Developing instruments of teacher’s perception of critical thinking in elementary school

Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn)
Vol. 13, No. 4, November 2019, pp. 559~566
ISSN: 2089-9823 DOI: 10.11591/edulearn.v13i4.13232  559
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/EduLearn
Developing instruments of teacher’s perception of critical
thinking in elementary school
Eni Rahmawati1
, Harun2
1
Educational Research and Evaluation, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia
2
Early Childhood Education, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 27, 2019
Revised Aug 25, 2019
Accepted Oct 6, 2019
This study aims to develop the teacher's perceptions of critical thinking in
science learning in elementary schools. The samples in this study were 50
elementary school teachers in Central Java. Selection of samples employed
convenience sampling. The instruments in this study used a modified Likert
Scale. The validity tests used in this research were content validity and
construct validity. Content validity was measured using CVR (Content
Validity Ratio) and construct validity was measured using EFA (Exploratory
Factor Analysis). By using SPSS, reliability estimation was obtained with
the Cronbach Alpha formula 0.83 and it can be stated that the instruments
for evaluating teacher perceptions of critical thinking in science learning
are reliable.
Keywords:
Critical thinking
Elementary school teacher
Instrument development
Perception
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Eni Rahamwati,
Eduational Research and Evaluation,
Yogyakarta State University,
Colombo Road, No 1, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Email: enirahmawati1818.2017@student.uny.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
The 21st century is known as the age of globalization that creates more fundamental changes than
that in the previous age. This century develops rapidly and dynamically throughout the world. The dynamism
of this century affects the upcoming development [1]. One of the most pivotal thing in the 21st century is
critical thinking skills [2]. This opinion is supported by Nugroho's statement [3] that there are things in the
21st century that underlie the area of education which are 4Cs (critical thinking and problem solving,
collaboration, communication, creativity). Critical thinking is included in one of the thinking skills that must
be possessed by the students. The facts in the field show that critical thinking at the basic education level is
not an easy thing [4].
Critical thinking is the center of human intelligence [5]. Critical thinking skills are not possessed by
other living things. Critical thinking skills develop along as the time goes [6]. Critical thinking is active and
organized in mental processes. This skill is able to solve problems using logic [7]. Critical thinking helps
humans in making meaningful decisions [8]. This critical thinking ability is included in the humans’ high
level of cognitive abilities [9].It has a long history from The Plethora of Educational Philosophy Movements
from Socrates. In 1950, critical thinking skill began to be taught in schools and incorporated into school
curricula [10].
Critical thinking skill is a center of cognitive skills that form the basis of the learning process [11].
Components in critical thinking that are still currently used as a standard for students nowadays are behaviors
that reflect the way of thinking, knowledge built based on curiosity, and some skills for applying logic
methods. Critical thinking is one way to solve problems based on logic, opinions, and provide cause and

 ISSN: 2089-9823
J. Edu. & Learn. Vol. 13, No. 4, November 2019 : 559 – 566
560
effect reasons [12]. Critical thinking can be developed – one of them is through habits [13]. Some
perspectives state that critical thinking includes behavior and skills [14].
Critical thinking is an organized skill to analyze and evaluate information, formulate problems
clearly, collect and use relevant information, think openly, and communicate effectively with others. Critical
thinking as the ability to draw conclusions based on observations and provided information [15]. The ability
to think critically includes collecting relevant information, making connections between logic, and checking
the truth of information. Wulandari [16] adds an example of critical thinking skills which is a good ability to
provide explanations, draw conclusions, and be expert in making tactics and strategies. In Bloom's taxonomy,
indicators of critical skill can be seen at the level of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. It is supported by
Maiorana [17] and Kowalczyk et al [18] who define critical thinking as a process of evaluating knowledge in
making the right and effective decisions. It is essential for critical thinking to be instilled since the primary
school [19].
