 11.59631 749.9113 0.015464 0.9877
TNC -4193.411 1152.176 -3.639557 0.0003
Table 12: Panel Least Square Regression for Inside Effect with Lag Variable
SALES 0.053854 0.015884 3.390465 0.0008
ASSETS -0.230084 0.036590 -6.288075 0.0000
EQUITY 0.593525 0.068631 8.648089 0.0000
FE 7138.661 5126.993 1.392368 0.1651
CHEMICALS 3396.212 4701.217 0.722411 0.4708
CEMENT -1844.270 6110.355 -0.301827 0.7631
ENGINEERING -601.9645 4076.180 -0.147679 0.8827
TEXTILES -3009.397 7845.994 -0.383558 0.7017
TNC -8509.363 6145.830 -1.384575 0.1675
AR(1) 0.846269 0.057153 14.80711 0.0000
157

Determinant of return on assets and return on equity and its industry wise effects

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