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Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis

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Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis

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Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis pdf download https://textbookfull.com/product/developing-support-technologies- integrating-multiple-perspectives-to-create-assistance-that- people-really-want-athanasios-karafillidis/ Download more ebook instantly today - get yours now at textbookfull.com
Biosystems & Biorobotics Athanasios Karafillidis RobertWeidner Editors Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want
Biosystems & Biorobotics Volume 23 Series editor Eugenio Guglielmelli, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy e-mail: e.guglielmelli@unicampus.it Editorial Board Dino Accoto, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy Sunil Agrawal, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Fabio Babiloni, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Jose M. Carmena, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Maria Chiara Carrozza, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy Paolo Dario, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy Arturo Forner-Cordero, University of Sao Paolo, São Paulo, Brazil Masakatsu G. Fujie, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Nicolas Garcia, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain Neville Hogan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Hermano Igo Krebs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Dirk Lefeber, Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Rui Loureiro, Middlesex University, London, UK Marko Munih, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Paolo M. Rossini, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy Atsuo Takanishi, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Russell H. Taylor, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Loredana Zollo, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Aims & Scope Biosystems & Biorobotics publishes the latest research developments in three main areas: 1) understanding biological systems from a bioengineering point of view, i.e. the study of biosystems by exploiting engineering methods and tools to unveil their functioning principles and unrivalled performance; 2) design and development of biologically inspired machines and systems to be used for different purposes and in a variety of application contexts. The series welcomes contributions on novel design approaches, methods and tools as well as case studies on specific bioinspired systems; 3) design and developments of nano-, micro-, macrodevices and systems for biomedical applications, i.e. technologies that can improve modern healthcare and welfare by enabling novel solutions for prevention, diagnosis, surgery, prosthetics, rehabilitation and independent living. On one side, the series focuses on recent methods and technologies which allow multiscale, multi-physics, high-resolution analysis and modeling of biological systems. A special emphasis on this side is given to the use of mechatronic and robotic systems as a tool for basic research in biology. On the other side, the series authoritatively reports on current theoretical and experimental challenges and developments related to the “biomechatronic” design of novel biorobotic machines. A special emphasis on this side is given to human-machine interaction and interfacing, and also to the ethical and social implications of this emerging research area, as key challenges for the acceptability and sustainability of biorobotics technology. The main target of the series are engineers interested in biology and medicine, and specifically bioengineers and bioroboticists. Volume published in the series comprise monographs, edited volumes, lecture notes, as well as selected conference proceedings and PhD theses. The series also publishes books purposely devoted to support education in bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomechatronics and biorobotics at graduate and post-graduate levels. About the Cover The cover of the book series Biosystems & Biorobotics features a robotic hand prosthesis. This looks like a natural hand and is ready to be implanted on a human amputee to help them recover their physical capabilities. This picture was chosen to represent a variety of concepts and disciplines: from the understanding of biological systems to biomechatronics, bioinspiration and biomimetics; and from the concept of human-robot and human-machine interaction to the use of robots and, more generally, of engineering techniques for biological research and in healthcare. The picture also points to the social impact of bioengineering research and to its potential for improving human health and the quality of life of all individuals, including those with special needs. The picture was taken during the LIFEHAND experimental trials run at Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (Italy) in 2008. The LIFEHAND project tested the ability of an amputee patient to control the Cyberhand, a robotic prosthesis developed at Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa (Italy), using the tf-LIFE electrodes developed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT, Germany), which were implanted in the patient’s arm. The implanted tf-LIFE electrodes were shown to enable bidirectional communication (from brain to hand and vice versa) between the brain and the Cyberhand. As a result, the patient was able to control complex movements of the prosthesis, while receiving sensory feedback in the form of direct neurostimulation. For more information please visit http://www.biorobotics.it or contact the Series Editor. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10421
Athanasios Karafillidis • Robert Weidner Editors Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want 123
Editors Athanasios Karafillidis Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Robert Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg, Germany and Chair of Production Technology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria ISSN 2195-3562 ISSN 2195-3570 (electronic) Biosystems & Biorobotics ISBN 978-3-030-01835-1 ISBN 978-3-030-01836-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01836-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957639 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgements This book is one of the many outcomes of a project that started in the end of 2014 at Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg. The general objective of the project has been to gather expertise and knowledge for building technical support systems that people really want. This included a particular interest in physical support and the desire to overcome the predominant idea that automation and robotics unavoidably lead to a substitution of human labor. The proposal to fund interdisciplinary competence in the field of human– machine interaction to face demographic change by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) provided an occasion to think different about technology development and its future challenges. In effect, the project smartASSIST was established with the generous support of the BMBF (grant no. 16SV7114). The project executing organization VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH took care of the necessary formal frame and helped to build up a network of collegiate research groups that emerged out of this research grant. The scientific advisors of our project, Klaus Henning and Philine Warnke, provided many helpful comments and encouraged the whole team to flesh out our conceptual and tech- nological ideas. We are particularly indebted to Jens Wulfsberg, who hosts this project in his Laboratory of Manufacturing Technologies (Laboratorium Fertigungstechnik—LaFT), for providing the necessary research environment and for his steady trust in what we do. The idea to publish this volume harks back to the second transdisciplinary conference on “Support Technologies that People Really Want” held at Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg in December 2016. This book is a result of many discussions and exchange that happened during this conference (and beyond). We thank the university for supplying the necessary facilities and in particular the researchers, the staff, and all the other people who helped in one way or another to make it such a wonderful event. The process of compiling the book involves different dynamics, of course. Nothing of this work could have been done without all the authors who committed themselves to contribute to this volume. All of them are exceptional scholars, and we are grateful to have them in this book. v
Andreas Argubi-Wollesen gave helpful comments on the introduction(s) and the last chapter. Also, we appreciate the courage of Springer to publish this uncon- ventional book that spans multiple disciplines and perspectives. Interdisciplinarity depends essentially on finding the right people to build up an exceptional culture of collaboration. This is a substantial experience we made in the course of this project. Therefore, we owe special thanks to Andreas Argubi-Wollesen, Jonas Klabunde, Christine Linnenberg, Bernward Otten, Tim Schubert, and Zhejun Yao of smartASSIST who bring this kind of collaboration to life each day. Finally, we want to thank our families. All the research on support systems would not have been possible without these beautiful sociocultural and biophysical support systems that we both really want. Athanasios Karafillidis Robert Weidner vi Acknowledgements
Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner Part I Demands and Expectations Sociotechnical Assistance Ensembles. Negotiations of Needs and Acceptance of Support Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Peter Biniok Context-Integrating, Practice-Centered Analysis of Needs . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Kristin Paetzold Acceptance Through Adaptation—The Human and Technology in the Philosophical and Scientific-Historical Context of “Sinnfälligkeit”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Kevin Liggieri Biomechanical Analysis: Adapting to Users’ Physiological Preconditions and Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Andreas Argubi-Wollesen and Robert Weidner Mass Survey for Demand Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Alexander Mertens, Katharina Schäfer, Sabine Theis, Christina Bröhl, Peter Rasche and Matthias Wille The Burden of Assistance. A Post-phenomenological Perspective on Technically Assisted World Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Bruno Gransche Part II Constructing and Construing Distinguishing Support Technologies. A General Scheme and Its Application to Exoskeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Robert Weidner and Athanasios Karafillidis vii
On Building Responsible Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Janina Loh (née Sombetzki) Psychological Issues for Developing Systems for Older Users. . . . . . . . . 109 Rebecca Wiczorek Attention Models for Motor Coordination and Resulting Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Bettina Wollesen, Laura L. Bischoff, Johannes Rönnfeldt and Klaus Mattes The Challenge of Being Self-Aware When Building Robots for Everyday Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Andreas Bischof Engineering Collaborative Social Science Toolkits. STS Methods and Concepts as Devices for Interdisciplinary Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Peter Müller and Jan-Hendrik Passoth Part III Forms and Contexts of Deployment Support Technologies for Industrial Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Robert Weidner, Bernward Otten, Andreas Argubi-Wollesen and Zhejun Yao Assistance Systems for Production Machines in the Textile Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Yves-Simon Gloy Interests and Side Effects in the Technicization of Geriatric Care . . . . . 163 Jannis Hergesell and Arne Maibaum Mobile Augmented Reality System for Craftsmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Kathrin Nuelle, Sabrina Bringeland, Svenja Tappe, Barbara Deml and Tobias Ortmaier Comprehensive Heuristic for Research on Assistance Systems in Organizational Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Daniel Houben, Annika Fohn, Mario Löhrer, Andrea Altepost, Arash Rezaey and Yves-Simon Gloy Human Motion Capturing and Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Gabriele Bleser, Bertram Taetz and Paul Lukowicz Soft Robotics. Bio-inspired Antagonistic Stiffening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Agostino Stilli, Kaspar Althoefer and Helge A. Wurdemann viii Contents
Part IV Values and Valuation Musculoskeletal Simulation and Evaluation of Support System Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Jörg Miehling, Alexander Wolf and Sandro Wartzack Space-Game: Domestication of Humanoid Robots and AI by Generating a Cultural Space Model of Intra-action Between Human and Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Oliver Schürer, Christoph Müller, Christoph Hubatschke and Benjamin Stangl ROS-Based Robot Simulation in Human-Robot Collaboration. . . . . . . . 237 Paul Glogowski, Kai Lemmerz, Alfred Hypki and Bernd Kuhlenkötter User Acceptance Evaluation of Wearable Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Christina M. Hein and Tim C. Lueth Extended Model for Ethical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Karsten Weber Legal Responsibility in the Case of Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Susanne Beck Prospects of a Digital Society How Artificial Intelligence Changes the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Klaus Henning Support in Times of Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Contents ix
Contributors Andrea Altepost Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Kaspar Althoefer School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Andreas Argubi-Wollesen Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Susanne Beck Faculty of Law, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Peter Biniok Sociologist, Berlin, Germany Andreas Bischof Junior Research Group “Miteinander”, Media Informatics, University of Technology Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany Laura L. Bischoff Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Gabriele Bleser Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Sabrina Bringeland Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Christina Bröhl Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Barbara Deml Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Annika Fohn Institute for Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany xi
Paul Glogowski Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Yves-Simon Gloy Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Bruno Gransche Institute of Advanced Studies FoKoS, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany Christina M. Hein Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany Klaus Henning IMA/ZLW & IfU, P3 OSTO, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Jannis Hergesell Department of Sociology, DFG Graduate School “Innovation Society Today”, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Daniel Houben Institute for Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Christoph Hubatschke Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Alfred Hypki Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Athanasios Karafillidis Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Bernd Kuhlenkötter Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Kai Lemmerz Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Kevin Liggieri Institute for Philosophy I, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany Janina Loh (née Sombetzki) Department of Philosophy, Philosophy of Technology and Media, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Mario Löhrer Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Tim C. Lueth Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany Paul Lukowicz German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany xii Contributors
Arne Maibaum Department of Sociology, DFG Graduate School “Innovation Society Today”, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Klaus Mattes Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Alexander Mertens Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Jörg Miehling Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Christoph Müller Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Peter Müller Munich Center for Technology in Society/Digital Media Lab, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany Kathrin Nuelle Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Tobias Ortmaier Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Bernward Otten Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Kristin Paetzold Institute for Technical Product Development, University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, Neubiberg, Germany Jan-Hendrik Passoth Munich Center for Technology in Society/Digital Media Lab, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany Peter Rasche Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Arash Rezaey Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Johannes Rönnfeldt Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Katharina Schäfer Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Oliver Schürer Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Benjamin Stangl Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Contributors xiii
Agostino Stilli Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK Bertram Taetz Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Svenja Tappe Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Sabine Theis Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Sandro Wartzack Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Karsten Weber Institute for Social Research and Technology Assessment (IST), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH), Regensburg, Germany Robert Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Chair of Production Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Rebecca Wiczorek Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Matthias Wille Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Alexander Wolf Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Bettina Wollesen Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Helge A. Wurdemann Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK Zhejun Yao Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany xiv Contributors
Introduction Developing. Support. Technologies. Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner The relationship of humans and technology has changed significantly during the last two decades. It has become closer and multiplex—that is, technology has moved closer to the human body and their interconnections have become entangled and diverse. In this vein, technology is envisioned as being able to support or assist human beingsmoreprofoundlythaneverbefore.Thischangehasoccurredincrementallyand is still in progress. It has led to a diversification of possible application areas, a shift in the landscape of innovation projects, and a different perception of technological possibilities in general. The reasons for this change are manifold. Big societal trends like globalization, individualization, disruptive technological innovations, and demographic pressures are no doubt important for explaining the change in human–technology relations. All of them push political agendas and channel research funds. But when it comes to an understanding of these transformations, they only yield a universal interpre- tive frame. The recently enforced closeness and multiplexity of human–technology relations are much better understood when taking into account the expanding con- nectivity, the distribution and increase of computational power, and the plummeting costs of material components and production. Their combination has a high impact on further technological possibilities, but also on the perceptions, needs, and expec- tations related to technology. However, this is still only a part of the story. The shift of the relevant relationships is not only a response to such technical or social pressures outside of innovation projects. It is also an inside job. The myriad micro-processes unfolding in the world’s A. Karafillidis (B) · R. Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany e-mail: karafillidis@hsu-hh.de R. Weidner Chair of Production Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria e-mail: robert.weidner@hsu-hh.de © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner (eds.), Developing Support Technologies, Biosystems & Biorobotics 23, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01836-8_1 1
2 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner engineering laboratories, in thousands of projects, and in the corporations’ research and development departments day by day bring forth different and new relations of humans and technologies. Political claims, technological possibilities, funding interests, scientific progress, legal regulations, cultural images, or market-driven demands no doubt influence them deeply. But societal expectations and demands with regard to technology are themselves profoundly shaped by the very form of organization, the underlying beliefs, and the approaches used in the relevant projects. Thus, the internal reason, as it were, for the observable shift is the advent of a different style of developing technology. This book will argue that the idea of support dwells at the center of this shift. It has spawned technological devices that are conceptualized and built with the explicit intention to serve the needs of individuals at work and in everyday life. The objective of this volume is to expound how this is done in detail and what needs to be considered to be able to proceed in a successful as well as responsible way. Usually, this is considered as the domain of human–machine interaction (HMI). Yet this approach is not equipped to handle the practical, ethical, social, and also technical issues involved. The main lines of this classic program are confined to the interaction of separate units—albeit we are dealing with different forms of entan- glement already that blur habitual boundaries and give rise to hybrid entities. Thus, the crucial difference made by a technology that is expected to support, assist, or help people remains obscure when simply seen through the lens of HMI. In contrast, conceiving any human–machine or human–computer interaction and collaboration as support relation gives way to a new approach that certainly draws on the rich tradition of HMI but advances beyond its limitations. Up to now, discussions about support technologies—from autonomous robots to monitoring systems, wearables, and implants, both in forms of simple tools and complex gadgetry—are preoccupied with engineering issues. It is supposed that if the invented devices are intended to support people, they will do so automatically. This is misleading. No engineering and no design can stipulate the purpose of a device uniquely and unequivocally. A technical invention has to be understood as only one part of a wider support system that also comprises organizational, physical, ethical, legal, and cognitive components. Therefore, the future challenge in research, construction, implementation, and deployment of such systems is twofold. On the one hand, theories and concepts have to be developed accordingly in order to generate fresh, diverse, and surprising perspectives on the relevant problems. On the other hand, newmethods andforms of collaborationandevaluationarerequiredtointegrate and implement these ideas—in other words, to provide the requisite contexts in which they might grow and get the chance to be cherished and become successful. This book brings together scholars from heterogeneous disciplines and research fields like biomechanics, engineering, social science, psychology, law, and philoso- phy to meet this twofold challenge. It integrates both different conceptual perspec- tives and issues of interdisciplinary development in one volume and sometimes even within single chapters. Since it tries to account for the complex and intertwined tech- nical, social, cognitive, and ethical contexts of technology development and design, this volume gives an idea of how responsible research and innovation is currently