One of the learnings that uses critical thinking skill is science learning. Science is a part of science
that increases the ability to explore [20]. This makes science to be a lesson that should exist in elementary
schools [21]. Science education teaches about logic and critical thinking [22]. Science learning in these
schools is correlated with critical thinking skills [23]. Science learning has a role in the application and
development of student skills [24]. The results showed that critical thinking skills are important skills that
can be developed in the classroom [25]. Research [23] shows that students do not use critical thinking skills
in making decisions in learning science.
Science learning requires the students not only for reading and remembering but also for using skills
about understanding and critical thinking. Science learning becomes one of the important lessons in everyday
life. Natural processes such as natural events, growth and development of living things can be observed in
daily life.
Bailin [26] in his article on Critical thinking and Science Education, states that critical thinking is
connected with learning processes and science learning. This approach emphasizes the importance of the
description of the concept. The results of field observations in five elementary schools in Central Java
Province showed that teachers experienced misconceptions about critical thinking. In addition, students often
experience difficulties in critical thinking which results in unsatisfactory science scores. It shows that the
students' critical thinking skills are low. Thus, this study focused on teacher perceptions of critical thinking.
This research refers to a previous study conducted by Santos [24] entitled "The role of critical
thinking in science education". This research shows that there is a strong relationship between critical
thinking and science learning. The problem occurs when the teachers implemented critical thinking, yet they
experienced critical thinking misconceptions. One of the strategies used is by dialoguing between teachers
and students as well as between students and the pairs. The similarity with this current research is that
both discussing the critical thinking skill. Meanwhile, the difference between this research and Santos’
research [24] is that Santos conducted the study at the university, andwe condicted this study at the
elementary school level.
The renewal in this research is the teacher's perception of critical thinking skills. Misconceptions
about critical thinking skills must be fixed because skill to think critically in the 21st century is a foremost
ability. Critical thinking makes the students able to compete globally. The teacher's perception of critical
thinking is very important because the teacher is an actor in the class.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The type of research was Research and Development (R & D) design. The R & D method will
produce certain products and can also be used to generate products as well as test the effectiveness of a
product [27]. The population in this research were all teachers at the Elementary School level in Central Java
Province. The samples in this research were 50 elementary school teachers in Central Java. Samples were
selected using convenience sampling. In using this sampling technique, researchers chose the samples
because they want and are willing to be studied [28].
An instrument is stated to be good if it meets the requirements of validity and reliability.
A instrument is valid if it can measure what should be measured and provide accurate and reliable results,
and it is reliable if it has consistency of measurement results even though it has been repeatedly tested [29].
The validity test used in this research was content validity. The formula employed to calculate content
validity was the Aiken’s V coefficient which was calculated using numbers 1-5 with the numbers of
raterswere 3 people. The reliability test in this researchused the Cronbach Alpha formula using SPSS.
Data analysis techniques used qualitative analysis with the categorization by Azwar.

J. Edu. & Learn. ISSN: 2089-9823 
Developing instruments of teacher’s perception of critical thinking in elementary school (Eni Rahmawati)
561
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Results
Validity refers to the accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument (test) [30]. Content validity
contains the suitability between what would be measured and the existing instrument. Content validity shows
a process that determines the extent to which a set of test is relevant and represents each domain in which the
test score interpretation will be made [31]. The formula used in calculating content validity was Aiken’s V
coefficient which was calculated by giving numbers 1 to 5 (not representative to very representative).
Below is Aiken's V formula:
V = ∑
𝑠
𝑛 ( 𝑐−1)
[32]
Description:
s : r-lo
n : Number of assessment
lo : Number of assessment of the lowes validity
c : Number of the highest assessment
Categorization of content validity is explained as follows in Table 1. Assessment result of content
validity is displayed in Table 2
Table 1. Categorization of content validity
Category description Explanation
< 0.40 Low
0.4-0.8 Moderate
> 0.80 High
Table 2. Content validity assessment
Number V Category Number V Category Number V Category
1 1 Moderate 11 0,78 Moderate 21 1 High
2 1 Moderate 12 0,89 High 22 1 High
3 1 High 13 0,89 High 23 1 High
4 0,89 High 14 0,89 High 24 1 High
5 0,89 High 15 0,89 High 25 1 High
6 1 High 16 1 High 26 1 High
10 0,78 Moderate 20 0,89 High 30 1 High
Based on the results of the content validity calculation, there are no items that fall down because 30
items had moderate and high category.
