![2
What is research?
research.
1.a. the systematic investigation into and study of materials,
sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
b. an endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by the
scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical
investigation. [Oxford Concise Dictionary]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/generatingtheresearchhypothesis-190829113556/85/Generating-the-research-hypothesis-2-320.jpg)
![What is a Hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an idea or explanation for something that is
based on known facts but has not yet been proved ;
A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work;
Most of the time a hypothesis is written as: "If _____[I do
this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/generatingtheresearchhypothesis-190829113556/85/Generating-the-research-hypothesis-5-320.jpg)
![ Example Hypotheses
• "If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the
independent variable], then it will increase the flow of water
[flow of water is the dependent variable].
• "Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature
is the independent variable] will increase the amount of
sugar that dissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent
variable]."
• "If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the
independent variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a
plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the
dependent variable]."
• "If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the
independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when
riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much
water splashes on the rider]."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/generatingtheresearchhypothesis-190829113556/85/Generating-the-research-hypothesis-7-320.jpg)
Generating the research hypothesis
- 2. 2 What is research? research. 1.a. the systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. b. an endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation. [Oxford Concise Dictionary]
- 3. 3 Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve; We may already think we know the answer to our question already; We may think the answer is obvious; But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at best, intuition;
- 4. After having thoroughly researched your question, you should have some educated guess about how things work; This educated guess about the answer to your question is called the hypothesis; The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested in your experiment; In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable";
- 5. What is a Hypothesis? Hypothesis is an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved ; A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work; Most of the time a hypothesis is written as: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."
- 6. A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables. (Kerlinger, 1956) Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable. (Creswell, 1994) Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of f acts and can be tested by further investigation; A hypothesis may be precisely defined as a tentative proposition suggested as a solution to a problem or as an explanation of some phenomenon. (Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh, 1984) Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set offacts and can be tested by further investigation.
- 7. Example Hypotheses • "If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independent variable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is the dependent variable]. • "Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the independent variable] will increase the amount of sugar that dissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent variable]." • "If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the independent variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the dependent variable]." • "If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much water splashes on the rider]."
- 8. Statements expressing the relation between two or more measurable variables. They should carry clear implications for testing the stated relations. Hypothesis needs to be structured before the data-gathering and interpretation phase of the research. A good hypothesis indicates that the researcher has sufficient knowledge in the area to undertake the investigation. The hypothesis gives direction to the collection and interpretation of data.
- 12. A researcher can generate a hypothesis based on: Available information in Scientific theory literature: Review of various sources of information available in scientific theory/literature or researches may enable the present researcher to develop conjectures, which can be put to test; Personal experience of self, and others through biographies and autobiographies can also be the genesis of hypotheses; Available information in general culture;
- 13. Importance of Hypotheses It provides a tentative explanation of phenomena and facilitates the extension of knowledge in an area; It provides direction to the research; It provides a framework for reporting conclusions of the study; It could be considered as the working instrument of theory; It could be tested and shown to be probably supported or not supported;
- 14. Characteristics of Hypothesis It is a statement, which can be tested; It is a statement where, linkages and non-linkages between variables in terms of their relationship, associations differences, prediction are formed; The statements are framed in simple terms where there are no double barrel statement and contradictory statements interwoven; The statements are framed in such a manner, where after testing it, the researcher either accepts it or rejects it; The hypothesis focuses on the investigation and does not allow any deviation;
- 15. Types of Hypotheses Hypothesis Alternative Directional Non- Directional Null
- 16. NULL HYPOTHESIS Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual relationship between variables; (HO or HN) A null hypothesis may read, “There is no difference between…….” ; The final conclusion of the investigator will either retain a null hypothesis or reject a null hypothesis in favor of a alternative hypothesis; Example: “There is no significant difference in the anxiety level of children of High IQ and those of low IQ”; Null Hypothesis is one where, the researcher makes a conjectural statement that the variables under study are disjointed; He/ She does not talk of any relationship between the variables; By so doing, the researcher wishes to explore whether the variables under study have any level and direction of influence on the other or not;
- 17. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: An alternative hypothesis is a statement that suggests a potential outcome that the researcher may expect. It comes from prior literature or studies; The two types of alternative hypothesis are: Directional Hypothesis; Non-directional Hypothesis;
- 18. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS A type of alternative hypothesis that specifies the direction of expected findings; Sometimes directional hypothesis is created to examine the relationship among variables rather than to compare groups; Directional hypothesis may read, “… is more than..”, “…will be lesser..”; Example :“Children with high IQ will exhibit more anxiety than children with low IQ”;
- 19. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS A type of alternative hypothesis in which no definite direction of the expected findings is specified; The researcher may not no what can be predicted from the past literature; It may read, “..there is a difference between..”; Example:“There is a difference in the anxiety level of the children of high IQ and those of low IQ”;