Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
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The study estimates the overburden thickness in Abuja, Nigeria, using the Schlumberger electrodes array method for electrical resistivity measurements. Average resistivity values reveal several layers of soil and weathered rock, with a total overburden thickness of 5.43 meters identified. The findings aim to inform engineering projects and further investigations into the geological characteristics of the area.
![IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)
e-ISSN: 2321–0990, p-ISSN: 2321–0982.Volume 3, Issue 5 Ver. I (Sep. - Oct. 2015),PP 71-74
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area
Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
S.O. Agha1
, C. Agha2
, P.A. Nwofe1
1
Department of Industrial Physics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria
2
Department of Science Education, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Abstract : The overburden thickness of Abuja (Lat. 70
12´N – 90
30´ N and Long. 50
24´E- 70
19´E)
has been estimated. The geophysical method used was the electrical resistivity and the electrodes
array was Schlumberger type. The equipment utilized were four electrodes, hammer, four reels of
wires, crocodile clips, measuring tape, global positioning systems(GPS) and a terrameter. The survey
was carried out in two locations and the average resistivity values of the first four geoelectrical layers
were from the surface, 590 Ωm, 1800 Ωm, 1900 Ωm and 760 Ωm. These layers were interpreted as
probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. The
average thickness of the overburden was found to be 5.43m.
Keywords – Basement, Geo-electrical, Overburden, Resistivity, Schlumberger
I. INTRODUCTION
In order to study the earth’s subsurface, a lot of geological and geophysical techniques such
as seismic, electrical, gravity, magnetic electromagnetic and radioactive measurements are involved.
To choose any one of the techniques listed above, we however, consider the suitability of such
technique to produce sufficient information needed in a given geological setting. In the applications of
geophysical methods for engineering studies, electrical resistivity, magnetic and seismic refraction
techniques are more commonly used [1-4].
This work is aimed at determining the thickness of overburden of Abuja, a basement complex
in Northern Nigeria. Overburden refers to earth materials other than the hard rocks. It overlies the
basement rocks. It can also be defined as loose, unconsolidated materials resting on bed rock.
Information obtained from this work would be used to know how much materials (the overburden)
can be scooped out from the surface in the study area before the basement can be reached and perhaps
blasted. It would also be useful in the designing of any engineering structure such as building,
foundation, roads and dams. The geophysical method chosen for this study is the electrical resistivity
method. The method has been extensively used in various parts of Abuja for exploration. In 2004,
Gilto Construction Company carried out a geophysical survey at Mabushi area of Abuja using vertical
electrical sounding. The purpose was to investigate the groundwater potential of the area. The result
showed that the average resistivity of the first six layers from the surface are 1182.23Ωm,
3129.01Ωm, 2014Ωm, 1108Ωm, 612Ωm, and 162Ωm with thicknesses of 1.3m, 2.3m, 14.0m, 2.0m,
10.0m and 15.0m respectively. These rocks were fractured and trended roughly in the North-South
direction [5].
LOCATION AND GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA
The study area Abuja, lies within latitude 70
12´N - 90
. 30´N and longitude 50
24´E - 70
19´ E.
It forms part of the basement complex of Northern Nigeria. Rocks in this area include gneisses,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j03517174-151202070845-lva1-app6892/85/Determination-of-Thickness-of-Overburden-in-Basement-Area-Using-Schlumberger-Electrodes-Array-1-320.jpg)
![Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
granite, migmatite, meta-sediments, and quartzite. Post-tectonic folding and fracturing are common
features with these rocks being weathered in some places. The oldest rocks are the gneisses and the
older meta-sediments. Owing to several processes of metamorphism, migmatisation and granitisation,
occurring within a minimum of two tectonic cycles, the rocks within this zone were largely
transformed to magmatites, granite, gneisses etc., while some relics of the initial granite remained
unchanged. The basement complex was much later intruded by series of intermediate /plutonic rocks.
These rocks were later fractured, trending in the North –South direction in conformity with the
general strike of rocks of that period [6-7].
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The materials used for the survey include; current and potential electrode pairs and cables,
pegs, knife, twine, measuring tape and a terrameter. The research was carried out using the Vertical
electrical sounding (VES) method. The Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was done using the
Schlumberger electrodes array as shown on Fig. 1.
Fig 1: Schematic diagram of schlumberger electrodes array.