Introduction 3 realized in developing support technologies. Strictly speaking, the whole endeavor is not about bringing technology to the people. It is about finding ways to design and evaluate technology in tune with the people so that it finds its way to the them in the course of the process—and vice versa. *** “Developing Support Technologies” is not just some title for this book but rather signifies a research program in a nutshell. The following explanation of the ideas and associations of this title will unfold its main characteristics and substantiate the book’s main purpose as well as some of its contents and contentions. 1 Developing—A New Field, a Form of Design/Construction, and Transdisciplinarity “Developing Support Technologies” has a double meaning that must be considered. On the one hand, “developing” has an active meaning in the sense of bringing tech- nologies forth by designing/constructing, building, and evaluating them. This refers to the setting that there are teams of developers, mostly within departments of profit or non-profit organizations, who work on the implementation of concrete techni- cal solutions for certain specified applications and are preoccupied with managing technical uncertainties [Moh17, Ger15]. On the other hand, “developing” refers to a developing field, a new and therefore necessarily incomplete and sometimes fragile strand of technology and its accompanying societal and organizational uncertainties. This refers to support technologies as a developing area within society in general and engineering in particular [Ois10, Bin17]. The twofold understanding of the title unites the two scientific cultures of engi- neering on the one hand and the social sciences and humanities on the other. Depend- ing on their scientific background, people read the title in one of these two different meanings. The observable division of work between them does also transpire roughly along these lines. Social science and humanities are more focused on the develop- ing field or certain parts of it and ascertain the accompanying structures and their societal embeddings, while engineering pays more attention to finding feasible and reproducible technical principles that lead to viable, reliable, and tangible material results. Although this kind of division of labor and interest with regard to technol- ogy exists, these two groups of disciplines have been getting closer recently since it became obvious that support technologies need to function technically as well as socioculturally. A device that does not work in a technical sense will not be accepted, but a device that triggers fear or requires specialized knowledge or clothing will not “work” either—or will only be accepted under certain conditions or by particular groups. To be sure, this holds for any technology, but the advent of support tech- nologies (also called assistance technologies prematurely) has altered the relevant
4 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner perspectives. The sociocultural embedding of technology has now become explicit. It is not only accounted for in hindsight but before and during development. The social sciences and humanities are now considered as an important part of the development process more frequently—many remaining obstacles notwithstanding [Vis15]. To develop technology proper has been and still is, to be sure, the work of engineers. They conceive, design, construct, test, and improve composite devices, machines, and systems until they meet the defined requirements. But when it comes to support technologies, this classic form of development is expanded. First, the focus on people with their impression on what counts and their expression of demands alters the technical search for suited materials, proper joints, or adequate program- ming and favors quickly adaptable devices and simple, intelligible controls. However, the requisite requirements can not be defined once and for all. They are refined and redefined during development on many levels [Suc07, p. 278]. Second, the sequence of development from conception to implementation is not fixed or linear anymore but supplanted by parallel and circular processes. Classic waterfall models of project management have not disappeared, but they fulfill a different function: They provide a rough orientation and legitimize the approach vis-à-vis third parties, like investors and funding agencies. Yet progress in the actual everyday work of research and devel- opment is not achieved by sticking to some plan. Mixing up the diverse structures and managing their dissonance allows for an organizational responsiveness [Sta09] that is part and parcel of developing support systems. Third, an augmentation of classic development occurs simply because many more diverse people are involved than before—with various disciplinary backgrounds but also without any academic inter- est: especially potential users, corporate groups, businesses, social media publics, and further stakeholders. In short, developing support technologies involve/involves participation, interdis- ciplinarity, and new organizational forms [Bro15]. The true concept for this threefold augmentation of classical development processes is transdisciplinarity: New forms of collaboration have to be found between various scientific disciplines and also between them and potential users, interested citizens, and project partners. To sum up, speaking of developing support technologies entails a double perspective and transdisciplinary approaches to collaboration. 2 Support—Different Forms, Structural Properties, and Antithesis to Substitution The term “support” might sound a little odd in times when most technologies in this vein are labeled as “assistive.” Most of the time these two are used synonymously, but their difference matters. In our conception, support is the generic term. Assistance and help are particular subcategories of support that require distinctive situational structures [Kar17]. Assistance occurs when a task is divided into subtasks and the situationally participating entities, e.g., human individuals and technical devices,
Introduction 5 are assigned different subtasks in a complementary fashion. Think of the assistant of a CEO or the assistant devices built into modern cars as examples of such a complementary form of support. A tool, in contrast, does not “assist” its user. Even just saying it sounds awkward. Yet there is no doubt that a tool provides support. Also, a mother does not “assist” her children but supports or even helps them wherever possible. Whether a gadget assists or helps is negotiable and proves to be crucial for its design and acceptance. An exoskeleton enabling a movement that otherwise would be impossible does not assist the individual but rather helps, because it is granted the control over the activity to constitute the movement after all—when help is understood as a form of support that passes the control of the activity in question to the helping entity. When a different exoskeleton is designed to decrease musculoskeletal stress, it supports an activity that could also be performed without it. In this case, neither exactly “help” nor “assistance” do apply for a proper characterization of the unfolding process. Still, it is providing support. Two general structural properties of support situations (comprising assistance and help) are observer dependence and asymmetric relations. If technology development is attentive to human needs and societal acceptance, it must not ignore that the provi- sion of support lies in the eye of the beholder. This concerns questions about who or what is supporting whom but also whether somebody is assigned support or rather asks for it. Interests, interpretations, and contextual conditions of the observing agen- cies (i.e., individuals, groups, organizations or other social systems, maybe robots) might lead either to a fierce rejection or to a passionate use of the support system. The other point in case is asymmetry. The development of support technologies must be aware that any support introduces some asymmetry between the supporting and the supported unit, which cannot simply be programmed and settled purposefully in advance [Suc07, pp. 268–269]. Which form of asymmetry prevails in the end can only be identified in frequent field tests and painstaking observation of real use cases in the wild. Often, the time factor of development projects thwarts such a thorough investigation. Yet, first steps into this direction can be clearly recognized. The impor- tance of iteration and external feedback for constructing both responsibly according to human demands and successfully with respect to acceptance has already been realized indeed—albeit there is still way to go for a wider acknowledgment. In addition to the distinction of different forms of support and the structural properties of support situations, there is a third significant aspect of the “support” component in the book title. Support is, as it were, the antithesis to substitution. Until recently, the sometimes hidden but mainly overt curriculum and objective of technology development has been automation, that is, the substitution of human workforce by machines. The reasons were economic in most cases, like increased productivity, effectivity, and efficiency but also better product quality, less mistakes, improved ergonomic conditions, and not least, to be sure, honorable ambitions to spare humans doing dangerous, risky, and strenuous work. Many positive effects of automation could be enumerated, and the downsides are also well known [For15, Car14]. It remains a moot point, whether the positive and negative aspects of automation balance each other or not. However, there is an
6 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner intriguing issue that is more constructive in nature than any debates about loss or gain of jobs. It concerns less the paradoxes, glitches, or unintended effects of automation but rather its pragmatic and practical limits. Certainly, there are a lot of engineers and entrepreneurs who expect that someday any task and activity can be automated. Maybe they will be proven right some day, but this is not the case in point at all. The crucial question is, how we should invest our time and resources to find adequate solutions for the limits and problems we currently face. Engineering research in automation remains important and will no doubt con- tinue. But it should not happen in expense of finding solutions that integrate the skills and awareness of humans with suitable technology. It is important to note that this “integration” exceeds the ideas of interaction and collaboration prevailing in automation engineering. Investing in support technologies receives rightly more attention because when it comes to developing new technology, the substitutionalist paradigm has reached certain limits. Many tasks and activities will not be amenable to automation for a long time to come. For example, anybody who has experienced existing robots for elderly care does immediately recognize this. By implication, human beings will remain pivotal for value creation in plants as well as other for- mal organizations. Physical skills and human awareness will become even more important in future value chains. Whatever the hopes projected into some indetermi- nate future: with respect to complex assembly tasks, evaluation, sensorimotor skills, judgment, discretion, the recognition of opportunities, diversity, quick adaptabil- ity, heedful perception of weak signals, or situational awareness human beings will remain indispensable. In short, developing support technologies is/are contingent on a closer inspection of the structural conditions of support and their subtle nuances. Support is the proper answer to the practical limits of automation and to the substitution of human work. To sum up, developing support technologies entails to realize that the creation of value and values as well as the evaluation of situations and opportunities cannot abstain from cognition, that is, both awareness and sensorimotor skills. 3 Technologies—Innovation, Customization, and Modularity Support systems transcend mere technological devices that are devised to assist or support human activities. Yet, the focus on developing support technologies is crucial. Having a techno-material structure available or at least imagining some materially tangible device allows to summon all interested participants effectively [Sta89]. It provides a powerful pretense to think about the sociotechnical design of support systems. Other existing forms of support in society—like neighborhood help, emotional and financial support, or assistive functions in hierarchies—lack this summoning material “thing.” Presumably, this corresponds to the lack of studies that examine the internal structure of support situations more closely. Studies of “social
Introduction 7 support” [Hou88] have been preoccupied with structural conditions and individual effects of providing support and less with the inner functioning and patterning of support situations proper. Considering support from the perspective of technology urges new perspectives on structure and process of support in general. Technologies transcend isolated devices. They involve networks of people, skills, material things, certain knowledge, and particular stances to the world [Mac99]. The technical devices in these networks seem like reliable islands of functioning causality that are intimately integrated in a scaffolding of unreliable components. Thus, the concept of “techno-logy”—and not simply: “technics.” The Greek word logos implies a specific form of reason that accompanies the technics (though not necessarily philosophical reason as a universal). There is always a peculiar logic that pervades technical gadgets and their causal functioning. Next to this “grammar” of technology, there is also a pragmatic knowledge. The term techno-logy indicates that knowledge about construction principles, interaction, and handling is an integral part of its functioning. Finally, technologies are surrounded by a particular wording before, during, and after their development: for example, by justifications and poli- cies, the engineering and design parlance, or the typical marketing vocabulary. In this vein, techno-logy incorporates the syntax, pragmatics, and semantics of a causally constructed material structure that is expected to produce certain determined effects repeatedly and reliably [Ram07, p. 45]. Exactly this societal embedding of technologies also distinguishes mere inven- tions that constantly pop up in laboratories, garages, and institutions on the one hand and durable, accepted, and disseminated structures called innovations on the other [Ram10]. Any path to innovation needs to be paved through the muddy grounds of society. Previously, this has been done unconsciously and in passing. In devel- oping support technologies, this aspect is brought to mind explicitly and allows to account for it from the outset. This is not a guarantee for innovation and success but nonetheless gives new design options and some leverage in a process that has been considered stochastic so far. Technologies are both about products and production. To develop support tech- nologies means to develop products that people and organizations really want. At the same time, it means to develop technologies that are deployed in the production of products and become part of value chains and production processes—not only in the conventional sense of industrial production but also in the unconventional, generic sense of production, which includes the production of services and private DIY production. The switch to the idea of support tightens the intimate connection of these two aspects. One of the most salient effects of the support paradigm is the approaching of the human body by technology [Vis03]. This makes any technical product also acces- sible, deployable, and potentially beneficial for production processes, which are transformed in consequence. From there, new forms of technical products and even innovations can arise. The distant machine hall in which products are produced far removed from everyday life is losing the importance it had since the industrial rev- olution. The German term “Industrie 4.0,” cyber-physical systems, sociotechnical systems, or digitization of production are all expressions of this transformation. Cit-
8 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner izen science, the democratization of production, or the character of the “prosumer” characterize the same issues from the opposite side. The same smart gadgets that are used in daily life are now integrated into organized work processes and production plants. An exoskeleton might help the residents of a nursing home to maintain some autonomy but can also be used by the personnel to manage their work load and reduce physical strain. Theproceeding(mass)customization of products canlikewisebelinkedtotheidea of support. The major response to customization demands is no doubt automation. Today, it is possible to specify the own preferences for a product online and to thereby trigger an automated process in some machine park to produce the desired product that is then automatically packaged and dispatched. Three issues are important in this scenario. First, support technologies need not necessarily operate in the proximity of human individuals. They can be distributed over time and space. Second, support does not necessarily preclude substitution. In the described case the customer is supported to design its own product (within certain limits) while the corporation substitutes human workforce. Third, there are moments in this automated process, for example, quality control, that are difficult to automate. Furthermore, there are also sectors where customization depends completely on human skill, for example, the construction and adaptation of prostheses, many forms of surgery, haircuts, all forms of nursery, or most products of construction industry, especially the completion of the interior. The people involved in such customization procedures are already supported by proper software or (smart as well as classical) tools but there is much more potential, in particular with respect to physical support. A last facet of this unfoldment of the volume title is the necessary plural of “technologies” in connection to support. It should have become clear that support itself cannot be automated. It is the customized product per se because it involves and generates hybrid entities that merge certain activities, human bodies, techni- cal devices, perceptions, norms, and social situations. That is, there will always exist many suitable support solutions for diverse activities and contexts—but also for seemingly identical activities and contexts. The latter points to another crucial engineering challenge in developing support technologies: to achieve adaptability and modularity. Since the hybrid combination of the human body, its perceptional capabilities, and technical equipment has to be considered as unique in every situa- tion, the standardization prospects are disappointing. Support technologies are thus drivers of devising new forms of technical adaptability to bodies, perceptions, and situations with the objective to form one integrated system. This adaptability can also be achieved by inventing modular solutions. Modular- ity, however, also refers to a more intriguing, though very challenging, aspect: the modularity and customization of support that is achieved by coupling different tech- nical systems which in turn requires the construction, standardization, and design of compatible interfaces for different components of support systems. That is, for example, various interfaces for signal and information transfer, energy transmission, physical contact surfaces, or handling and control. Both variability within interfaces and between interfaces are highly relevant.
Introduction 9 In short, support technologies are embedded in a whole apparatus of non-technical components and rely on them to function properly. Innovations come from finding a proper fit between all of these components. To sum up the consequence, developing support technologies pose/poses some challenges for engineering. They compel the profession to rethink the connection of products and production, to reconsider the relation of automation and customization, and to develop adaptable and modular systems as well as relevant interfaces that make them compatible. *** The contributions in this book display the diversity of the people, disciplines, and topics in this field of research. Not all of the above aspects of the presented research program are discussed in this publication. However, the diversity is explicit, and its management is not an easy task. This includes the editing of the book. We selected distinguished scholars that are not only experts in their respective field but who additionally have some experience with participatory and interdisciplinary research projects regarding technology development for support. As editors we had a general concept for the book in mind and targeted the relevant researchers to send us articles treating a particular subfield, presenting subject-specific views on support systems, or reporting about deployment contexts from the perspective of their expertise. The chapters that made it into the book are grouped into four major parts: “De- mands and Expectations,” “Constructing and Construing,” “Forms and Contexts of Deployment,” and “Values and Valuation.” They are followed by two concluding chapters that discuss some prospective further developments of (support) technolo- gies. The four parts represent main clusters of research activities in developing sup- port technologies. They seem to form a sequence, but this is owed to the book format only. More likely, they set up a circular process. Starting with a demand analysis seems natural, but there are already valuations in place or earlier prototypes that lead to certain demands. Furthermore, all of these activities run concurrently in relevant projects and permanently influence each other. This implies that none of these dis- crete yet interfaced “stages” is ever completed as long as the project unfolds. Demand analysis is an ongoing concern in the development of support technologies as are valuation, construction, and deployment. The main ideas framing each subsection and short introductions to the individual chapters are given in brief introductory notes at the beginning of the book parts. Due to the just mentioned circularity and simultaneity of the empirical processes, there are overlaps. Some of the articles could appear in more than one subsection. Yet there are good reasons to arrange them this way. One of the editorial decision premises in this respect has been to demonstrate the multiplicity of perspectives within each research cluster as represented by the subsections of this volume. We have decisively refrainedfrommakingspecialsectionsfor,e.g.,science,engineering,andhumanities. There are no leading disciplines in any of the research areas for developing support technologies. ***
10 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner The papers collected here come from many different disciplines. The volume contains inputs from biomechanics, engineering, information science, philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences—to name only the most generic denominations and sparing the internal specializations. Each of the chapters cherishes its own ter- minology and quirkiness. All of them, however, can also be read by researchers who are not familiar with the subject-specific debates of the disciplines. The language they use is generally intelligible. Despite that, no article is able to deny its origin and background. Such a denial or disguise of disciplines would have been detrimental to the idea of this book. A seminal reference between disciplines is only possible when the difference between them is retained and accepted. Certainly,tosomeextentthisbookdisplaysthepersonal,regional,andinstitutional networks of the editors and their research group. But this Central European bias is not simply accidental. The transdisciplinary research community on technical support systems is actually prevalent in Central Europe. This may be due to research policy decisions or some other factors not yet explored. In the end, it may be just our ignorance. But there is no doubt that an international publication putting the common thread of these multiple perspectives on developing support technologies into focus is overdue. In this respect, this book is also an appeal asking for further international communication and collaboration in this developing research field—and also an appeal to prove us wrong that the form of transdisciplinary research on support technologies as expounded in this introduction is mainly happening in Europe (see, however, [Ois10] and [San14] with similar ambitions). Any further information and suggestions are welcome by the editors as well as all of the contributors. This collection and arrangement of research papers is not the classic “how to” book. It contains reflections and descriptions of the different processes that accom- pany any development of support technologies. Its effect is a change in perspective and this generates, then again, we hope, a plethora of ideas how to approach and implement one’s own projects. Therefore, it is a book of research in two respects. First, it allows to observe and thus research how support technologies are developed; and second, it gives some leverage to do research based on these suggestions and experiences from others. References [Bin17] Biniok, P., & Lettkemann, E. (Eds.). (2017). Assistive Gesellschaft. Multidisziplinäre Erkundungen zur Sozialform “Assistenz”. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. [Bro15] Brown, R. R., Deletic, A., & Wong, T. H. F. (2015). How to catalyse collaboration. Nature, 525, 315–317. [Car14] Carr, N. (2014). The glass cage. How our computers are changing us. New York: W. W. Norton. [For15] Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the robots. Technology and the threat of a jobless future. New York: Basic Books. [Ger15] Gerke, W. (2015). Technische Assistenzsysteme. Vom Industrieroboter zum Roboterassis- tenten. Berlin et al.: Walter de Gruyter.