Reliable instruments indicate a consistency. If a test has the ability to produce steady measurements,
it does not change if it is used repeatedly on the same target, the same measuring instruments, and the same
procedure; therefore, it can be said that the test is reliable [33]. Reliability test using Alpha Cronbach
formula. In reliability, categorization was done the Kappa value. Kappa values are divided into three
categories according to [34], including in the Table 3.
Table 3. Reliability category
Score category Description
Kappa < 0,4 Poor
Kappa 0,4 - 0,75 Fair
Kappa > 0,75 Excellent
Based on the results of the research that used SPSS, the questionnaire instrument had a reliability of
0.83 and belonged to the special category.
Questionnaires contained 30 statements with 4 categories which were SS (Strongly Agree),
S (Agree), TS (Disagree), STS (Strongly Disagree). Positive statements had scores from the highest to the

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562
lowest which were 4 to 1, while the negative statements were in the opposite. The results of questionnaires
are presented in the Table 4.
Table 4. Teacher’s perception of critical thinking
No Statement
Answer Standard deviation
SS S TS STS
1 Critical thinking is a higher-level thinking 100% - - - 0
2 Critical thinking makes someone like new thing 20% 40% 40% - 0,836
3 People thinking critically has the great curiosity 40% 60% - - 0,547
4 People thinking critically demand the clear and concrete reasons in
answering questions
100% - - - 0
5 People thinking critically are interested at listening to the other people - 60% 40% - 0,547
6 People thinking critically like the questions that need a consideration
than the memorization
40% 40% 20% - 0,836
Table 4 illustrates the teacher's perception of critical thinking consisting of 6 statements.
Table 5 shows the effect of science learning on critical thinking skills. Table 6 shows whether the students
become one of the inhibiting factors in instilling critical thinking skills. Table 7 shows the effect of teacher’s
teaching style on critical thinking skills. This component consists of 6 statements. Table 8 shows external
factors in critical thinking skills.
Table 5. Effect of science learning on critical thinking
No Statement
Answer Standard
deviation
SS S TS STS
1 Practicum activities instill critical thinking attitude of the students - 80% 20% - 0,447
2 Science learning helps the students to train their critical thinking 80% 20% - - 0,447
3 Critical thinking skill helps the students to be more aware of nature signs - 60% 40% - 0,547
4 Science learning does not influence critical thinking skill - - 40% 60% 0,547
5 Scientific attitude is one of the characteristics of prople thinking critically 20% 40% 40% - 0,836
6 Critical thinking skill eases the students to draw the conclusion towards
something
60% 20% 20% - 0,894
Table 6. Students inhibit critical thinking
No Statement
Answer Standard
deviation
SS S TS STS
1 Diligent students usually have better critical thinking skill - - 20% 80% 0,447
2 Students having higher science score tend to have critical thinking skill - 60% 40% - 0,547
3 Students having high critical thinking skill like practicum activities - 60% 40% - 0,547
4 Intelligent students are those who are able to think critically 100% - - - 0
5 Critical thinking skill depends on the age of students 40% 40% 20% - 0,836
6 Each student has different critical thinking skill - 100% - - 0
Table 7. Effect of teaching style on critical thinking skill
No Statement
Answer Standard
deviation
SS S TS STS
1 Learning through practicum helps the students practice their critical
thinking skill
- 60% 40% - 0,547
2 Teacher’s teaching style does not influence students’ critical thinking - - 40% 60% 0,547
3 Assigning independent tasks helps the students practice their critical thinking 40% 40% 20% - 0,836
4 Disussion helps the students practice their critical thinking 40% 60% - - 0,547
5 Using media helps the students practice their critical thinking 40% 60% - - 0,547
6 Student-centered learning helps the students practice their critical thinking - 100% - - 0
Table 8. External factors in critical tinking skill
No Statement
Answer Standard
deviation
SS S TS STS
1 Complete school facilities support critical thinking skill - 60% 40% - 0,547
2 Parents’ attention will help the students practice critical thinking skill 80% 20% - - 0,447
3 Students with critical thinking skill will influence other friends - 40% 20% 40% 0,836
4 School environment influences critical thinking skill 20% 40% 40% - 0,707
5 The longer the students are at school, the more increase their critical thinking - - 40% 60% 0,547
6 Technology-based learning helps the students in critical thinking 20% 60% 20% - 0,707

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563
3.2. Analysis
The instrument developed in this research was in the form of a critical thinking skill assessment
rubric for elementary school students. The results of instrument development are carried out in three
stages below:
a. Define stage
The initial analysis was carried out through interviews with elementary school teachers. Based on
the results of the interview, information was obtained that there were still misconceptions of critical thinking
among elementary school teachers.
