Developing hypothesis report
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1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. 2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity. 3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Developing hypothesis report
- 2. SCOPE & DEFINITIONS OF HYPOTHESIS * “Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches –assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible”. (Eric Rogers, 1966) * “A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956) * “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”(Creswell, 1994) * “A research question is essentially a hypothesis
- 3. Hypotheis is a “hunch”, assumptions , suspicion, assertion, or an idea about a phenomenon relationship or situation, the reality or truth of which you do not know. -becomes the basis of inquiry - May be based on previous studies,own or some else’s observation
- 4. The outcome of testing your hunch may prove to be: right, partially right or wrong * Without the process of verification, you cannot conclude the validity of your assumption.
- 5. FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS • Provides a study with a focus • Tells what specific aspect of a research problem to investigate. • Tells what data to collect and what not to collect thereby providing focus to the study • As it provides focus, its construction enhances the objectivity in the study. • It may enable to add to the formulation of theory & conclude specifically what is true or what is right
- 6. THE TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 3 Phases of process: 1.Contructing a hypothesis 2.Gathering appropriate evidence 3.Analysing the evidence to draw conclusion as to its validity * The process of validation should be free from any bias.
- 7. CHARACTRISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS 1. It should be simple, specific & conceptually clear 2. It should be capable of verification 3. It should be related to the existing body of knwledge 4. It should be operationalisable
- 8. Types of Hypotheses A. Research Hypothesis B. Alternate hypothesis * The formulation of Alternate Hypothesis is to explicitly specify the relationship that will be considered as true in case the reasearch hypothesis proves to be wrong. It is the opposite of research hypothesis & is conventionally, a Null hypothesis or hypothesis of no difference.
- 9. 1. a Hypothesis stipulating that there is no difference between two situations , groups, outcomes, or the prevalence of the condition or phenomenon is called a Null Hypothesis is written as HO. 2. a hypothesis in which a researcher stipulates that there will be a difference but does not specify its magnitude is called Hypothesis of Difference. 3. When a researcher speculate the exact prevalence of the situation or the outcome of the treatment program in quantitative unit is called hypothesis of point of prevalence
- 10. EXAMPLE In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug. We would write H0: there is no difference between the two drugs on average. The hypothesis of difference might be that: the new drug has a different effect, on average, compared to that of the current drug.
- 11. Hypothesis of point of prevalence: A total of 60 percent of females and 30 percent of males in the study population are smokers. Hypothesis of Association: stipulates the extent of the relationship in terms of the effects of different treatment groups on the dependent variables /the prevalence of phenomenon in different population groups
- 12. Formulating a hypothesis …is important to narrow a question down to one that can reasonably be studied in a research project. The formulation of the hypothesis basically varies with the kind of research project conducted: QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Can also be divided into: DEDUCTIVE: Observation Pattern Tentative Hypothesis Theory DEDUCTIVE: Theory hypothesis Observation Confirmation
- 13. Qualitative Approach The use of Research Questions as opposed to objectives or hypothesis, is more frequent. Characteristics * Use of words-what or how. Specify whether the study: discovers, seeks to understand, explores or describes the experiences. * Use of non-directional wording in the question. These questions describe, rather than relate variables or compare groups. * The questions are under continual review and reformulation- will evolve and change during study. * The questions are usually open-ended, without reference to the literature or theory. * Use of a single focus.
- 14. Quantitative Approach In survey projects the use of research questions and objectives is more frequent In experiments the use of hypotheses are more frequent Represent comparison between variables relationship between variables Characteristics * The testable proposition to be deduced from theory. * Independent and dependent variables to be separated and measured separately. * To be either writing-questions, or objectives or hypotheses, but not a combination. * Consider the alternative forms for writing and make a choice based on the audience for the research
- 15. ERRORS IN TESTING HYPOTHESIS Incorrect conclusions about the validity of hypothesis may draw if: • The study design selected is faulty • The sampling procedures adopted is faulty • The method of data collection is inaccurate • The analysis is wrong • The statistical procedures applied are inappropriate • Or, the conclusions drawn are incorrect
- 16. TYPES OF ERROR: Type I Error -- Rejection of a Null Hypothesis when it is true. Type II Error ---Acceptance of a Null Hypothesis when it is false
- 17. HOW ARE HYPOTHESES WRITTEN? Chocolate may cause pimples. Salt in soil may affect plant growth. Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light. Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer. Temperature may cause leaves to change color.
- 18. Formalized Hypotheses example: If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer. If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf color.
- 19. The ultimate value of a hypothesis is, it forces us to think about what results we should look for in an experiment.
- 20. THANK YOU