Introduction 11 [Hou88] House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293–318. [Kar17] Karafillidis, A. (2017) Synchronisierung, Kopplung und Kontrolle in Netzwerken. Zur sozialen Form von (technischer) Unterstützung und Assistenz. In P. Biniok & E. Lettkemann (Eds.), Assistive Gesellschaft (pp. 27–58). Wiesbaden: Springer VS. [Mac99] MacKenzie, D. & Wajcman, J. (Eds.). (1999). The social shaping of technology (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open UP. [Moh17] Mohammed, S., Park, H. W., Park, C. H., Amirat, Y., & Argall, B. (2017). Special issue on assistive and rehabilitation robotics. Autonomous Robots, 41(3), 513–517. [Ois10] Oishi, M. M. K., Mitchell, I. A., & Van der Loos, H. F. M. (Eds.). (2010). Design and use of assistive technologies. Social, technical, ethical, and economic challenges. New York et al.: Springer. [Ram07] Rammert, W. (2007). Technik – Handeln – Wissen. Zu einer pragmatischen Technik- und Sozialtheorie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. [Ram10] Rammert, W. (2010). Die Innovationen der Gesellschaft. In J. Howaldt & H. Jacob- sen (Eds.), Soziale Innovation. Auf dem Weg zu einem postindustriellen Innovationsparadigma (pp. 21–51). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. [San14] Sankai, Y., Suzuki, K., & Hasegawa, Y. (Eds.). (2014). Cybernics. Fusion of human, machine and information systems. Springer Japan. [Sta89] Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–1939. Social Studies of Science, 19, 387–420. [Sta09] Stark, D. (2009). The sense of dissonance. Accounts of worth in economic life. Princeton: Princeton UP. [Suc07] Suchman, L. (2007). Human-machine reconfigurations. Plans and situated actions (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge UP. [Vis03] Viseu, A. (2003). Simulation and augmentation: Issues of wearable computers. Ethics and Information Technology, 5, 17–26. [Vis15] Viseu, A. (2015). Integration of social science into research in crucial. Nature, 525, 291.
Part I Demands and Expectations Technology is pervaded by narratives that justify the effort of their development. A permanent feature of such inevitable narratives is the presentation of technical solutions as responses to some demand or need. This feature is reflected, for example, in the “motivation” of engineers or in the well-known requirement specifications. Yet it makes a difference where the recounted demands come from. Most ideas still emerge out of what is technically feasible and then look for external demands to which they appear as an answer. To be sure, this does not mark a problem per se. Such a technology-driven practice has its own edge. But starting with an analysis of situated and domain-specific demands, no doubt makes a dif- ference—in particular when acceptance is an issue. Developing technical systems in response to demands is the first and crucial step to increase the probability of their acceptance. Demands of potential users and stakeholders can be surveyed by observing people and practices, body movements and task environments, routines and interactions. Various methods exist to get the requisite observations, e.g., diverse interview techniques, experimental setups in the laboratory, participant observation, field tests, or ethnographies. To yield an expedient input for engineering, the gathered data is used to reconstruct the multiple conditions of work and life, in which the contrived technology is to be integrated. Potentials, possibilities, and risks of a support technology entering the users’ worlds can be induced from there. Although demand analysis is rightly understood to mark the beginning of some project, it is also important to realize that it is an ongoing accomplishment. Demands and needs are not stable but shift in time. They change when a prototype comes into play, when technology is utilized or deployed in other contexts, or after it is evaluated and further optimized. All in all, demands—including needs, acceptance, and usability issues—repre- sent the expectations in the relevant field and explain its dynamics. The expecta- tions of stakeholders are heterogeneous and do often differ from those of the prospective users, and both in turn differ from those of the involved journalists, managers, or politicians. Any analysis of demands (and thus acceptance) is
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The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.38% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 79 This poor fellow lost the use of both hands. Of all the punishment inflicted on Colonel Milligan, as he afterward remarked, none was so severe as the agonizing wails of the poor victims, who were punished, in many instances, to gratify the caprice of the commander of the post. The Colonel was found guilty on all the charges, and sentenced to suffer death by hanging. The commission became intoxicated, and published their sentence the same night he was found guilty, but it created little sensation, as the public had been anticipating it. The Colonel remained in the situation we have described, speculating much as to the final result, until the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, when the public clamored loudly for blood. Heavy irons were placed on the prisoners, the guards were doubled, and relieved each other with imposing formality. This continued until the 8th of May, when the sentence was approved by President Johnson. He was ordered to be executed on Friday., the 19th of the same month, between 12 and 3 o'clock. On the 10th, Milligan filed his petition in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana. Nothing further occurred until the 18th, when an order was read to him respiting his execution until the 2d of June, and then it was stated that no further interference with the sentence would take place. The friends of Colonel Milligan exhausted their arguments in endeavoring to persuade him to write to the President for a pardon. But all of no avail. For two weeks he remained in confinement awaiting his doom, passing many otherwise lonely hours but for the company of his little son, twelve years of age, who remained with him. Of his fellow- prisoners, Horsey was humble and Bowles was old. A victim was demanded, and Colonel Milligan was selected. The Indiana delegation in Congress had filed a protest against the interference of the President with the sentence of the court martial. Radical papers in and out of the State, with a few honorable exceptions, teemed with vituperation at the delay. Letter-writers and stump speakers
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.06% accurate 80 -*. '1 E R I C A 1ST B A S T I L E. were impend / in their demands, Pulpit and bar-room orators were eloquent in their appeals for the sacrifice. The populace clamored more and more for blood. Friends who attempted to petition were marked and forced to desist. Jealousy and hate revelled in the anticipated carnival, until friends and foes looked upon the tragedy as a fixed fact. Now retaliation was assuming form, though repressed by prudent counsels. It was seething and surging and growing into an almost irresistible fury, when Governor Morton, knowing that he was the cause of the outrage, and would be held personally responsible, instituted extraordinary measures to counteract his own work. The Governor commissioned Hon. J. W. Petti t to visit the President and protest, in the name of the State, against the execution of the sentence. At 9 o'clock p. m., on the 1st of June, the Colonel was informed that his sentence had been commuted to imprisonment for life, at hard labor, in the Ohio penitentiary. It was a sad night for him. He knew the fate that awaited him when placed in the custody of those who were selected for their cruelty, each of whom felt that he constituted an important portion of the commonwealth, and to him belonged the honor of his conviction. The Colonel had fully weighed the matter, and preferred that the sentence of death should be executed than that he should suffer imprisonment for life. In the event of their execution of the sentence, he had prepared a number of written instructions for the conduct of a suit, under the laws of the State, for his imprisonment and murder ; and, with the skill of a profound practitioner, had written in a clear, smooth hand, as if in his study, an address to be read by himself, on the scaifold, to the people. In this gloomy, forbidding cell, he had been immured from December to June ; and now, the weather being warm, the want of ventilation, together with inhaling the fetid air, which at times sickened him to faintness, caused his health to become so affected that he was reduced to a mere skeleton. During this time he had not seen the light of day, except
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.47% accurate COLONEL L A M B D I N P. MILLIGAN. 81 when taken before the commission ; and to all human appearances, he was within a few hours of that night that knows no morning. It was day without light ; night without hope. "Here no dear glimpse of the sun's lovely face Strikes through the solid darkness of the place ; No dawning morn does her kind red display — One slight, weak beam would here be thought the day; No gentle stars, with their fair gems of light, Offend the tyrannous and unquestion'd night." When the news of the order for commutation was circulated, it was currently reported that General ITovey would disregard it and have the sentence executed. Much excitement prevailed in the city. Colonel Gardiner, who was in command of the post, to prevent a collision, set out with Colonel Milligan and his companions, in the morning, before it was fairly light, under a strong guard, to the penitentiary. Here the Colonel and his fellow-prisoners were placed under the control of a modern Simon, as cruel a wretch as ever inflicted punishment on man or brute. The felon's garb was put upon them, and the Colonel placed in a room over an oven, in which files were tempered in liquid lead. The exhalations from the smouldering charcoal were diffused throughout this room, and made it notoriously unhealthy. Every one who had occupied it for any length of time had lost his life. The Colonel could not endure it long. He was taken sick and conveyed to the hospital, where he remained many days very ill. During the first two weeks of his confinement here, and while he was able to work, almost every fine evening he was exhibited to curious visitors. This prison is constructed of heavy masonry, with a building within of the same material, upon which the sun never shines. The inner building is situated in the centre of the prison, with a hall on each side. It is divided into cells, of which there are five tiers. The cells are about three feet n ide, six and a half long, and six feet high. They all open into this closed hall. The second cell, occupied by the Colonel, was on the ground-floor on the north side, and so damp
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.71% accurate 82 AMERICAN BAST I LE. that the straw in his bed would not rattle, and the hay in his pillow was equally as bad. A thousand men were confined in these cells, all breathing the air that circulated in the halls, and which was poisoned by the noxious exhalations of men afflicted Avith all kinds of diseases. "While confined in this prison. Colonel Milligan contracted a cold, from the effects of which he became deaf and lost the sense of smell. He was so bad that he could neither hear the ringing; of bells nor smell assafcetida. The most disgusting part of this prison was the diningroom. The prisoners were frequently fed on hash for breakfast. This was made by taking the refuse scraps of meat, and putting them, together with onions and potatoes, in a large mill, and grinding them into hash. This mash was then placed on a table, where it was allowed to remain over night, food for the rats that swarmed the prison. To this room the prisoners were taken for breakfast, when they found the food covered with flies and vermin. The room being poorly ventilated, the stench arising from this semiputrid meat was almost intolerable, and many of the prisoners turned away from the loathsome mass, unable, even with the cravings of hunger, to endure it. After Colonel Milligan's sentence had been approved, and ordered to be carried into execution, he, through his counsel, sued out a writ of habeas corpus. General Hovey declared he would disregard it. The judges of the Circuit Court of Indiana were divided, and the case was certified to the Supreme Court of the United States in banco. After he had suffered several months of imprisonment, and the time for hearing his case was approaching, endeavors were made by some parties to stay the proceedings, as his case was the only one before the court embodying the legality of a " military commission " to try a civilian where the civil courts were unobstructed and in full force. Numerous persons, alleging that they had been to Washington, and knew the state of feeling pervading society, endeavored to persuade him to withdraw the suit from the Supreme Court, and no difficulty
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.40% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAIST. bd would be experienced in getting a pardon from the President. To all such otters he answered emphatically, " JSTo." Colonel Milligan had not forgotten the reply of the President to his counsel, Mr. Coffroth, when the latter asked a commutation or a respite of the sentence, until the case could be heard in the Supreme Court, to wit : " What ! the very fact of the prisoner resorting to the court upon a technical question of jurisdiction is a confession of his guilt " and, assigning that aa his reason, refused the application. About the time the court was expected to decide the case, a member of the Ohio Legislature sought, through the warden, an introduction to the Colonel. lie assured the prisoner that the court would sustain the authority of the "military commission;" that the war was then over, and with it had passed away all that animosity of feeling engendered by it ; that it was the desire of the party in power to obliterate all remembrances of the difference of opinion, as far as possible ; that the Administration desired to grant a full and free pardon to all ; but that this could not be done without the Administration should first be solicited to do so, and especially while Colonel Milligan was pressing his claim before the court ; that a ruling in his favor would be not only a direct condemnation of the whole policy of the President, but of the Government ; that the peace of the country required that " bygones should be bygones," and that all had suffered excitement to engender feelings that had better be forgotten. Colonel Bowles, who was sick and suffering from the experiments of an ignorant empiric, and was very weak, both physically and mentally, yielded to the importunities which environed him, and gave an order to. dismiss his case, but his counsel disregarded his instructions. At length the case came up for argument in the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. J. D. McDonald, Mr. J. S. Black, Mr. J. K Garfield, und Mr. David Dudley Field, of counsel for the petitioner, hambdin P. Milligan. Mr. Speed, Attorney-General United States ; Mr. Stanberry
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.90% accurate 84 AMERICAN BASTILE. and Mr. B. F. Butler, special counsel of the United States, contra. The case was most ably and elaborately argued on both sides. The argument of the Hon. J. S. Black was one of the most able, eloquent, and erudite forensic efforts that has been made in this or any other country. Mr. Justice Davis delivered the opinion of the court. Among the fourteen points enumerated in the syllabus of the case as decided, were: 1st. " Military commissions, organized during the late civil war, in a state not invaded and not engaged in rebellion, in which the Federal courts were open, and in the proper and unobstructed exercise of their judicial functions, had no jurisdiction to try, convict, or sentence, for any criminal offence, a citizen who was neither a resident of a rebellious State, nor a prisoner of war, nor a person not in the military or naval service." And Congress could not invest them with any such power. Id. " The guarantee of trial by jury, contained in the Constitution, was intended for a state of war as well as a state of peace, and is equally binding upon rulers and people, at all times and under all circumstances." 3c?. " The Federal authority having been unopposed in the State of Indiana, and the Federal courts open for the trial of offences and the redress of grievances, the usages of war could not, under the Constitution, afford any sanction for the trial there of a citizen in civil life, not connected with the military or naval service, by a military tribunal, or for any offence whatever." Mil. " Neither the President, nor Congress, nor the Judiciary can disturb any one of the safeguards of civil liberty incorporated into the Constitution, except so far as the right is given to suspend, in certain cases, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus." bth. " A citizen, not connected with the military service, and resident in a State where the courts are all open, and in the proper exercise of their jurisdiction, cannot, even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended, be
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.81% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 85 tried, convicted, or sentenced otherwise than by the ordinary courts of law." 6th. " Suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus does not suspend the writ itself. The writ issues, as a matter of course, and, on its return, the court decides whether the applicant is denied the right of proceeding any further." 1th. "A person who is a resident of a loyal State, where he was arrested, who was never a resident in any State engaged in rebellion, nor connected with the military or naval service, cannot be regarded as a prisoner of war." This decision struck the shackles from Colonel Milligan, and he was free — free from the grasp of tyrants — free from arbitrary power — free from fiendish sycophants. MARY E. SURRATT. In this connection, while it is fresh in the minds of the people, we briefly refer — as it does not properly enter into the subject of our history — to the arrest, trial, and execution of Mary E. Surratt, of the city of Washington, and the Federal capital of the United States, by a military commission. This lady was regarded as one of the accomplices of the conspirators who assassinated President Lincoln. She was arrested and tried by a military commission, composed as follows, under the following orders : "War Department, Adjutant- General's Office, May 9th, 1865. Special Orders, N"o. 216. Tar. 91. — The commission will be composed as follows: Major-Gen. David Hunter, U. S. Volunteers. Major-Gen. Lewis Wallace, U. S. Volunteers. Brevet Major-Gen. August V. Kautz, IT. S. Volunteers. Brig.-Gen. Albion P. Howe, U. S. Volunteers. Brig.-Gen. Robt. S. Foster, U. S. Volunteers. Brevet Brig.-Gen. Jasv A. Ekin, U. S. Volunteers.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.86% accurate 86 AMERICAN BASTIIE. Brig.-Gen. T. M. Harris, XI. S. Volunteers. Brevet Col. C. II. Tomkins, U. S. Army. Lieut. -Col. David R. Cleridenin, Eighth. Illinois Cavalry. Brig.-Gen. Jos. Holt, Judge Advocate. By order of the President of the United States. (Signed) E. D. TOWNSEKD, Assistant Adjutant General. The trial, conviction and execution of Mrs. Surratt. by a military commission were regarded by lawyers generally, and the people who were not prejudiced by partisan feelings, as illegal and wrong, and the evidence adduced as insufficient to convict her of actual participation in the crime. Popular opinion was opposed to her execution, and since the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Milligan case has been announced, the public sentiment of those entitled to respect is unanimous in the belief that her execution was a political as well as extra-judicial murder. Her execution is a foul blot in American history, and will always remain a stigma upon the character of those who were instrumental in accomplishing the work. Colonel Bowles reflected severely on Colonel Milligan for refusing to agree to a dismissal of the case. The Colonel replied that he " spurned the President's pardon, and that he was not a fit subject for a pardon, that he had done nothin°; that he would not do ao;ain, and that the President should ask his pardon for the violation of law by approving a false finding of an illegal body." Though sufi'erino; from disease and confinement in a loathly o some, pestilential hospital, overworked, and now fed on bread and meat with a decoction called coffee, sweetened with sorghum molasses, and shut out from the world, he boldly battled for his rights, and held before that august tribunal a question which involved the liberties of millions of people. Upon receiving information of the decision of the court denying the jurisdiction of the military commission to try
The text on this page is estimated to be only 24.55% accurate COLONEL LAHBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 87 civilians — a decision that enthroned the law and snatched the sceptre from the grasp of the mailed tyrant of military despotism, and brought gladness to the numerous friends of constitutional liberty — the Colonel wrote a note to the warden, calling attention to the fact, and requesting him to inform himself of his duty, and that his duty and the Colonel's wishes tended in the same direction, lie then seut for a friend to learn the name of a notary, and also what judge was accessible. Before the notary arrived, Mr. Cotfroth reached the city, and had a writ of habeas corpus sued out and the Colonel discharged, after an baprisonment of eighteen months. It was now evening. Mr. Coti'roth also had a writ sued out for Colonel Bowles and Mr. Horsey, but, before it could be served, an order came from the President directing the warden to discharge all the prisoners. After receiving many friends at the Xeil House, during the evening and the next morning, he started at noon, April 12th, 18Gd, for home, without any intimation of the joyful reception that awaited him, which we copy from the papers of the day. "The return of Colonel L. P. Milligan to his home, on last Thursday morning, was the occasion of a demonstration, on the part of his friends and neighbors, to which all history furnishes but one parallel, that is, the ovation of welcome which greeted the immortal Demosthenes upon his return to Piraeus, from his exile at Megara. As the great Athenian was received, upon his arrival in that city, by its magistrates and dignitaries and citizens, so was our illustrious fellow-citizen received by the Mayor, the Common Council, and all the citizens, with the utmost manifestation of affection and joy, blended with sorrow and indignation at the flagitious wrongs and cruel persecution to which he had been subjected during the last eighteen months. Colonel Milligan was released, as we stated last week, upon a writ of habeas corpus sued out by his attorney, Hon. J. R. Cofrroth, who had gone to Columbus for that purpose. He was set at liberty on the afternoon of last Tuesday, and on the evening of that day we received a