b. Design stage
Preparation of the initial prototype of the instrument to be developed was carried out at this stage.
This statement was subsequently referred to as the basis for arranging an assessment rubric that uses a scale
of 4, which are Strongly Agree with a value of 4, Agree to with a value of 3, Disagree with a value of 2, and
Strongly Disagree with a value of 1.
c. Develop stage
At the stage of developing the instrument design, the statement items were then validated by the
instrument expert and the results of the validation were analyzed using the Aiken formula.
The number of statements were 30 items and contents were alidated using a rater. Rater used in this
study was students who are competent in their fields. Raters in this research were as many as 3 people. The
results obtained were then analyzed using construct validity using EFA and reliability using the Cronbach
Alpha formula. After being analyzed using SPSS 17, the results of the analysis are as follows:
The first are KMO and Bartlett Test. The results of the factor analysis of the adequacy of the sample
showed that the chi square value of the Bartlet test was 1489,353 with degrees of freedom (df) 435. The
results showed that the sample size was sufficient to be seen from Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) by which
measure of sampling adequacy was 0.616 that was higher than 0.5. The value of 0,616 shows that the
samples used in this research are complete The complete results can be seen in Table 9.
Table 9. KMO and bartlett’s tes
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .616
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1489.353
df 435
Sig. .000
The second was Anti Image. There is variable analyzed based one anti image table. If observed in
Anti Image Correlation, there appears a number having sign “a”. That sign shows the amount of MSA
(Measures of Sampling Adequacy) of a variable.
Table 10. Anti image correlation
Item
Value of anti
image
correlation
Item
Value of anti
image
correlation
Item
Value of anti
image
correlation
Item
Value of
anti image
correlation
Item
Value of
anti image
correlation
1 0,543 7 0,737 13 0,643 19 0,584 25 0,617
2 0,537 8 0,660 14 0,744 20 0,529 26 0,663
3 0,732 9 0,613 15 0,479 21 0,684 27 0,713
4 0,366 10 0,716 16 0,564 22 0,543 28 0,625
5 0,547 11 0,579 17 0,685 23 0,377 29 0,565
6 0,844 12 0,699 18 0,310 24 0,372 30 0,779
Based on Table 10, it was concluded that out of the 30 items, 5 items are failed. The MSA score of
the dropped variable has a value <0.5 so that it was not analyzed. These points are items 4, 15, 18, 23, 24
hence the remaining 25 items were processed further.
The third are Communalities. Communalities are values that indicate the contribution of those
variables or items to the formed factors, and they can also be interpreted as the amount of variance (in
percentage) of a variable that can be explained by the formed factors. For instance, Item 1 contributes 62.6%
to the factors formed. Item 1 contributed 62.6% to the factors formed. The greater the communalities of a
variable, the more closely related to the factors formed. The values of communalities can be seen in Table 11.