With the terrameter, electrical current (d. c) was passed into the ground. A and B are the current
electrodes while M and N are the potential electrodes. The ratio of voltage (V) applied to current (I)
flowing was multiplied by the geometrical factor, K to give apparent resistivity, expressed as
Kx
I
V
a
(1)
In equation 1, a
is the apparent resistivity, where K, V, and I retains their meanings. Parameters
measured and recorded were the half current electrode spread, AB/2,the half potential electrode
spread, MN/2 and the electrical resistance, R = V/I. Parameters evaluated were the apparent
resistivity, a and the geometrical factor ,K. VES curves were obtained by plotting a versus AB/2.
V
I
NMA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j03517174-151202070845-lva1-app6892/85/Determination-of-Thickness-of-Overburden-in-Basement-Area-Using-Schlumberger-Electrodes-Array-2-320.jpg)
![Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The VES curves from two locations surveyed in the study area are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
The VES curves generated in the study area were matched with standard master curves and their
auxiliaries. For location 1, the VES curve show basically seven layers with resistivities of 103 Ωm,
252 Ωm, 1637 Ωm, 302 Ωm, 327 Ωm, 362 Ωm, and 32.5Ωm. These layers were accordingly
interpreted to be probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock, fairly weathered basement rock,
basement rock, partially fractured basement rock, and fresh basement rock from the first to the
seventh layer of the earth. In other words, top soil which is the first layer from the surface is
underlain by a layer of laterite which overlies a series of basement layers.
The thicknesses of the layers were 1.4m, 5.9m, 18.6m, 2.0m, 2.2m and 5.1m for the first six
layers from the earth’s surface respectively. The thickness of the seventh layer could not be obtained.
For location two seven lithologic units were delineated. The layer resistivities are from the surface
1085 Ωm, 3258 Ωm, 2104 Ωm, 1208 Ωm, 692 Ωm, 162 Ωm, and 282 Ωm. The thicknesses were
1.4m, 2.1m, 14.4m 2.2m, 10.2m, 5.3m and an undetermined thickness from the first to the seventh
layer respectively. The lithologic interpretations are top soil for the first layer, laterite for the second
layer, weathered basement rock for the third layer, fairly weathered basement rock for the fourth
layer, weathered basement rock for the fifth layer, partially fractured basement rock for the sixth layer
and fresh basement rock for the seventh layer. Similar findings have been reported in the literature [8-
10].
Electrode spacing AB/2 (m)
Fig 2: VES curve for location1.
.1 1 10 100 1000
10000
1000
100
10
Apparent Resistivity, (Ωm)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j03517174-151202070845-lva1-app6892/85/Determination-of-Thickness-of-Overburden-in-Basement-Area-Using-Schlumberger-Electrodes-Array-3-320.jpg)
![Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Apparent Resistivity, (Ωm)
Electrode Spacing, AB/2( m)
Fig. 3 VES curve for location 2.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the fore- going discussion, it is obvious that two lithologic units make up the
overburden in each of the locations surveyed. These units include the top soil (having an average
thickness of 7.3 m) and the lateritic soil (3.5m thick). The average thickness of the overburden for the
study area is 5.43m. Generally, we conclude that the first two layers of Abuja consist of top soil and
laetrile (as overburden) resting on a basement structure made up of predominantly weathered
basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. We recommend that another geophysical method
such as the seismic refraction method be used to investigate the overburden thickness of Abuja so as
to confirm our findings.
REFERENCES
[1] M.B. Dobrin, Introduction to geophysical prospecting (McGraw-Hill Books ltd., Japan, 1976).
[2] R.A. Freeze, Groundwater. (Prentrice Hall, Englewood Cliff , New Jersey, 1979).
[3] R.F. Flint, B.J. Skinner, Physical geology, (John Wiley and sons Inc., Canada, 1974).
[4] P. Kerry, M. Brooks, An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration (Blackwell Scientific Publications, U.S.A, 1991).
[5] C.A. Kogbe, Geology of Nigeria, (Elizabeth Publications, London, 1976)
[6] W. Lowrie, Fundamentals of geophysics, (Cambridge university press, UK, 1997).
[7] F. N., Okeke, C. A., Onwumechili, B. A. Rabiu, Day-to-day variability of geomagnetic hourly amplitudes at low latitudes.
Geophysical Journal International, 134(2), 1998, 484-500.
[8] P.E. Okpani, P.A. Nwofe, N.O. Chukwu, Effect Of Secondary Radioclimatic Variables On Signal Propagation In Nsukka, Nigeria,
International Research Journal of Natural Sciences 3 (2), 2015, 9-17.