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.71% accurate 88 AMERICAN BASTILE. message to that effect. "We issued an extra immediately, which was distributed the next day ; but far in advance of the extra, the gratifying news spread, as on the wings of the wind, in all directions, and occasioned universal joy. On Wednesday evening, a party of gentlemen, who had been chosen by Colonel Milligan last May to receive his remains in the event of his execution, went to Peru for the purpose of escorting him home. This party consisted of Messrs. Charles H. Lewis, John Roche, Samuel F. Day, John Zeigler, and Rev. R. A. Curran. Mr. Geo. R. Corlew was also of the party, but he had accompanied Mr. Coffroth to Columbus. Messrs. Milligan, Coffroth, and Corlew arrived at Peru at a late hour, on Wednesday night: notwithstanding this, cannon were fired and other demonstrations of joy made. Despotism had succumbed to Constitutional Law, and its victim was free ! There was cause for rejoicing. " Thursday morning, at Huntington, was ushered in by the roar of cannon, and at a very early hour the people began to flock in from every direction, to welcome their distinguished fellow-citizen to his old home. Every adjacent county was duly represented in this grand spontaneous ovation. Every point where the intelligence had reached that Colonel M. would be home ' on Thursday ' was represented, and all were burning with a desire to see him, to welcome him, and to assure him of their sympathy and friendship. The train from the west, conveying the party, moved up to the station amid the waving of handkerchiefs and hats, the wildest acclamation of the immense concourse, the music of the brass bands, and the loud thunder of cannon. The appearance of the tall and dignified form of Colonel M. on the platform was greeted with a fresh burst of enthusiasm, and a simultaneous movement of the throng was made to grasp him by the hand. W^hen his manly, graceful, but emaciated form, upon whose features it appeared that every ' god had set his seal to give assurance of a maw,' became recognized, as it was by all who had met him before, and
instinctively by those who had not. there would have been a cheer that would
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.51% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 89 have made the welkin ring, but the hearts of all were too full to give utterance to any voice, either of joy or sorrow. Mr. CotiVoth formally introduced Colonel Milligan in a few neat and appropriate remarks. " lion. Wm. C. Kocher, Mayor, surrounded by the Common Council, and in behalf of the town, then delivered a beautiful and impressive address of welcome. He said : '"Colonel Milligan: In behalf of your fellow- citizens of Huntington, and I may say in behalf of this large assembly of people collected together from the surrounding country, I bid you a welcome once more to your home, to mingle with your family and these people, who have so long and so well known you, and who have long since looked upon you as a man of eminent legal ability, a statesman, and one who has ever been true to the Constitution and laws of the country. On the 5th of October, 1864, while at home, surrounded by the family you loved, lying prostrate upon a bed of affliction, at the dark hour of midnight you were ruthlessly dragged away from family and friends, and conveyed to a political Bastile, where you were confined for months, without any accusation made against you. Charges were then preferred for what? Treason! Treason to what? Treason not against the Government, but that you did not support the Administration, whose principles were not in accordance with the plain and broad teachings of the Constitution of your country. Tried by a mock court, principally composed of drunkards — men who were not familiar with the first principles of law — you were condemned to be hanged until you were dead — dead ! Through the influence of friends your sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. You were conveyed in irons to the Ohio penitentiary, where for a long time you occupied a cell dedicated alone to felons. Your case was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. After long and laborious arguments of the most eminent counsel of the country, a Republican court decided that you had been illegally condemned and sentenced. " ' To-day, your fellow-citizens at home, and all good citizens
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.03% accurate 90 AMERICAN BASTILE. throughout the land, look upon your arrest and imprisonment as an outrage upon American liberty, a dark spot upon the pages of American history. You come home to- day honored and beloved. You come to enjoy the society of friends and neighbors. You come home to obey the Constitution and laws, as you have done during your entire life. This large assembly of your fellow-citizens bears me witness of the fact. While they look upon you to-day, their hearts are filled with emotions of joy, that you are once more among them, enjoying your liberty, and the society of family and friends. " ' They know that your actions and your sentiments in the past will be a guarantee for the future. Therefore they know you, they trust you. In their behalf, again I say, thrice welcome, Colonel Milligan.' " Colonel Milligan's response was particularly happy. Though his voice was weak, and the occasion one requiring much self-control, yet he did infinite credit to himself in all respects. He responded as follows : "'Mr. Mayor: Friends and neighbors, and such I know you are, did my sense of propriety call for an extended response to so imposing a reception, I have neither the physical nor mental ability to give it; but, overcome by the spontaneous enthusiasm of tbe occasion, the acclamations of gladness that greet me, the tears of joy that flow from the thousands around me fill my bosom with emotions that have no utterance, and I can only thank you for so proud a testimonial. I prize it because it comes from you, my' neighbors, with whom I have spent the best energies of my life, and from whom I never concealed the most secret aspirations of ny heart. I value it more because it is not the addled pageant of a giddy multitude tendered to a great name, whose success may have lent dignity to crime ; but it is the untutored expression of your conviction that I never wronged my country or my fellow-man ; nor did those who clamored loudest for my oppression ever suspect me of any wrong. I thank you, and accept it as an approval of my life as a citi 
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.49% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN". 91 zen and neighbor, and a proof that it n not the acts or words of others that can degrade a man, but that each must stand upon the basis of his own manhood. " ' What revolutions in government or society have intervened since my seclusion I know not ; but I am, and always have been, opposed to revolutions, believing that seldom, if ever, have their fruits equalled their cost in treasure, blood, and moral retrogression. I thank you, friends and neighbors, for this glowing tribute of esteem, and I would be the more happy recipient of it if I was sure that, through the ordeal which I have just passed, my deportment was worthy of so flattering a token. Your kindness has imposed upon me obligations that I will never be able to discharge, and must remain unrequited ; but to live among you, and commingling, as heretofore, our efforts for the promotion of the interests of our country and the happiness of our race, is the highest ambition of my heart. My friends, I must leave you. There is one I have not yet seen, who has wept most for my misfortunes, but, I hope and trust, will never have occasion to blush for any act of mine, and whose claims to my presence I cannot resist. Thanking you again, please excuse any further remarks.' " Colonel Milligan then retired. A carriage was in waiting, in which were seated the committee above named, who had been appointed by the Colonel to bring home his remains. They escorted him to his residence, about a mile from the court-house, followed by hundreds. There was a perfect jam at his house from that until late at night. In the streets, from his residence to ine great meeting, there was a grand double procession marching and counter-marching. " The public meeting was kept up all the afternoon, and until late in the evening. Speeches were made by distinguished men from all parts of the country, who had assembled to welcome the Colonel to his home. Resolutions of respect and sympathy were passed, and his house was thronged for many days with persons oftering testimonials of respect."
REV. K J. STEWART. A CONSTITUTION may be set aside by the political necessities of men in power ; houses and towns may be destroyed under military necessity, and vested rights may be disregarded by men who seek to gain or maintain empire for the public good. But no cause can ultimately succeed, whose leaders openly disregard the rights of the Church, and trample upon the persons of innocent and helpless men, women, and children, whose only fault is that they cannot agree with them in devastating homes and subverting their government. Men, therefore, who were loyal to the United States Government during the Avar, but at the same time desired to be loyal to the great interests of religion, and to the interests of our common humanity, must be vexed, if not fearful of divine retribution, as they discover, if such persons can ever venture to read, what history must reveal. In the fall of 1861, the first year of the war, Rev. K. J. Stewart, a clergyman of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Alexandria, Va., was rudely interrupted while at the altar of the church, on the Lord's day, and in the act of offering up prayers for all Christian rulers and magistrates, by a detail of armed men, under the command of a captain, lieutenant, and sergeant, by the direct authority of the Government of the United States, under circumstances of peculiar sacrilege, tyranny, and shame. The alleged ground of the arrest was that he refused to pray for the President of the United States. The true object was to intimidate and compel the clergy of the Border States to withdraw the support and consolation of the Christian religion from a stricken people, who 92
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.40% accurate EEV. K. J. STEWART. 93 lied to it as their only hope, and who used it to strengthen themselves to great endurance. It will be seen that the whole matter was planned at Wash ington, by the head of the State Department ; that it was executed by agents selected with reference to the moral degradation of the work, and that it was done deliberately ; that the Government refused to repudiate the act, and that the time, mode, and sequel were a refinement upon the atrocities perpetrated on religion in the reign of the bloody Mary. Nor has any apology ever been made, or any reparation offered. A quiet and peaceful minister of the Gospel was arrested without cause, condemned without trial, his church closed, and subsequently polluted and ruined — the people scattered and shut out from public worship, and he driven forth a homeless wanderer. And all this without the shadow of military necessity or political obstruction. For the clergyman had not refused to use the forms of prayer prescribed in any and all places where he sojourned ; and the people had been so often arrested in their beds at night, that they were as a flock of timid sheep, unarmed, and incapable of resistance, who crowded together in their fold, the temple of God, to worship Him and seek protection from those who, with a refinement of cruelty, came upon them almost every night, burned their houses, and took away to prison men, women, and children. It was indeed a reign of terror. No man was safe, no place, or sanctuary, or conduct was secure. Laws were set aside ; rank, character, and religious principles only invited ridicule, insult, or hatred. Few found themselves so secure as to be safe in asking justice for a fellow- citizen, and none thought of mercy to the imprudent. It was one of those solemn occasions when even the most hardened men are subdued. The priest was about celebrating the supper of our blessed Lord — the silent but eloquent emblems of love were upon the altar. In order to avoid any embarrassment or misunderstanding in the conduct of the services, the priest had written to the 'Department
94 A51EEICAN BASTILE. and explained his exact position, (lie was personally known to more than one of the heads of the Departments.) The gentlemanly officer in charge as military governor of the district had heen invited to be present and inspect the services, which he reported to the Government as unexceptionable, except in the private feelings of the people and the non-committal nature of the prayers. The priest had taken the additional precaution to explain from the desk, that while the prayer appointed to be used for the President of the Confederate States was voluntarily omitted, being an American citizen, he could not allow the State to dictate to the Church what petition should be asked of the Great King. That it would be better to die than to allow the Church to be used as a political tool. In order to avoid the possibility of mistake, an old sermon had been preached ; but it alluded to the historical fact that all our most precious things were " blood-bought," as was that salvation now about to be commemorated. But while these people were thus seeking strength in and from our blessed Lord, in their eucharistic feast, that they might the more constantly subdue their excited passions and yield due obedience to the stern powers that were over them, two emissaries of that very Government were engaged in noting down from the distant galleries such words as might justify meditated outrage. Captain. " All -precious things are ' blood-bought ; ' that means that freedom is blood-bought ; it means the Magna Charta is blood-bought ; it is aimed' at the President' 's proclamation. Write it down as treason. Damn the priests! I intend to make them preach and pray my way. We '11 see which has the longest sword, their master, or ours!" Government agent. "If I break this fellow down, all the rest will cave in." It was then arranged that they should return and report, to the head of the State Department at Washington : that they should come back to church on the next Sunday; that the most desperate characters should be selected, armed,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.22% accurate EEV. K. J. STEWART, 95 and brought to church ; and that in the midst of public worship this armed hand should surround the minister while in the very act of presenting the request of the people to his God, and, by presenting sabres and revolvers at his breast, they would compel him to say such prayers as they should dictate. This was carried out to a fuller extent than they contemplated. The high official who had authority from the State Department to set aside all laws, and arrest any one, even the general in command, stood before the altar of God and demanded of his ambassador to pervert the power of religion to the purposes of political jurisprudence, and pray at hia dictation. The officers and men formed around the altar The minister calmly continued: "From all evil and mischief ; from all sedition, privy conspiracy— The people. " Good Lord, deliver us." Minister. " Bless all Christian rulers and magistrates, and give them grace to execute justice and maintain truth." Government officer. " You are a traitor ! in the name and by the authority of the President of the United States, I arrest you!" The minister, finding, in the indescribable confusion which had ensued, that his friends were likely to become involved in trouble, (for men, whose ideas of religious toleration were American, were becoming mad by oppression,) slowly arose, (but not until an officer had wrested the holy book from his hands, and dashed it on the floor,) and facing the chief officer, said, (as if remembering his Master's words,) " ' Let these go, take me ;' but before I yield myself up to you, I summon you to appear before the bar of the King of kings, to answer the charge of interrupting his ambassador, while in the house of God, and, in the discharge of his duty." Conscious-stricken, the whole band fell back, and one of them remonstrated at the proceedings ; but the order was given, and two sergeants, with drawn revolvers, had the honor of escorting a surpliced priest to prison, through the streets of the city. There were attendant circumstances,
96 AMERICAN BASTILE. such as the dragging through the streets young and delicate females of his family and friends, persons whose rank, sex, and tenderness of years should have shielded them from the brutal gaze of the street mobs : circumstances which were enough to make wise men mad. And this was on the Lord's day, and under the precincts of the seat of Government. General Montgomery said to them : " What ! could you not come on a week-day ? Could you not have had some sort of investigation or trial f Could you not have consulted me 9" They replied, that they acted with the knowledge and under the direct orders of Government. Upon inquiry, this was found to be a fact. The newspaper that published a statement of the facta was destroyed and its office burned. The type of a religious journal, the "Southern Churchman," was burned, and the enormities that ensued exceeded those perpetrated upon peaceable Christian communities by the Mohammedans. They drove the minister from his home, and after revenging himself by ministering to the soldiers who had oppressed him, upon the field of battle, in the prisons, etc., binding up their wounds, and administering to them the consolations of religion in the hour of death, and after having the satisfaction of holding back the soldiers of the Confederate States from interrupting another minister, when praying for President Lincoln, he awaits the grand conclusion of these things. It is said that a stranger, who was present on the occasion of this sacrilege, observed, "If the men engaged in this affair do not all meet with some signed judgment of the Almighty, I shall begin to question the truth of religion ! " Rev. Mr. Stewart is now located at Spotswood, ±Tew Jersey, is a faithful servant in the cause of Christ, and is the author of "Commentaries on Revelation," and other religious works.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.41% accurate MRS. MARY B. MORRIS. niHE subject of this narrative, Mrs. Mary B. Morris, suf■*- fered, perhaps, as great indignities, and was subjected to as much cruel and barbarous treatment as any other persou incarcerated in the Bastiles of the country during the war. This lady, whose noble nature is overflowing with the milk of human kindness, was born in Kentucky, and reared beneath a Southern sky. Having removed to Chicago, some ten or twelve years before the breaking out of the war, with her husband, Hon. B. S. Morris, who was a staunch supporter and able leader of the Whig party in the State of Illinois, and who looked upon secession as being wholly wrong, it was natural that she should entertain the same views. But it was equally natural that, when the war actually commenced, and the tread of hostile armies was pressing the soil that gave her birth, her sympathies should be enlisted in behalf of those who were near and dear to her by the ties of consanguinity and friendship — that her prayers should go» up to the God of the Universe, supplicating Him to protect and defend them. That her sympathies were thus enlisted, that her prayers were of this character, was but natural, no one will deny. The war progressed, fearful and bloody battles were fought, and, as one of the common results of the war, prisoners were captured. And as, at the commencement, there was no cartel for the exchange of prisoners between the North and South, the prisoners on each side were kept in confinement, at different points where prisons Avere located, for their safe keeping. One of these prisons was located at Chicago, and known as Camp Douglas. It was here that Mrs. Morris commenced the ministrations 7 97
98 AMERICAN BASTILE. of kindness and love toward those unfortunate men who had been captured in battling for the lost cause. Many of these men arrived at the prison in the most destitute condition, some sick, some wounded, all nearly naked, the blood marking the tracks of their shoeless feet. Their suffering condition drew forth the sympathies of women born in the North, and it is but natural that those who had friends and relatives among them should endeavor to relieve their wants, and engage in the merciful mission of providing for them clothing, to protect them from the chilling winter winds, and in furnishing medicines and proper food for the sick and wou tided in a strange land. Seeing her friends and relatives thus circumstanced, the generous heart of Mrs. Morris was roused to action, and she immediately set about devising plans whereby she could at once ameliorate their sad condition. She applied to the commandant of the prison for permission to visit the hospitals, and, after numerous entreaties and appeals, she obtained it. From morn till eve did she sit by the bedside of the sick and dying, supplying the place of mothers far away. She took with her nice little dainties, that she knew so well were needed in sickness. Bed-clothing she furnished in large quantities, to make them comfortable. But not only did she administer to the wants of the sick : she also took upon herself the duty of furnishing them well with clothing, of which all were scantily supplied ; and so assiduously did she apply herself to the work, that in a short time she saw all of those poor fellows warmly clad. The war went on, the strife grew deadlier, the breach wider, battles were more frequent and fierce, the worst passions of men were stirred up, and as all things grew worse, so the treatment of prisoners of war. Camp Douglas had a change of commandants — one that was not at all advantageous to the prisoners. An officer was placed in command who rejoiced over the death of any and all Rebels, and did everything that he could to render the prisoners under his
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.17% accurate MRS. MARY B. MORRIS. 99 control more miserable than they were before. One of his acts was to prohibit Mrs. Morris from visiting the camp. This was the severest blow that he could have inflicted upon the unfortunate prisoners, and their sufferings were greatly increased. Still she did all that she could, notwithstanding she was thus debarred from visiting the prison. She sent in food and clothing, but alas ! the most of it was appropriated by the officers in charge. This privilege of sending in food and clothing was, however, soon denied her, and hence the charitable offices and humane labors wrhich this lady had so arduously and constantly performed were brought to an end. She had done all that she could, or was allowed to do, in this humane work. What she did, was done with the full knowledge and consent of those in command of the prison, with the exception, that on a few occasions, she furnished money to escaped prisoners to enable them to get to Canada. These were mere boys, who, upon their arrival in Canada, were placed at school, and there kept until the close of the war. So that, instead of working against the Government, she actually did it a service. We give this brief statement of facts in order to show the malignity of the Government in the arrest and imprisonment of this estimable lady. In November, 1864, the vindictiveness of the party in power was at its highest pitch, and all who dared to differ from it became the recipients of a relentless persecution. The Hon. B. S. Morris was one of this class, although obeying the laws of his country, and doing nothing but what the Constitution guaranteed him the right to do. ' At midnight his house was surrounded by armed soldiers. He was ordered to open his doors, when fifty soldiers, wearing the uniform of the United States, marched in, seized and dragged him off to prison. This was the commencement of the cruel treatment that was so mercilessly heaped upon Mrs. Morris. After they had imprisoned her husband, she requested that she might be allowed to see him. The answer from his brutal