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564
Table 11. Communalities
Item Initial Extraction Item Initial Extraction Item Initial Extraction
Item 00001 1.000 .626 Item 00010 1.000 .671 Item 00019 1.000 .803
Item 00002 1.000 .881 Item 00011 1.000 .940 Item 00020 1.000 .787
Item 00003 1.000 .598 Item 00012 1.000 .920 Item 00021 1.000 .956
Item 00004 1.000 .698 Item 00013 1.000 .836 Item 00022 1.000 .754
Item 00005 1.000 .830 Item 00014 1.000 .772 Item 00023 1.000 .543
Item 00006 1.000 .858 Item 00015 1.000 .811 Item 00024 1.000 .732
Item 00007 1.000 .737 Item 00016 1.000 .714 Item 00025 1.000 .684
Item 00008 1.000 .546 Item 00017 1.000 .901
Item 00009 1.000 .727 Item 00018 1.000 .798
The fourth is Total Variance Expalined. Total Variance Explained shows the number of factors
formed from the items that were analyzed. The total variance if 25 items were extracted into 7 factors was
82.889%. The amount of variance that can be explained by the factors formed was 82.889%, while the
remaining 17.102% was explained by other factors that were not examined.
Table 12. Total variance explained
Component
Initial eigenvalues Extraction sums of squared loadings Rotation sums of squared loadings
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
1 2.599 27.851 27.851 2.599 27.851 27.851 2.070 22.178 22.178
2 1.848 19.806 47.657 1.848 19.806 47.657 1.776 19.029 41.207
3 1.117 11.973 59.630 1.117 11.973 59.630 1.042 11.160 52.367
4 .831 8.899 68.529 .831 8.899 68.529 .874 9.364 61.731
5 .615 6.589 75.118 .615 6.589 75.118 .593 6.358 68.089
6 .403 4.320 79.438 .403 4.320 79.438 .920 9.853 77.942
7 .323 3.460 82.898 .323 3.460 82.898 .462 4.955 82.898
The fifth is Scree Plot. The number of factors contained in the instrument can be seen from the scree
plot. The number of factors is characterized by the drastic graph of eigen values. Factor analysis always
attempts to produce factors that are fewer than the number of variables processed. The approach used to
determine the number of factors obtained in this research was based on eigenvalues, percentage variances,
and scree plots. Scree plot is a plot of eigenvalues for the number of factors extracted. The point where the
scree starts to occur shows the number of the right factors. This point occurs when the scree starts to
look flat. Screeplot pictures explain the relationship between the numbers of factors formed with eigenvalue
in graphical form. The Figure 1. shows 7 factors that are formed: item 1, item 3, item 6, item 7, item 8,
item 9, item 10.
Figure 1. Scree plot

J. Edu. & Learn. ISSN: 2089-9823 
565
Based on the results of the analysis above, it can be concluded that the instrument can be used to
assess critical thinking skills in science learning in elementary schools with 25 positive and negative items.
4. CONCLUSION
The results of the instrument analysis of teachers' perceptions of critical thinking indicate that there
are several indicators and statements that are corrected based on the raters’ suggestions. Of the 7 components
derived based on operational definitions, the writer can develop it into 30 statements and it becomes 25
statements after being analyzed. The results of the quantitative analysis show that Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
Measure of Sampling Adequacy is 0.616 or 61.6% which means that the representation of the sample in the
analysis has met because 0.616> 0.50. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity also shows sig. 0.000 which shows a
significance at 0.05, so it can be concluded that the instruments meet the valid requirements. After factor
analysis was conducted, there are 7 components analyzed. By using SPSS, reliability estimation was obtained
using Cronbach Alpha formula 0.83 and it can be comcluded that the instruments for evaluating teacher’s
perceptions of critical thinking are reliable.
The development of instruments for teachers' perceptions of critical thinking that the authors carried
out remains having any weaknesses. It is expected that the readers will follow the steps in developing the
instrument well. The readers are also expected to pay attention to the compatibility between statements made
with indicators to minimize the statements that are not in accordance with the indicators.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgment of the authors to the beloved almamater of Yogyakarta State University that
provides an opportunity to make this research run well.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Eni Rahmawati is a Educational Research and Evaluation student in Yogyakarta State
Univeristy, Indonesia.
Dr. Harun, M.Pd is Early Childhood Education Lecturer in Yogyakarta State Univeristy,
Indonesia.

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