[9] P.E. Okpani, P.A. Nwofe, N.O. Chukwu, Case Study of Secondary Radioclimatic Variables on Radio Signals at the Troposhere in
Nsukka, Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Research 4 (7), 2015, 2009 – 2013.
[10] M.N. Tijani, Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 24(3),
1994, 194-202.
10000
1000
100
10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j03517174-151202070845-lva1-app6892/85/Determination-of-Thickness-of-Overburden-in-Basement-Area-Using-Schlumberger-Electrodes-Array-4-320.jpg)
Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array
- 1. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-ISSN: 2321–0990, p-ISSN: 2321–0982.Volume 3, Issue 5 Ver. I (Sep. - Oct. 2015),PP 71-74 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array S.O. Agha1 , C. Agha2 , P.A. Nwofe1 1 Department of Industrial Physics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria 2 Department of Science Education, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria Abstract : The overburden thickness of Abuja (Lat. 70 12´N – 90 30´ N and Long. 50 24´E- 70 19´E) has been estimated. The geophysical method used was the electrical resistivity and the electrodes array was Schlumberger type. The equipment utilized were four electrodes, hammer, four reels of wires, crocodile clips, measuring tape, global positioning systems(GPS) and a terrameter. The survey was carried out in two locations and the average resistivity values of the first four geoelectrical layers were from the surface, 590 Ωm, 1800 Ωm, 1900 Ωm and 760 Ωm. These layers were interpreted as probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. The average thickness of the overburden was found to be 5.43m. Keywords – Basement, Geo-electrical, Overburden, Resistivity, Schlumberger I. INTRODUCTION In order to study the earth’s subsurface, a lot of geological and geophysical techniques such as seismic, electrical, gravity, magnetic electromagnetic and radioactive measurements are involved. To choose any one of the techniques listed above, we however, consider the suitability of such technique to produce sufficient information needed in a given geological setting. In the applications of geophysical methods for engineering studies, electrical resistivity, magnetic and seismic refraction techniques are more commonly used [1-4]. This work is aimed at determining the thickness of overburden of Abuja, a basement complex in Northern Nigeria. Overburden refers to earth materials other than the hard rocks. It overlies the basement rocks. It can also be defined as loose, unconsolidated materials resting on bed rock. Information obtained from this work would be used to know how much materials (the overburden) can be scooped out from the surface in the study area before the basement can be reached and perhaps blasted. It would also be useful in the designing of any engineering structure such as building, foundation, roads and dams. The geophysical method chosen for this study is the electrical resistivity method. The method has been extensively used in various parts of Abuja for exploration. In 2004, Gilto Construction Company carried out a geophysical survey at Mabushi area of Abuja using vertical electrical sounding. The purpose was to investigate the groundwater potential of the area. The result showed that the average resistivity of the first six layers from the surface are 1182.23Ωm, 3129.01Ωm, 2014Ωm, 1108Ωm, 612Ωm, and 162Ωm with thicknesses of 1.3m, 2.3m, 14.0m, 2.0m, 10.0m and 15.0m respectively. These rocks were fractured and trended roughly in the North-South direction [5]. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA The study area Abuja, lies within latitude 70 12´N - 90 . 30´N and longitude 50 24´E - 70 19´ E. It forms part of the basement complex of Northern Nigeria. Rocks in this area include gneisses,
- 2. Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page granite, migmatite, meta-sediments, and quartzite. Post-tectonic folding and fracturing are common features with these rocks being weathered in some places. The oldest rocks are the gneisses and the older meta-sediments. Owing to several processes of metamorphism, migmatisation and granitisation, occurring within a minimum of two tectonic cycles, the rocks within this zone were largely transformed to magmatites, granite, gneisses etc., while some relics of the initial granite remained unchanged. The basement complex was much later intruded by series of intermediate /plutonic rocks. These rocks were later fractured, trending in the North –South direction in conformity with the general strike of rocks of that period [6-7]. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD The materials used for the survey include; current and potential electrode pairs and cables, pegs, knife, twine, measuring tape and a terrameter. The research was carried out using the Vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. The Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was done using the Schlumberger electrodes array as shown on Fig. 1. Fig 1: Schematic diagram of schlumberger electrodes array. With the terrameter, electrical current (d. c) was passed into the ground. A and B are the current electrodes while M and N are the potential electrodes. The ratio of voltage (V) applied to current (I) flowing was multiplied by the geometrical factor, K to give apparent resistivity, expressed as Kx I V a (1) In equation 1, a is the apparent resistivity, where K, V, and I retains their meanings. Parameters measured and recorded were the half current electrode spread, AB/2,the half potential electrode spread, MN/2 and the electrical resistance, R = V/I. Parameters evaluated were the apparent resistivity, a and the geometrical factor ,K. VES curves were obtained by plotting a versus AB/2. V I NMA
- 3. Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The VES curves from two locations surveyed in the study area are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The VES curves generated in the study area were matched with standard master curves and their auxiliaries. For location 1, the VES curve show basically seven layers with resistivities of 103 Ωm, 252 Ωm, 1637 Ωm, 302 Ωm, 327 Ωm, 362 Ωm, and 32.5Ωm. These layers were accordingly interpreted to be probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock, fairly weathered basement rock, basement rock, partially fractured basement rock, and fresh basement rock from the first to the seventh layer of the earth. In other words, top soil which is the first layer from the surface is underlain by a layer of laterite which overlies a series of basement layers. The thicknesses of the layers were 1.4m, 5.9m, 18.6m, 2.0m, 2.2m and 5.1m for the first six layers from the earth’s surface respectively. The thickness of the seventh layer could not be obtained. For location two seven lithologic units were delineated. The layer resistivities are from the surface 1085 Ωm, 3258 Ωm, 2104 Ωm, 1208 Ωm, 692 Ωm, 162 Ωm, and 282 Ωm. The thicknesses were 1.4m, 2.1m, 14.4m 2.2m, 10.2m, 5.3m and an undetermined thickness from the first to the seventh layer respectively. The lithologic interpretations are top soil for the first layer, laterite for the second layer, weathered basement rock for the third layer, fairly weathered basement rock for the fourth layer, weathered basement rock for the fifth layer, partially fractured basement rock for the sixth layer and fresh basement rock for the seventh layer. Similar findings have been reported in the literature [8- 10]. Electrode spacing AB/2 (m) Fig 2: VES curve for location1. .1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1000 100 10 Apparent Resistivity, (Ωm)
- 4. Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger Electrodes Array DOI: 10.9790/0990-03517174 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page Apparent Resistivity, (Ωm) Electrode Spacing, AB/2( m) Fig. 3 VES curve for location 2. IV. CONCLUSION From the fore- going discussion, it is obvious that two lithologic units make up the overburden in each of the locations surveyed. These units include the top soil (having an average thickness of 7.3 m) and the lateritic soil (3.5m thick). The average thickness of the overburden for the study area is 5.43m. Generally, we conclude that the first two layers of Abuja consist of top soil and laetrile (as overburden) resting on a basement structure made up of predominantly weathered basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. We recommend that another geophysical method such as the seismic refraction method be used to investigate the overburden thickness of Abuja so as to confirm our findings. REFERENCES [1] M.B. Dobrin, Introduction to geophysical prospecting (McGraw-Hill Books ltd., Japan, 1976). [2] R.A. Freeze, Groundwater. (Prentrice Hall, Englewood Cliff , New Jersey, 1979). [3] R.F. Flint, B.J. Skinner, Physical geology, (John Wiley and sons Inc., Canada, 1974). [4] P. Kerry, M. Brooks, An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration (Blackwell Scientific Publications, U.S.A, 1991). [5] C.A. Kogbe, Geology of Nigeria, (Elizabeth Publications, London, 1976) [6] W. Lowrie, Fundamentals of geophysics, (Cambridge university press, UK, 1997). [7] F. N., Okeke, C. A., Onwumechili, B. A. Rabiu, Day-to-day variability of geomagnetic hourly amplitudes at low latitudes. Geophysical Journal International, 134(2), 1998, 484-500. [8] P.E. Okpani, P.A. Nwofe, N.O. Chukwu, Effect Of Secondary Radioclimatic Variables On Signal Propagation In Nsukka, Nigeria, International Research Journal of Natural Sciences 3 (2), 2015, 9-17. [9] P.E. Okpani, P.A. Nwofe, N.O. Chukwu, Case Study of Secondary Radioclimatic Variables on Radio Signals at the Troposhere in Nsukka, Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Research 4 (7), 2015, 2009 – 2013. [10] M.N. Tijani, Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 24(3), 1994, 194-202. 10000 1000 100 10