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.09% accurate 100 AMERICAN BASTILE. jailer was that " she would not see him again; that he would be hanged, and that speedily ; " thus adding insult to injury, increasing the fears of a woman already racked with the pain of uncertainty as to her husband's fate. But she was permitted to see him sooner than she expected, and under circumstances that she little dreamed of. In about four weeks after his arrest and imprisonment, early in the morning, she was informed by a servant that the house was again surrounded by armed soldiers. The cause of their being there she could not surmise — certainly the United States Government was not going to degrade itself by arresting a woman. Yes, this was the mission of its seventy- five soldiers, on that November morning. The house was opened, and the healthy and robust Captain of the Invalid Corps, (into which he had got in order to keep at a safe distance from Rebel bullets,) after having placed some fifty of hit men around the house to see that the object of his pursuit did not escape, marched boldly at the head of his remaining twenty-five men into the house, called for Mrs. Morris, and informed her that she was his prisoner. He then ordered her to produce all of her letters, that he might examine them. This she was compelled to do. After he had examined them, and finding that no treason was contained in them, he concluded that the treasonable documents were kept back, and thereupon instituted a search himself. He ransacked every drawer and closet in the house, and carried off more than a bushel of letters, but found nothing objectionable. He then ordered her to go with him to prison. It being early in the morning, and having only thrown on her wrapper, she respectfully asked the privilege of putting on some more suitable clothing. She was informed that she would not be allowed to go out of his sight for one minute. She told him that she could not go out apparelled as she was, and must put on more comfortable clothing, and that he could go into her room and examine everything in it again, if he was not satisfied with his first search, and convince
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Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis

  • 1. Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want Athanasios Karafillidis pdf download https://textbookfull.com/product/developing-support-technologies- integrating-multiple-perspectives-to-create-assistance-that- people-really-want-athanasios-karafillidis/ Download more ebook instantly today - get yours now at textbookfull.com
  • 2. Biosystems & Biorobotics Athanasios Karafillidis RobertWeidner Editors Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want
  • 3. Biosystems & Biorobotics Volume 23 Series editor Eugenio Guglielmelli, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy e-mail: e.guglielmelli@unicampus.it Editorial Board Dino Accoto, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy Sunil Agrawal, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Fabio Babiloni, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Jose M. Carmena, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Maria Chiara Carrozza, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy Paolo Dario, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy Arturo Forner-Cordero, University of Sao Paolo, São Paulo, Brazil Masakatsu G. Fujie, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Nicolas Garcia, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain Neville Hogan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Hermano Igo Krebs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Dirk Lefeber, Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Rui Loureiro, Middlesex University, London, UK Marko Munih, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Paolo M. Rossini, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy Atsuo Takanishi, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Russell H. Taylor, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Loredana Zollo, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 4. Aims & Scope Biosystems & Biorobotics publishes the latest research developments in three main areas: 1) understanding biological systems from a bioengineering point of view, i.e. the study of biosystems by exploiting engineering methods and tools to unveil their functioning principles and unrivalled performance; 2) design and development of biologically inspired machines and systems to be used for different purposes and in a variety of application contexts. The series welcomes contributions on novel design approaches, methods and tools as well as case studies on specific bioinspired systems; 3) design and developments of nano-, micro-, macrodevices and systems for biomedical applications, i.e. technologies that can improve modern healthcare and welfare by enabling novel solutions for prevention, diagnosis, surgery, prosthetics, rehabilitation and independent living. On one side, the series focuses on recent methods and technologies which allow multiscale, multi-physics, high-resolution analysis and modeling of biological systems. A special emphasis on this side is given to the use of mechatronic and robotic systems as a tool for basic research in biology. On the other side, the series authoritatively reports on current theoretical and experimental challenges and developments related to the “biomechatronic” design of novel biorobotic machines. A special emphasis on this side is given to human-machine interaction and interfacing, and also to the ethical and social implications of this emerging research area, as key challenges for the acceptability and sustainability of biorobotics technology. The main target of the series are engineers interested in biology and medicine, and specifically bioengineers and bioroboticists. Volume published in the series comprise monographs, edited volumes, lecture notes, as well as selected conference proceedings and PhD theses. The series also publishes books purposely devoted to support education in bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomechatronics and biorobotics at graduate and post-graduate levels. About the Cover The cover of the book series Biosystems & Biorobotics features a robotic hand prosthesis. This looks like a natural hand and is ready to be implanted on a human amputee to help them recover their physical capabilities. This picture was chosen to represent a variety of concepts and disciplines: from the understanding of biological systems to biomechatronics, bioinspiration and biomimetics; and from the concept of human-robot and human-machine interaction to the use of robots and, more generally, of engineering techniques for biological research and in healthcare. The picture also points to the social impact of bioengineering research and to its potential for improving human health and the quality of life of all individuals, including those with special needs. The picture was taken during the LIFEHAND experimental trials run at Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (Italy) in 2008. The LIFEHAND project tested the ability of an amputee patient to control the Cyberhand, a robotic prosthesis developed at Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa (Italy), using the tf-LIFE electrodes developed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT, Germany), which were implanted in the patient’s arm. The implanted tf-LIFE electrodes were shown to enable bidirectional communication (from brain to hand and vice versa) between the brain and the Cyberhand. As a result, the patient was able to control complex movements of the prosthesis, while receiving sensory feedback in the form of direct neurostimulation. For more information please visit http://www.biorobotics.it or contact the Series Editor. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10421
  • 5. Athanasios Karafillidis • Robert Weidner Editors Developing Support Technologies Integrating Multiple Perspectives to Create Assistance that People Really Want 123
  • 6. Editors Athanasios Karafillidis Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Robert Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg, Germany and Chair of Production Technology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria ISSN 2195-3562 ISSN 2195-3570 (electronic) Biosystems & Biorobotics ISBN 978-3-030-01835-1 ISBN 978-3-030-01836-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01836-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957639 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
  • 7. Acknowledgements This book is one of the many outcomes of a project that started in the end of 2014 at Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg. The general objective of the project has been to gather expertise and knowledge for building technical support systems that people really want. This included a particular interest in physical support and the desire to overcome the predominant idea that automation and robotics unavoidably lead to a substitution of human labor. The proposal to fund interdisciplinary competence in the field of human– machine interaction to face demographic change by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) provided an occasion to think different about technology development and its future challenges. In effect, the project smartASSIST was established with the generous support of the BMBF (grant no. 16SV7114). The project executing organization VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH took care of the necessary formal frame and helped to build up a network of collegiate research groups that emerged out of this research grant. The scientific advisors of our project, Klaus Henning and Philine Warnke, provided many helpful comments and encouraged the whole team to flesh out our conceptual and tech- nological ideas. We are particularly indebted to Jens Wulfsberg, who hosts this project in his Laboratory of Manufacturing Technologies (Laboratorium Fertigungstechnik—LaFT), for providing the necessary research environment and for his steady trust in what we do. The idea to publish this volume harks back to the second transdisciplinary conference on “Support Technologies that People Really Want” held at Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg in December 2016. This book is a result of many discussions and exchange that happened during this conference (and beyond). We thank the university for supplying the necessary facilities and in particular the researchers, the staff, and all the other people who helped in one way or another to make it such a wonderful event. The process of compiling the book involves different dynamics, of course. Nothing of this work could have been done without all the authors who committed themselves to contribute to this volume. All of them are exceptional scholars, and we are grateful to have them in this book. v
  • 8. Andreas Argubi-Wollesen gave helpful comments on the introduction(s) and the last chapter. Also, we appreciate the courage of Springer to publish this uncon- ventional book that spans multiple disciplines and perspectives. Interdisciplinarity depends essentially on finding the right people to build up an exceptional culture of collaboration. This is a substantial experience we made in the course of this project. Therefore, we owe special thanks to Andreas Argubi-Wollesen, Jonas Klabunde, Christine Linnenberg, Bernward Otten, Tim Schubert, and Zhejun Yao of smartASSIST who bring this kind of collaboration to life each day. Finally, we want to thank our families. All the research on support systems would not have been possible without these beautiful sociocultural and biophysical support systems that we both really want. Athanasios Karafillidis Robert Weidner vi Acknowledgements
  • 9. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner Part I Demands and Expectations Sociotechnical Assistance Ensembles. Negotiations of Needs and Acceptance of Support Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Peter Biniok Context-Integrating, Practice-Centered Analysis of Needs . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Kristin Paetzold Acceptance Through Adaptation—The Human and Technology in the Philosophical and Scientific-Historical Context of “Sinnfälligkeit”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Kevin Liggieri Biomechanical Analysis: Adapting to Users’ Physiological Preconditions and Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Andreas Argubi-Wollesen and Robert Weidner Mass Survey for Demand Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Alexander Mertens, Katharina Schäfer, Sabine Theis, Christina Bröhl, Peter Rasche and Matthias Wille The Burden of Assistance. A Post-phenomenological Perspective on Technically Assisted World Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Bruno Gransche Part II Constructing and Construing Distinguishing Support Technologies. A General Scheme and Its Application to Exoskeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Robert Weidner and Athanasios Karafillidis vii
  • 10. On Building Responsible Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Janina Loh (née Sombetzki) Psychological Issues for Developing Systems for Older Users. . . . . . . . . 109 Rebecca Wiczorek Attention Models for Motor Coordination and Resulting Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Bettina Wollesen, Laura L. Bischoff, Johannes Rönnfeldt and Klaus Mattes The Challenge of Being Self-Aware When Building Robots for Everyday Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Andreas Bischof Engineering Collaborative Social Science Toolkits. STS Methods and Concepts as Devices for Interdisciplinary Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Peter Müller and Jan-Hendrik Passoth Part III Forms and Contexts of Deployment Support Technologies for Industrial Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Robert Weidner, Bernward Otten, Andreas Argubi-Wollesen and Zhejun Yao Assistance Systems for Production Machines in the Textile Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Yves-Simon Gloy Interests and Side Effects in the Technicization of Geriatric Care . . . . . 163 Jannis Hergesell and Arne Maibaum Mobile Augmented Reality System for Craftsmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Kathrin Nuelle, Sabrina Bringeland, Svenja Tappe, Barbara Deml and Tobias Ortmaier Comprehensive Heuristic for Research on Assistance Systems in Organizational Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Daniel Houben, Annika Fohn, Mario Löhrer, Andrea Altepost, Arash Rezaey and Yves-Simon Gloy Human Motion Capturing and Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Gabriele Bleser, Bertram Taetz and Paul Lukowicz Soft Robotics. Bio-inspired Antagonistic Stiffening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Agostino Stilli, Kaspar Althoefer and Helge A. Wurdemann viii Contents
  • 11. Part IV Values and Valuation Musculoskeletal Simulation and Evaluation of Support System Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Jörg Miehling, Alexander Wolf and Sandro Wartzack Space-Game: Domestication of Humanoid Robots and AI by Generating a Cultural Space Model of Intra-action Between Human and Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Oliver Schürer, Christoph Müller, Christoph Hubatschke and Benjamin Stangl ROS-Based Robot Simulation in Human-Robot Collaboration. . . . . . . . 237 Paul Glogowski, Kai Lemmerz, Alfred Hypki and Bernd Kuhlenkötter User Acceptance Evaluation of Wearable Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Christina M. Hein and Tim C. Lueth Extended Model for Ethical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Karsten Weber Legal Responsibility in the Case of Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Susanne Beck Prospects of a Digital Society How Artificial Intelligence Changes the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Klaus Henning Support in Times of Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Contents ix
  • 12. Contributors Andrea Altepost Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Kaspar Althoefer School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Andreas Argubi-Wollesen Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Susanne Beck Faculty of Law, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Peter Biniok Sociologist, Berlin, Germany Andreas Bischof Junior Research Group “Miteinander”, Media Informatics, University of Technology Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany Laura L. Bischoff Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Gabriele Bleser Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Sabrina Bringeland Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Christina Bröhl Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Barbara Deml Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Annika Fohn Institute for Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany xi
  • 13. Paul Glogowski Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Yves-Simon Gloy Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Bruno Gransche Institute of Advanced Studies FoKoS, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany Christina M. Hein Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany Klaus Henning IMA/ZLW & IfU, P3 OSTO, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Jannis Hergesell Department of Sociology, DFG Graduate School “Innovation Society Today”, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Daniel Houben Institute for Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Christoph Hubatschke Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Alfred Hypki Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Athanasios Karafillidis Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Bernd Kuhlenkötter Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Kai Lemmerz Chair of Production Systems, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany Kevin Liggieri Institute for Philosophy I, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany Janina Loh (née Sombetzki) Department of Philosophy, Philosophy of Technology and Media, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Mario Löhrer Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Tim C. Lueth Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany Paul Lukowicz German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany xii Contributors
  • 14. Arne Maibaum Department of Sociology, DFG Graduate School “Innovation Society Today”, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Klaus Mattes Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Alexander Mertens Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Jörg Miehling Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Christoph Müller Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Peter Müller Munich Center for Technology in Society/Digital Media Lab, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany Kathrin Nuelle Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Tobias Ortmaier Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Bernward Otten Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Kristin Paetzold Institute for Technical Product Development, University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, Neubiberg, Germany Jan-Hendrik Passoth Munich Center for Technology in Society/Digital Media Lab, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany Peter Rasche Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Arash Rezaey Institute for Textile Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Johannes Rönnfeldt Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Katharina Schäfer Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Oliver Schürer Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Benjamin Stangl Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Contributors xiii
  • 15. Agostino Stilli Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK Bertram Taetz Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Svenja Tappe Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany Sabine Theis Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Sandro Wartzack Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Karsten Weber Institute for Social Research and Technology Assessment (IST), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH), Regensburg, Germany Robert Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Chair of Production Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Rebecca Wiczorek Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Matthias Wille Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Alexander Wolf Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Bettina Wollesen Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Helge A. Wurdemann Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK Zhejun Yao Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany xiv Contributors
  • 16. Introduction Developing. Support. Technologies. Athanasios Karafillidis and Robert Weidner The relationship of humans and technology has changed significantly during the last two decades. It has become closer and multiplex—that is, technology has moved closer to the human body and their interconnections have become entangled and diverse. In this vein, technology is envisioned as being able to support or assist human beingsmoreprofoundlythaneverbefore.Thischangehasoccurredincrementallyand is still in progress. It has led to a diversification of possible application areas, a shift in the landscape of innovation projects, and a different perception of technological possibilities in general. The reasons for this change are manifold. Big societal trends like globalization, individualization, disruptive technological innovations, and demographic pressures are no doubt important for explaining the change in human–technology relations. All of them push political agendas and channel research funds. But when it comes to an understanding of these transformations, they only yield a universal interpre- tive frame. The recently enforced closeness and multiplexity of human–technology relations are much better understood when taking into account the expanding con- nectivity, the distribution and increase of computational power, and the plummeting costs of material components and production. Their combination has a high impact on further technological possibilities, but also on the perceptions, needs, and expec- tations related to technology. However, this is still only a part of the story. The shift of the relevant relationships is not only a response to such technical or social pressures outside of innovation projects. It is also an inside job. The myriad micro-processes unfolding in the world’s A. Karafillidis (B) · R. Weidner Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany e-mail: karafillidis@hsu-hh.de R. Weidner Chair of Production Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria e-mail: robert.weidner@hsu-hh.de © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner (eds.), Developing Support Technologies, Biosystems & Biorobotics 23, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01836-8_1 1
  • 17. 2 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner engineering laboratories, in thousands of projects, and in the corporations’ research and development departments day by day bring forth different and new relations of humans and technologies. Political claims, technological possibilities, funding interests, scientific progress, legal regulations, cultural images, or market-driven demands no doubt influence them deeply. But societal expectations and demands with regard to technology are themselves profoundly shaped by the very form of organization, the underlying beliefs, and the approaches used in the relevant projects. Thus, the internal reason, as it were, for the observable shift is the advent of a different style of developing technology. This book will argue that the idea of support dwells at the center of this shift. It has spawned technological devices that are conceptualized and built with the explicit intention to serve the needs of individuals at work and in everyday life. The objective of this volume is to expound how this is done in detail and what needs to be considered to be able to proceed in a successful as well as responsible way. Usually, this is considered as the domain of human–machine interaction (HMI). Yet this approach is not equipped to handle the practical, ethical, social, and also technical issues involved. The main lines of this classic program are confined to the interaction of separate units—albeit we are dealing with different forms of entan- glement already that blur habitual boundaries and give rise to hybrid entities. Thus, the crucial difference made by a technology that is expected to support, assist, or help people remains obscure when simply seen through the lens of HMI. In contrast, conceiving any human–machine or human–computer interaction and collaboration as support relation gives way to a new approach that certainly draws on the rich tradition of HMI but advances beyond its limitations. Up to now, discussions about support technologies—from autonomous robots to monitoring systems, wearables, and implants, both in forms of simple tools and complex gadgetry—are preoccupied with engineering issues. It is supposed that if the invented devices are intended to support people, they will do so automatically. This is misleading. No engineering and no design can stipulate the purpose of a device uniquely and unequivocally. A technical invention has to be understood as only one part of a wider support system that also comprises organizational, physical, ethical, legal, and cognitive components. Therefore, the future challenge in research, construction, implementation, and deployment of such systems is twofold. On the one hand, theories and concepts have to be developed accordingly in order to generate fresh, diverse, and surprising perspectives on the relevant problems. On the other hand, newmethods andforms of collaborationandevaluationarerequiredtointegrate and implement these ideas—in other words, to provide the requisite contexts in which they might grow and get the chance to be cherished and become successful. This book brings together scholars from heterogeneous disciplines and research fields like biomechanics, engineering, social science, psychology, law, and philoso- phy to meet this twofold challenge. It integrates both different conceptual perspec- tives and issues of interdisciplinary development in one volume and sometimes even within single chapters. Since it tries to account for the complex and intertwined tech- nical, social, cognitive, and ethical contexts of technology development and design, this volume gives an idea of how responsible research and innovation is currently
  • 18. Introduction 3 realized in developing support technologies. Strictly speaking, the whole endeavor is not about bringing technology to the people. It is about finding ways to design and evaluate technology in tune with the people so that it finds its way to the them in the course of the process—and vice versa. *** “Developing Support Technologies” is not just some title for this book but rather signifies a research program in a nutshell. The following explanation of the ideas and associations of this title will unfold its main characteristics and substantiate the book’s main purpose as well as some of its contents and contentions. 1 Developing—A New Field, a Form of Design/Construction, and Transdisciplinarity “Developing Support Technologies” has a double meaning that must be considered. On the one hand, “developing” has an active meaning in the sense of bringing tech- nologies forth by designing/constructing, building, and evaluating them. This refers to the setting that there are teams of developers, mostly within departments of profit or non-profit organizations, who work on the implementation of concrete techni- cal solutions for certain specified applications and are preoccupied with managing technical uncertainties [Moh17, Ger15]. On the other hand, “developing” refers to a developing field, a new and therefore necessarily incomplete and sometimes fragile strand of technology and its accompanying societal and organizational uncertainties. This refers to support technologies as a developing area within society in general and engineering in particular [Ois10, Bin17]. The twofold understanding of the title unites the two scientific cultures of engi- neering on the one hand and the social sciences and humanities on the other. Depend- ing on their scientific background, people read the title in one of these two different meanings. The observable division of work between them does also transpire roughly along these lines. Social science and humanities are more focused on the develop- ing field or certain parts of it and ascertain the accompanying structures and their societal embeddings, while engineering pays more attention to finding feasible and reproducible technical principles that lead to viable, reliable, and tangible material results. Although this kind of division of labor and interest with regard to technol- ogy exists, these two groups of disciplines have been getting closer recently since it became obvious that support technologies need to function technically as well as socioculturally. A device that does not work in a technical sense will not be accepted, but a device that triggers fear or requires specialized knowledge or clothing will not “work” either—or will only be accepted under certain conditions or by particular groups. To be sure, this holds for any technology, but the advent of support tech- nologies (also called assistance technologies prematurely) has altered the relevant
  • 19. 4 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner perspectives. The sociocultural embedding of technology has now become explicit. It is not only accounted for in hindsight but before and during development. The social sciences and humanities are now considered as an important part of the development process more frequently—many remaining obstacles notwithstanding [Vis15]. To develop technology proper has been and still is, to be sure, the work of engineers. They conceive, design, construct, test, and improve composite devices, machines, and systems until they meet the defined requirements. But when it comes to support technologies, this classic form of development is expanded. First, the focus on people with their impression on what counts and their expression of demands alters the technical search for suited materials, proper joints, or adequate program- ming and favors quickly adaptable devices and simple, intelligible controls. However, the requisite requirements can not be defined once and for all. They are refined and redefined during development on many levels [Suc07, p. 278]. Second, the sequence of development from conception to implementation is not fixed or linear anymore but supplanted by parallel and circular processes. Classic waterfall models of project management have not disappeared, but they fulfill a different function: They provide a rough orientation and legitimize the approach vis-à-vis third parties, like investors and funding agencies. Yet progress in the actual everyday work of research and devel- opment is not achieved by sticking to some plan. Mixing up the diverse structures and managing their dissonance allows for an organizational responsiveness [Sta09] that is part and parcel of developing support systems. Third, an augmentation of classic development occurs simply because many more diverse people are involved than before—with various disciplinary backgrounds but also without any academic inter- est: especially potential users, corporate groups, businesses, social media publics, and further stakeholders. In short, developing support technologies involve/involves participation, interdis- ciplinarity, and new organizational forms [Bro15]. The true concept for this threefold augmentation of classical development processes is transdisciplinarity: New forms of collaboration have to be found between various scientific disciplines and also between them and potential users, interested citizens, and project partners. To sum up, speaking of developing support technologies entails a double perspective and transdisciplinary approaches to collaboration. 2 Support—Different Forms, Structural Properties, and Antithesis to Substitution The term “support” might sound a little odd in times when most technologies in this vein are labeled as “assistive.” Most of the time these two are used synonymously, but their difference matters. In our conception, support is the generic term. Assistance and help are particular subcategories of support that require distinctive situational structures [Kar17]. Assistance occurs when a task is divided into subtasks and the situationally participating entities, e.g., human individuals and technical devices,
  • 20. Introduction 5 are assigned different subtasks in a complementary fashion. Think of the assistant of a CEO or the assistant devices built into modern cars as examples of such a complementary form of support. A tool, in contrast, does not “assist” its user. Even just saying it sounds awkward. Yet there is no doubt that a tool provides support. Also, a mother does not “assist” her children but supports or even helps them wherever possible. Whether a gadget assists or helps is negotiable and proves to be crucial for its design and acceptance. An exoskeleton enabling a movement that otherwise would be impossible does not assist the individual but rather helps, because it is granted the control over the activity to constitute the movement after all—when help is understood as a form of support that passes the control of the activity in question to the helping entity. When a different exoskeleton is designed to decrease musculoskeletal stress, it supports an activity that could also be performed without it. In this case, neither exactly “help” nor “assistance” do apply for a proper characterization of the unfolding process. Still, it is providing support. Two general structural properties of support situations (comprising assistance and help) are observer dependence and asymmetric relations. If technology development is attentive to human needs and societal acceptance, it must not ignore that the provi- sion of support lies in the eye of the beholder. This concerns questions about who or what is supporting whom but also whether somebody is assigned support or rather asks for it. Interests, interpretations, and contextual conditions of the observing agen- cies (i.e., individuals, groups, organizations or other social systems, maybe robots) might lead either to a fierce rejection or to a passionate use of the support system. The other point in case is asymmetry. The development of support technologies must be aware that any support introduces some asymmetry between the supporting and the supported unit, which cannot simply be programmed and settled purposefully in advance [Suc07, pp. 268–269]. Which form of asymmetry prevails in the end can only be identified in frequent field tests and painstaking observation of real use cases in the wild. Often, the time factor of development projects thwarts such a thorough investigation. Yet, first steps into this direction can be clearly recognized. The impor- tance of iteration and external feedback for constructing both responsibly according to human demands and successfully with respect to acceptance has already been realized indeed—albeit there is still way to go for a wider acknowledgment. In addition to the distinction of different forms of support and the structural properties of support situations, there is a third significant aspect of the “support” component in the book title. Support is, as it were, the antithesis to substitution. Until recently, the sometimes hidden but mainly overt curriculum and objective of technology development has been automation, that is, the substitution of human workforce by machines. The reasons were economic in most cases, like increased productivity, effectivity, and efficiency but also better product quality, less mistakes, improved ergonomic conditions, and not least, to be sure, honorable ambitions to spare humans doing dangerous, risky, and strenuous work. Many positive effects of automation could be enumerated, and the downsides are also well known [For15, Car14]. It remains a moot point, whether the positive and negative aspects of automation balance each other or not. However, there is an
  • 21. 6 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner intriguing issue that is more constructive in nature than any debates about loss or gain of jobs. It concerns less the paradoxes, glitches, or unintended effects of automation but rather its pragmatic and practical limits. Certainly, there are a lot of engineers and entrepreneurs who expect that someday any task and activity can be automated. Maybe they will be proven right some day, but this is not the case in point at all. The crucial question is, how we should invest our time and resources to find adequate solutions for the limits and problems we currently face. Engineering research in automation remains important and will no doubt con- tinue. But it should not happen in expense of finding solutions that integrate the skills and awareness of humans with suitable technology. It is important to note that this “integration” exceeds the ideas of interaction and collaboration prevailing in automation engineering. Investing in support technologies receives rightly more attention because when it comes to developing new technology, the substitutionalist paradigm has reached certain limits. Many tasks and activities will not be amenable to automation for a long time to come. For example, anybody who has experienced existing robots for elderly care does immediately recognize this. By implication, human beings will remain pivotal for value creation in plants as well as other for- mal organizations. Physical skills and human awareness will become even more important in future value chains. Whatever the hopes projected into some indetermi- nate future: with respect to complex assembly tasks, evaluation, sensorimotor skills, judgment, discretion, the recognition of opportunities, diversity, quick adaptabil- ity, heedful perception of weak signals, or situational awareness human beings will remain indispensable. In short, developing support technologies is/are contingent on a closer inspection of the structural conditions of support and their subtle nuances. Support is the proper answer to the practical limits of automation and to the substitution of human work. To sum up, developing support technologies entails to realize that the creation of value and values as well as the evaluation of situations and opportunities cannot abstain from cognition, that is, both awareness and sensorimotor skills. 3 Technologies—Innovation, Customization, and Modularity Support systems transcend mere technological devices that are devised to assist or support human activities. Yet, the focus on developing support technologies is crucial. Having a techno-material structure available or at least imagining some materially tangible device allows to summon all interested participants effectively [Sta89]. It provides a powerful pretense to think about the sociotechnical design of support systems. Other existing forms of support in society—like neighborhood help, emotional and financial support, or assistive functions in hierarchies—lack this summoning material “thing.” Presumably, this corresponds to the lack of studies that examine the internal structure of support situations more closely. Studies of “social
  • 22. Introduction 7 support” [Hou88] have been preoccupied with structural conditions and individual effects of providing support and less with the inner functioning and patterning of support situations proper. Considering support from the perspective of technology urges new perspectives on structure and process of support in general. Technologies transcend isolated devices. They involve networks of people, skills, material things, certain knowledge, and particular stances to the world [Mac99]. The technical devices in these networks seem like reliable islands of functioning causality that are intimately integrated in a scaffolding of unreliable components. Thus, the concept of “techno-logy”—and not simply: “technics.” The Greek word logos implies a specific form of reason that accompanies the technics (though not necessarily philosophical reason as a universal). There is always a peculiar logic that pervades technical gadgets and their causal functioning. Next to this “grammar” of technology, there is also a pragmatic knowledge. The term techno-logy indicates that knowledge about construction principles, interaction, and handling is an integral part of its functioning. Finally, technologies are surrounded by a particular wording before, during, and after their development: for example, by justifications and poli- cies, the engineering and design parlance, or the typical marketing vocabulary. In this vein, techno-logy incorporates the syntax, pragmatics, and semantics of a causally constructed material structure that is expected to produce certain determined effects repeatedly and reliably [Ram07, p. 45]. Exactly this societal embedding of technologies also distinguishes mere inven- tions that constantly pop up in laboratories, garages, and institutions on the one hand and durable, accepted, and disseminated structures called innovations on the other [Ram10]. Any path to innovation needs to be paved through the muddy grounds of society. Previously, this has been done unconsciously and in passing. In devel- oping support technologies, this aspect is brought to mind explicitly and allows to account for it from the outset. This is not a guarantee for innovation and success but nonetheless gives new design options and some leverage in a process that has been considered stochastic so far. Technologies are both about products and production. To develop support tech- nologies means to develop products that people and organizations really want. At the same time, it means to develop technologies that are deployed in the production of products and become part of value chains and production processes—not only in the conventional sense of industrial production but also in the unconventional, generic sense of production, which includes the production of services and private DIY production. The switch to the idea of support tightens the intimate connection of these two aspects. One of the most salient effects of the support paradigm is the approaching of the human body by technology [Vis03]. This makes any technical product also acces- sible, deployable, and potentially beneficial for production processes, which are transformed in consequence. From there, new forms of technical products and even innovations can arise. The distant machine hall in which products are produced far removed from everyday life is losing the importance it had since the industrial rev- olution. The German term “Industrie 4.0,” cyber-physical systems, sociotechnical systems, or digitization of production are all expressions of this transformation. Cit-
  • 23. 8 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner izen science, the democratization of production, or the character of the “prosumer” characterize the same issues from the opposite side. The same smart gadgets that are used in daily life are now integrated into organized work processes and production plants. An exoskeleton might help the residents of a nursing home to maintain some autonomy but can also be used by the personnel to manage their work load and reduce physical strain. Theproceeding(mass)customization of products canlikewisebelinkedtotheidea of support. The major response to customization demands is no doubt automation. Today, it is possible to specify the own preferences for a product online and to thereby trigger an automated process in some machine park to produce the desired product that is then automatically packaged and dispatched. Three issues are important in this scenario. First, support technologies need not necessarily operate in the proximity of human individuals. They can be distributed over time and space. Second, support does not necessarily preclude substitution. In the described case the customer is supported to design its own product (within certain limits) while the corporation substitutes human workforce. Third, there are moments in this automated process, for example, quality control, that are difficult to automate. Furthermore, there are also sectors where customization depends completely on human skill, for example, the construction and adaptation of prostheses, many forms of surgery, haircuts, all forms of nursery, or most products of construction industry, especially the completion of the interior. The people involved in such customization procedures are already supported by proper software or (smart as well as classical) tools but there is much more potential, in particular with respect to physical support. A last facet of this unfoldment of the volume title is the necessary plural of “technologies” in connection to support. It should have become clear that support itself cannot be automated. It is the customized product per se because it involves and generates hybrid entities that merge certain activities, human bodies, techni- cal devices, perceptions, norms, and social situations. That is, there will always exist many suitable support solutions for diverse activities and contexts—but also for seemingly identical activities and contexts. The latter points to another crucial engineering challenge in developing support technologies: to achieve adaptability and modularity. Since the hybrid combination of the human body, its perceptional capabilities, and technical equipment has to be considered as unique in every situa- tion, the standardization prospects are disappointing. Support technologies are thus drivers of devising new forms of technical adaptability to bodies, perceptions, and situations with the objective to form one integrated system. This adaptability can also be achieved by inventing modular solutions. Modular- ity, however, also refers to a more intriguing, though very challenging, aspect: the modularity and customization of support that is achieved by coupling different tech- nical systems which in turn requires the construction, standardization, and design of compatible interfaces for different components of support systems. That is, for example, various interfaces for signal and information transfer, energy transmission, physical contact surfaces, or handling and control. Both variability within interfaces and between interfaces are highly relevant.
  • 24. Introduction 9 In short, support technologies are embedded in a whole apparatus of non-technical components and rely on them to function properly. Innovations come from finding a proper fit between all of these components. To sum up the consequence, developing support technologies pose/poses some challenges for engineering. They compel the profession to rethink the connection of products and production, to reconsider the relation of automation and customization, and to develop adaptable and modular systems as well as relevant interfaces that make them compatible. *** The contributions in this book display the diversity of the people, disciplines, and topics in this field of research. Not all of the above aspects of the presented research program are discussed in this publication. However, the diversity is explicit, and its management is not an easy task. This includes the editing of the book. We selected distinguished scholars that are not only experts in their respective field but who additionally have some experience with participatory and interdisciplinary research projects regarding technology development for support. As editors we had a general concept for the book in mind and targeted the relevant researchers to send us articles treating a particular subfield, presenting subject-specific views on support systems, or reporting about deployment contexts from the perspective of their expertise. The chapters that made it into the book are grouped into four major parts: “De- mands and Expectations,” “Constructing and Construing,” “Forms and Contexts of Deployment,” and “Values and Valuation.” They are followed by two concluding chapters that discuss some prospective further developments of (support) technolo- gies. The four parts represent main clusters of research activities in developing sup- port technologies. They seem to form a sequence, but this is owed to the book format only. More likely, they set up a circular process. Starting with a demand analysis seems natural, but there are already valuations in place or earlier prototypes that lead to certain demands. Furthermore, all of these activities run concurrently in relevant projects and permanently influence each other. This implies that none of these dis- crete yet interfaced “stages” is ever completed as long as the project unfolds. Demand analysis is an ongoing concern in the development of support technologies as are valuation, construction, and deployment. The main ideas framing each subsection and short introductions to the individual chapters are given in brief introductory notes at the beginning of the book parts. Due to the just mentioned circularity and simultaneity of the empirical processes, there are overlaps. Some of the articles could appear in more than one subsection. Yet there are good reasons to arrange them this way. One of the editorial decision premises in this respect has been to demonstrate the multiplicity of perspectives within each research cluster as represented by the subsections of this volume. We have decisively refrainedfrommakingspecialsectionsfor,e.g.,science,engineering,andhumanities. There are no leading disciplines in any of the research areas for developing support technologies. ***
  • 25. 10 A. Karafillidis and R. Weidner The papers collected here come from many different disciplines. The volume contains inputs from biomechanics, engineering, information science, philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences—to name only the most generic denominations and sparing the internal specializations. Each of the chapters cherishes its own ter- minology and quirkiness. All of them, however, can also be read by researchers who are not familiar with the subject-specific debates of the disciplines. The language they use is generally intelligible. Despite that, no article is able to deny its origin and background. Such a denial or disguise of disciplines would have been detrimental to the idea of this book. A seminal reference between disciplines is only possible when the difference between them is retained and accepted. Certainly,tosomeextentthisbookdisplaysthepersonal,regional,andinstitutional networks of the editors and their research group. But this Central European bias is not simply accidental. The transdisciplinary research community on technical support systems is actually prevalent in Central Europe. This may be due to research policy decisions or some other factors not yet explored. In the end, it may be just our ignorance. But there is no doubt that an international publication putting the common thread of these multiple perspectives on developing support technologies into focus is overdue. In this respect, this book is also an appeal asking for further international communication and collaboration in this developing research field—and also an appeal to prove us wrong that the form of transdisciplinary research on support technologies as expounded in this introduction is mainly happening in Europe (see, however, [Ois10] and [San14] with similar ambitions). Any further information and suggestions are welcome by the editors as well as all of the contributors. This collection and arrangement of research papers is not the classic “how to” book. It contains reflections and descriptions of the different processes that accom- pany any development of support technologies. Its effect is a change in perspective and this generates, then again, we hope, a plethora of ideas how to approach and implement one’s own projects. Therefore, it is a book of research in two respects. First, it allows to observe and thus research how support technologies are developed; and second, it gives some leverage to do research based on these suggestions and experiences from others. References [Bin17] Biniok, P., & Lettkemann, E. (Eds.). (2017). Assistive Gesellschaft. Multidisziplinäre Erkundungen zur Sozialform “Assistenz”. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. [Bro15] Brown, R. R., Deletic, A., & Wong, T. H. F. (2015). How to catalyse collaboration. Nature, 525, 315–317. [Car14] Carr, N. (2014). The glass cage. How our computers are changing us. New York: W. W. Norton. [For15] Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the robots. Technology and the threat of a jobless future. New York: Basic Books. [Ger15] Gerke, W. (2015). Technische Assistenzsysteme. Vom Industrieroboter zum Roboterassis- tenten. Berlin et al.: Walter de Gruyter.
  • 26. Introduction 11 [Hou88] House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293–318. [Kar17] Karafillidis, A. (2017) Synchronisierung, Kopplung und Kontrolle in Netzwerken. Zur sozialen Form von (technischer) Unterstützung und Assistenz. In P. Biniok & E. Lettkemann (Eds.), Assistive Gesellschaft (pp. 27–58). Wiesbaden: Springer VS. [Mac99] MacKenzie, D. & Wajcman, J. (Eds.). (1999). The social shaping of technology (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open UP. [Moh17] Mohammed, S., Park, H. W., Park, C. H., Amirat, Y., & Argall, B. (2017). Special issue on assistive and rehabilitation robotics. Autonomous Robots, 41(3), 513–517. [Ois10] Oishi, M. M. K., Mitchell, I. A., & Van der Loos, H. F. M. (Eds.). (2010). Design and use of assistive technologies. Social, technical, ethical, and economic challenges. New York et al.: Springer. [Ram07] Rammert, W. (2007). Technik – Handeln – Wissen. Zu einer pragmatischen Technik- und Sozialtheorie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. [Ram10] Rammert, W. (2010). Die Innovationen der Gesellschaft. In J. Howaldt & H. Jacob- sen (Eds.), Soziale Innovation. Auf dem Weg zu einem postindustriellen Innovationsparadigma (pp. 21–51). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. [San14] Sankai, Y., Suzuki, K., & Hasegawa, Y. (Eds.). (2014). Cybernics. Fusion of human, machine and information systems. Springer Japan. [Sta89] Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–1939. Social Studies of Science, 19, 387–420. [Sta09] Stark, D. (2009). The sense of dissonance. Accounts of worth in economic life. Princeton: Princeton UP. [Suc07] Suchman, L. (2007). Human-machine reconfigurations. Plans and situated actions (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge UP. [Vis03] Viseu, A. (2003). Simulation and augmentation: Issues of wearable computers. Ethics and Information Technology, 5, 17–26. [Vis15] Viseu, A. (2015). Integration of social science into research in crucial. Nature, 525, 291.
  • 27. Part I Demands and Expectations Technology is pervaded by narratives that justify the effort of their development. A permanent feature of such inevitable narratives is the presentation of technical solutions as responses to some demand or need. This feature is reflected, for example, in the “motivation” of engineers or in the well-known requirement specifications. Yet it makes a difference where the recounted demands come from. Most ideas still emerge out of what is technically feasible and then look for external demands to which they appear as an answer. To be sure, this does not mark a problem per se. Such a technology-driven practice has its own edge. But starting with an analysis of situated and domain-specific demands, no doubt makes a dif- ference—in particular when acceptance is an issue. Developing technical systems in response to demands is the first and crucial step to increase the probability of their acceptance. Demands of potential users and stakeholders can be surveyed by observing people and practices, body movements and task environments, routines and interactions. Various methods exist to get the requisite observations, e.g., diverse interview techniques, experimental setups in the laboratory, participant observation, field tests, or ethnographies. To yield an expedient input for engineering, the gathered data is used to reconstruct the multiple conditions of work and life, in which the contrived technology is to be integrated. Potentials, possibilities, and risks of a support technology entering the users’ worlds can be induced from there. Although demand analysis is rightly understood to mark the beginning of some project, it is also important to realize that it is an ongoing accomplishment. Demands and needs are not stable but shift in time. They change when a prototype comes into play, when technology is utilized or deployed in other contexts, or after it is evaluated and further optimized. All in all, demands—including needs, acceptance, and usability issues—repre- sent the expectations in the relevant field and explain its dynamics. The expecta- tions of stakeholders are heterogeneous and do often differ from those of the prospective users, and both in turn differ from those of the involved journalists, managers, or politicians. Any analysis of demands (and thus acceptance) is
  • 28. Other documents randomly have different content
  • 29. The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.03% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 77 never having tried to walk on one before, the effort was too much for him. It paralyzed his arm, and threw him into a fever, from which he did not recover for several days. In this prison he was put into a small cell, near a pork- house and hog-yard, and the stench emitted from these, together with the squealing of the hogs not yet slaughtered, combined to render the place horrible. The prison had been planked up with rough, green plank, placed perpendicularly, the joints of which remained unbroken. These had shrunk until the cracks were a full inch wide. The weather was extremely cold, and through these cracks the chill winds of winter whistled in bitter mockery on the half-starved and scantily clothed inmates. These crevices remained open for more than two weeks after the Colonel occupied the cell. There were four persons in the cell with him, but it had been occupied by a much larger number, and was as filthy as it could possibly be. On some occasions when the rations were served, the Colonel could not get to the cubb}^-hole as quickly as the servant thought he ought, and for that reason threw his rations into the filth on the floor. The prison had a hall in the centre, and a row of cells on each side. At the south end of the hall was a large room as wide as the hall and both rows of cells combined. In this room more than three hundred persons were crowded, rendering the atmosphere suffocating and sickening. There was one general roof over the whole building. The attic remained undivided, and was occupied by the guard ; and as the cells were merely covered with latticework, upon which they patrolled, the whole upper part of the building was in communication with the lower part. When the south wind blew, pestilential exhalations from the large room filled every cell. None of the occupants could remedy this, because the room was so crowded that filth was unavoidable. In the hall opposite the cell occupied by the Colonel was a trap-door, whiih led to the coal-hole, an excavation ten feet deep, without iight or ventilation. This was a place of pun 
  • 30. The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.45% accurate 78 AMERICAN BAST I L E. ishment for refractory soldiers, citizens, bounty-jumpers, and drunken men. The innocent and the guilty were alike its occupants. Any one who fell under the ban of the commandant, or his subordinates, was consigned to that horrible place. Some were taken -out alive and survived, others were taken to the hospital to die, while a few died in it. An exspeaker of the Indiana House of Representatives, named Tarboth, was placed in this modern " black-hole " at 10 o'clock p.m., and taken out at 9 a.m., the following morning, death-stricken. In two days afterward his funeral was noticed in the papers. The hall in this prison was made hideous with the groans of the victims of cruelty, who had been strung up with a hand-cord round the wrists, until their agonies were more than humanity could silently endure. We give one instance where a poor Irishman, who hailed from Kendallville, Indiana, was subjected to this inquisitorial torture. He was found on the streets dressed in blue, was seized, brought before Colonel Warner, who directed that he be swung up one half-hour, then put in the coal-hole an hour, and this treatment alternated until he would tell to what regiment he belonged. Sergeant Wm. Williams had charge of him. He inquired of him to what regiment he belonged. He said he " did not belong to any regiment, that he had enlisted at Kendallville, as a substitute for a drafted man, whose name he gave, and that he had been directed to report at Camp Carrington, and that he had not yet been assigned to any regiment." This answer, although not doubted, was not the answer that Colonel Warner had directed him to exact, and the sergeant could not release him. The poor victim begged the sergeant to report his answer to Colonel Warner, but he replied that the colonel had gone to bed, and his orders were to continue the punishment until he answered to what regiment he belonged. This cruelty was inflicted throughout the entire night and until 10 o'clock a. m., the following day, when the colonel ordered its suspension.
  • 31. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.38% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 79 This poor fellow lost the use of both hands. Of all the punishment inflicted on Colonel Milligan, as he afterward remarked, none was so severe as the agonizing wails of the poor victims, who were punished, in many instances, to gratify the caprice of the commander of the post. The Colonel was found guilty on all the charges, and sentenced to suffer death by hanging. The commission became intoxicated, and published their sentence the same night he was found guilty, but it created little sensation, as the public had been anticipating it. The Colonel remained in the situation we have described, speculating much as to the final result, until the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, when the public clamored loudly for blood. Heavy irons were placed on the prisoners, the guards were doubled, and relieved each other with imposing formality. This continued until the 8th of May, when the sentence was approved by President Johnson. He was ordered to be executed on Friday., the 19th of the same month, between 12 and 3 o'clock. On the 10th, Milligan filed his petition in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana. Nothing further occurred until the 18th, when an order was read to him respiting his execution until the 2d of June, and then it was stated that no further interference with the sentence would take place. The friends of Colonel Milligan exhausted their arguments in endeavoring to persuade him to write to the President for a pardon. But all of no avail. For two weeks he remained in confinement awaiting his doom, passing many otherwise lonely hours but for the company of his little son, twelve years of age, who remained with him. Of his fellow- prisoners, Horsey was humble and Bowles was old. A victim was demanded, and Colonel Milligan was selected. The Indiana delegation in Congress had filed a protest against the interference of the President with the sentence of the court martial. Radical papers in and out of the State, with a few honorable exceptions, teemed with vituperation at the delay. Letter-writers and stump speakers
  • 32. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.06% accurate 80 -*. '1 E R I C A 1ST B A S T I L E. were impend / in their demands, Pulpit and bar-room orators were eloquent in their appeals for the sacrifice. The populace clamored more and more for blood. Friends who attempted to petition were marked and forced to desist. Jealousy and hate revelled in the anticipated carnival, until friends and foes looked upon the tragedy as a fixed fact. Now retaliation was assuming form, though repressed by prudent counsels. It was seething and surging and growing into an almost irresistible fury, when Governor Morton, knowing that he was the cause of the outrage, and would be held personally responsible, instituted extraordinary measures to counteract his own work. The Governor commissioned Hon. J. W. Petti t to visit the President and protest, in the name of the State, against the execution of the sentence. At 9 o'clock p. m., on the 1st of June, the Colonel was informed that his sentence had been commuted to imprisonment for life, at hard labor, in the Ohio penitentiary. It was a sad night for him. He knew the fate that awaited him when placed in the custody of those who were selected for their cruelty, each of whom felt that he constituted an important portion of the commonwealth, and to him belonged the honor of his conviction. The Colonel had fully weighed the matter, and preferred that the sentence of death should be executed than that he should suffer imprisonment for life. In the event of their execution of the sentence, he had prepared a number of written instructions for the conduct of a suit, under the laws of the State, for his imprisonment and murder ; and, with the skill of a profound practitioner, had written in a clear, smooth hand, as if in his study, an address to be read by himself, on the scaifold, to the people. In this gloomy, forbidding cell, he had been immured from December to June ; and now, the weather being warm, the want of ventilation, together with inhaling the fetid air, which at times sickened him to faintness, caused his health to become so affected that he was reduced to a mere skeleton. During this time he had not seen the light of day, except
  • 33. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.47% accurate COLONEL L A M B D I N P. MILLIGAN. 81 when taken before the commission ; and to all human appearances, he was within a few hours of that night that knows no morning. It was day without light ; night without hope. "Here no dear glimpse of the sun's lovely face Strikes through the solid darkness of the place ; No dawning morn does her kind red display — One slight, weak beam would here be thought the day; No gentle stars, with their fair gems of light, Offend the tyrannous and unquestion'd night." When the news of the order for commutation was circulated, it was currently reported that General ITovey would disregard it and have the sentence executed. Much excitement prevailed in the city. Colonel Gardiner, who was in command of the post, to prevent a collision, set out with Colonel Milligan and his companions, in the morning, before it was fairly light, under a strong guard, to the penitentiary. Here the Colonel and his fellow-prisoners were placed under the control of a modern Simon, as cruel a wretch as ever inflicted punishment on man or brute. The felon's garb was put upon them, and the Colonel placed in a room over an oven, in which files were tempered in liquid lead. The exhalations from the smouldering charcoal were diffused throughout this room, and made it notoriously unhealthy. Every one who had occupied it for any length of time had lost his life. The Colonel could not endure it long. He was taken sick and conveyed to the hospital, where he remained many days very ill. During the first two weeks of his confinement here, and while he was able to work, almost every fine evening he was exhibited to curious visitors. This prison is constructed of heavy masonry, with a building within of the same material, upon which the sun never shines. The inner building is situated in the centre of the prison, with a hall on each side. It is divided into cells, of which there are five tiers. The cells are about three feet n ide, six and a half long, and six feet high. They all open into this closed hall. The second cell, occupied by the Colonel, was on the ground-floor on the north side, and so damp
  • 34. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.71% accurate 82 AMERICAN BAST I LE. that the straw in his bed would not rattle, and the hay in his pillow was equally as bad. A thousand men were confined in these cells, all breathing the air that circulated in the halls, and which was poisoned by the noxious exhalations of men afflicted Avith all kinds of diseases. "While confined in this prison. Colonel Milligan contracted a cold, from the effects of which he became deaf and lost the sense of smell. He was so bad that he could neither hear the ringing; of bells nor smell assafcetida. The most disgusting part of this prison was the diningroom. The prisoners were frequently fed on hash for breakfast. This was made by taking the refuse scraps of meat, and putting them, together with onions and potatoes, in a large mill, and grinding them into hash. This mash was then placed on a table, where it was allowed to remain over night, food for the rats that swarmed the prison. To this room the prisoners were taken for breakfast, when they found the food covered with flies and vermin. The room being poorly ventilated, the stench arising from this semiputrid meat was almost intolerable, and many of the prisoners turned away from the loathsome mass, unable, even with the cravings of hunger, to endure it. After Colonel Milligan's sentence had been approved, and ordered to be carried into execution, he, through his counsel, sued out a writ of habeas corpus. General Hovey declared he would disregard it. The judges of the Circuit Court of Indiana were divided, and the case was certified to the Supreme Court of the United States in banco. After he had suffered several months of imprisonment, and the time for hearing his case was approaching, endeavors were made by some parties to stay the proceedings, as his case was the only one before the court embodying the legality of a " military commission " to try a civilian where the civil courts were unobstructed and in full force. Numerous persons, alleging that they had been to Washington, and knew the state of feeling pervading society, endeavored to persuade him to withdraw the suit from the Supreme Court, and no difficulty
  • 35. The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.40% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAIST. bd would be experienced in getting a pardon from the President. To all such otters he answered emphatically, " JSTo." Colonel Milligan had not forgotten the reply of the President to his counsel, Mr. Coffroth, when the latter asked a commutation or a respite of the sentence, until the case could be heard in the Supreme Court, to wit : " What ! the very fact of the prisoner resorting to the court upon a technical question of jurisdiction is a confession of his guilt " and, assigning that aa his reason, refused the application. About the time the court was expected to decide the case, a member of the Ohio Legislature sought, through the warden, an introduction to the Colonel. lie assured the prisoner that the court would sustain the authority of the "military commission;" that the war was then over, and with it had passed away all that animosity of feeling engendered by it ; that it was the desire of the party in power to obliterate all remembrances of the difference of opinion, as far as possible ; that the Administration desired to grant a full and free pardon to all ; but that this could not be done without the Administration should first be solicited to do so, and especially while Colonel Milligan was pressing his claim before the court ; that a ruling in his favor would be not only a direct condemnation of the whole policy of the President, but of the Government ; that the peace of the country required that " bygones should be bygones," and that all had suffered excitement to engender feelings that had better be forgotten. Colonel Bowles, who was sick and suffering from the experiments of an ignorant empiric, and was very weak, both physically and mentally, yielded to the importunities which environed him, and gave an order to. dismiss his case, but his counsel disregarded his instructions. At length the case came up for argument in the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. J. D. McDonald, Mr. J. S. Black, Mr. J. K Garfield, und Mr. David Dudley Field, of counsel for the petitioner, hambdin P. Milligan. Mr. Speed, Attorney-General United States ; Mr. Stanberry
  • 36. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.90% accurate 84 AMERICAN BASTILE. and Mr. B. F. Butler, special counsel of the United States, contra. The case was most ably and elaborately argued on both sides. The argument of the Hon. J. S. Black was one of the most able, eloquent, and erudite forensic efforts that has been made in this or any other country. Mr. Justice Davis delivered the opinion of the court. Among the fourteen points enumerated in the syllabus of the case as decided, were: 1st. " Military commissions, organized during the late civil war, in a state not invaded and not engaged in rebellion, in which the Federal courts were open, and in the proper and unobstructed exercise of their judicial functions, had no jurisdiction to try, convict, or sentence, for any criminal offence, a citizen who was neither a resident of a rebellious State, nor a prisoner of war, nor a person not in the military or naval service." And Congress could not invest them with any such power. Id. " The guarantee of trial by jury, contained in the Constitution, was intended for a state of war as well as a state of peace, and is equally binding upon rulers and people, at all times and under all circumstances." 3c?. " The Federal authority having been unopposed in the State of Indiana, and the Federal courts open for the trial of offences and the redress of grievances, the usages of war could not, under the Constitution, afford any sanction for the trial there of a citizen in civil life, not connected with the military or naval service, by a military tribunal, or for any offence whatever." Mil. " Neither the President, nor Congress, nor the Judiciary can disturb any one of the safeguards of civil liberty incorporated into the Constitution, except so far as the right is given to suspend, in certain cases, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus." bth. " A citizen, not connected with the military service, and resident in a State where the courts are all open, and in the proper exercise of their jurisdiction, cannot, even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended, be
  • 37. The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.81% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 85 tried, convicted, or sentenced otherwise than by the ordinary courts of law." 6th. " Suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus does not suspend the writ itself. The writ issues, as a matter of course, and, on its return, the court decides whether the applicant is denied the right of proceeding any further." 1th. "A person who is a resident of a loyal State, where he was arrested, who was never a resident in any State engaged in rebellion, nor connected with the military or naval service, cannot be regarded as a prisoner of war." This decision struck the shackles from Colonel Milligan, and he was free — free from the grasp of tyrants — free from arbitrary power — free from fiendish sycophants. MARY E. SURRATT. In this connection, while it is fresh in the minds of the people, we briefly refer — as it does not properly enter into the subject of our history — to the arrest, trial, and execution of Mary E. Surratt, of the city of Washington, and the Federal capital of the United States, by a military commission. This lady was regarded as one of the accomplices of the conspirators who assassinated President Lincoln. She was arrested and tried by a military commission, composed as follows, under the following orders : "War Department, Adjutant- General's Office, May 9th, 1865. Special Orders, N"o. 216. Tar. 91. — The commission will be composed as follows: Major-Gen. David Hunter, U. S. Volunteers. Major-Gen. Lewis Wallace, U. S. Volunteers. Brevet Major-Gen. August V. Kautz, IT. S. Volunteers. Brig.-Gen. Albion P. Howe, U. S. Volunteers. Brig.-Gen. Robt. S. Foster, U. S. Volunteers. Brevet Brig.-Gen. Jasv A. Ekin, U. S. Volunteers.
  • 38. The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.86% accurate 86 AMERICAN BASTIIE. Brig.-Gen. T. M. Harris, XI. S. Volunteers. Brevet Col. C. II. Tomkins, U. S. Army. Lieut. -Col. David R. Cleridenin, Eighth. Illinois Cavalry. Brig.-Gen. Jos. Holt, Judge Advocate. By order of the President of the United States. (Signed) E. D. TOWNSEKD, Assistant Adjutant General. The trial, conviction and execution of Mrs. Surratt. by a military commission were regarded by lawyers generally, and the people who were not prejudiced by partisan feelings, as illegal and wrong, and the evidence adduced as insufficient to convict her of actual participation in the crime. Popular opinion was opposed to her execution, and since the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Milligan case has been announced, the public sentiment of those entitled to respect is unanimous in the belief that her execution was a political as well as extra-judicial murder. Her execution is a foul blot in American history, and will always remain a stigma upon the character of those who were instrumental in accomplishing the work. Colonel Bowles reflected severely on Colonel Milligan for refusing to agree to a dismissal of the case. The Colonel replied that he " spurned the President's pardon, and that he was not a fit subject for a pardon, that he had done nothin°; that he would not do ao;ain, and that the President should ask his pardon for the violation of law by approving a false finding of an illegal body." Though sufi'erino; from disease and confinement in a loathly o some, pestilential hospital, overworked, and now fed on bread and meat with a decoction called coffee, sweetened with sorghum molasses, and shut out from the world, he boldly battled for his rights, and held before that august tribunal a question which involved the liberties of millions of people. Upon receiving information of the decision of the court denying the jurisdiction of the military commission to try
  • 39. The text on this page is estimated to be only 24.55% accurate COLONEL LAHBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 87 civilians — a decision that enthroned the law and snatched the sceptre from the grasp of the mailed tyrant of military despotism, and brought gladness to the numerous friends of constitutional liberty — the Colonel wrote a note to the warden, calling attention to the fact, and requesting him to inform himself of his duty, and that his duty and the Colonel's wishes tended in the same direction, lie then seut for a friend to learn the name of a notary, and also what judge was accessible. Before the notary arrived, Mr. Cotfroth reached the city, and had a writ of habeas corpus sued out and the Colonel discharged, after an baprisonment of eighteen months. It was now evening. Mr. Coti'roth also had a writ sued out for Colonel Bowles and Mr. Horsey, but, before it could be served, an order came from the President directing the warden to discharge all the prisoners. After receiving many friends at the Xeil House, during the evening and the next morning, he started at noon, April 12th, 18Gd, for home, without any intimation of the joyful reception that awaited him, which we copy from the papers of the day. "The return of Colonel L. P. Milligan to his home, on last Thursday morning, was the occasion of a demonstration, on the part of his friends and neighbors, to which all history furnishes but one parallel, that is, the ovation of welcome which greeted the immortal Demosthenes upon his return to Piraeus, from his exile at Megara. As the great Athenian was received, upon his arrival in that city, by its magistrates and dignitaries and citizens, so was our illustrious fellow-citizen received by the Mayor, the Common Council, and all the citizens, with the utmost manifestation of affection and joy, blended with sorrow and indignation at the flagitious wrongs and cruel persecution to which he had been subjected during the last eighteen months. Colonel Milligan was released, as we stated last week, upon a writ of habeas corpus sued out by his attorney, Hon. J. R. Cofrroth, who had gone to Columbus for that purpose. He was set at liberty on the afternoon of last Tuesday, and on the evening of that day we received a
  • 40. The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.71% accurate 88 AMERICAN BASTILE. message to that effect. "We issued an extra immediately, which was distributed the next day ; but far in advance of the extra, the gratifying news spread, as on the wings of the wind, in all directions, and occasioned universal joy. On Wednesday evening, a party of gentlemen, who had been chosen by Colonel Milligan last May to receive his remains in the event of his execution, went to Peru for the purpose of escorting him home. This party consisted of Messrs. Charles H. Lewis, John Roche, Samuel F. Day, John Zeigler, and Rev. R. A. Curran. Mr. Geo. R. Corlew was also of the party, but he had accompanied Mr. Coffroth to Columbus. Messrs. Milligan, Coffroth, and Corlew arrived at Peru at a late hour, on Wednesday night: notwithstanding this, cannon were fired and other demonstrations of joy made. Despotism had succumbed to Constitutional Law, and its victim was free ! There was cause for rejoicing. " Thursday morning, at Huntington, was ushered in by the roar of cannon, and at a very early hour the people began to flock in from every direction, to welcome their distinguished fellow-citizen to his old home. Every adjacent county was duly represented in this grand spontaneous ovation. Every point where the intelligence had reached that Colonel M. would be home ' on Thursday ' was represented, and all were burning with a desire to see him, to welcome him, and to assure him of their sympathy and friendship. The train from the west, conveying the party, moved up to the station amid the waving of handkerchiefs and hats, the wildest acclamation of the immense concourse, the music of the brass bands, and the loud thunder of cannon. The appearance of the tall and dignified form of Colonel M. on the platform was greeted with a fresh burst of enthusiasm, and a simultaneous movement of the throng was made to grasp him by the hand. W^hen his manly, graceful, but emaciated form, upon whose features it appeared that every ' god had set his seal to give assurance of a maw,' became recognized, as it was by all who had met him before, and
  • 41. instinctively by those who had not. there would have been a cheer that would
  • 42. The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.51% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN. 89 have made the welkin ring, but the hearts of all were too full to give utterance to any voice, either of joy or sorrow. Mr. CotiVoth formally introduced Colonel Milligan in a few neat and appropriate remarks. " lion. Wm. C. Kocher, Mayor, surrounded by the Common Council, and in behalf of the town, then delivered a beautiful and impressive address of welcome. He said : '"Colonel Milligan: In behalf of your fellow- citizens of Huntington, and I may say in behalf of this large assembly of people collected together from the surrounding country, I bid you a welcome once more to your home, to mingle with your family and these people, who have so long and so well known you, and who have long since looked upon you as a man of eminent legal ability, a statesman, and one who has ever been true to the Constitution and laws of the country. On the 5th of October, 1864, while at home, surrounded by the family you loved, lying prostrate upon a bed of affliction, at the dark hour of midnight you were ruthlessly dragged away from family and friends, and conveyed to a political Bastile, where you were confined for months, without any accusation made against you. Charges were then preferred for what? Treason! Treason to what? Treason not against the Government, but that you did not support the Administration, whose principles were not in accordance with the plain and broad teachings of the Constitution of your country. Tried by a mock court, principally composed of drunkards — men who were not familiar with the first principles of law — you were condemned to be hanged until you were dead — dead ! Through the influence of friends your sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. You were conveyed in irons to the Ohio penitentiary, where for a long time you occupied a cell dedicated alone to felons. Your case was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. After long and laborious arguments of the most eminent counsel of the country, a Republican court decided that you had been illegally condemned and sentenced. " ' To-day, your fellow-citizens at home, and all good citizens
  • 43. The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.03% accurate 90 AMERICAN BASTILE. throughout the land, look upon your arrest and imprisonment as an outrage upon American liberty, a dark spot upon the pages of American history. You come home to- day honored and beloved. You come to enjoy the society of friends and neighbors. You come home to obey the Constitution and laws, as you have done during your entire life. This large assembly of your fellow-citizens bears me witness of the fact. While they look upon you to-day, their hearts are filled with emotions of joy, that you are once more among them, enjoying your liberty, and the society of family and friends. " ' They know that your actions and your sentiments in the past will be a guarantee for the future. Therefore they know you, they trust you. In their behalf, again I say, thrice welcome, Colonel Milligan.' " Colonel Milligan's response was particularly happy. Though his voice was weak, and the occasion one requiring much self-control, yet he did infinite credit to himself in all respects. He responded as follows : "'Mr. Mayor: Friends and neighbors, and such I know you are, did my sense of propriety call for an extended response to so imposing a reception, I have neither the physical nor mental ability to give it; but, overcome by the spontaneous enthusiasm of tbe occasion, the acclamations of gladness that greet me, the tears of joy that flow from the thousands around me fill my bosom with emotions that have no utterance, and I can only thank you for so proud a testimonial. I prize it because it comes from you, my' neighbors, with whom I have spent the best energies of my life, and from whom I never concealed the most secret aspirations of ny heart. I value it more because it is not the addled pageant of a giddy multitude tendered to a great name, whose success may have lent dignity to crime ; but it is the untutored expression of your conviction that I never wronged my country or my fellow-man ; nor did those who clamored loudest for my oppression ever suspect me of any wrong. I thank you, and accept it as an approval of my life as a citi 
  • 44. The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.49% accurate COLONEL LAMBDIN P. MILLIGAN". 91 zen and neighbor, and a proof that it n not the acts or words of others that can degrade a man, but that each must stand upon the basis of his own manhood. " ' What revolutions in government or society have intervened since my seclusion I know not ; but I am, and always have been, opposed to revolutions, believing that seldom, if ever, have their fruits equalled their cost in treasure, blood, and moral retrogression. I thank you, friends and neighbors, for this glowing tribute of esteem, and I would be the more happy recipient of it if I was sure that, through the ordeal which I have just passed, my deportment was worthy of so flattering a token. Your kindness has imposed upon me obligations that I will never be able to discharge, and must remain unrequited ; but to live among you, and commingling, as heretofore, our efforts for the promotion of the interests of our country and the happiness of our race, is the highest ambition of my heart. My friends, I must leave you. There is one I have not yet seen, who has wept most for my misfortunes, but, I hope and trust, will never have occasion to blush for any act of mine, and whose claims to my presence I cannot resist. Thanking you again, please excuse any further remarks.' " Colonel Milligan then retired. A carriage was in waiting, in which were seated the committee above named, who had been appointed by the Colonel to bring home his remains. They escorted him to his residence, about a mile from the court-house, followed by hundreds. There was a perfect jam at his house from that until late at night. In the streets, from his residence to ine great meeting, there was a grand double procession marching and counter-marching. " The public meeting was kept up all the afternoon, and until late in the evening. Speeches were made by distinguished men from all parts of the country, who had assembled to welcome the Colonel to his home. Resolutions of respect and sympathy were passed, and his house was thronged for many days with persons oftering testimonials of respect."
  • 45. REV. K J. STEWART. A CONSTITUTION may be set aside by the political necessities of men in power ; houses and towns may be destroyed under military necessity, and vested rights may be disregarded by men who seek to gain or maintain empire for the public good. But no cause can ultimately succeed, whose leaders openly disregard the rights of the Church, and trample upon the persons of innocent and helpless men, women, and children, whose only fault is that they cannot agree with them in devastating homes and subverting their government. Men, therefore, who were loyal to the United States Government during the Avar, but at the same time desired to be loyal to the great interests of religion, and to the interests of our common humanity, must be vexed, if not fearful of divine retribution, as they discover, if such persons can ever venture to read, what history must reveal. In the fall of 1861, the first year of the war, Rev. K. J. Stewart, a clergyman of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Alexandria, Va., was rudely interrupted while at the altar of the church, on the Lord's day, and in the act of offering up prayers for all Christian rulers and magistrates, by a detail of armed men, under the command of a captain, lieutenant, and sergeant, by the direct authority of the Government of the United States, under circumstances of peculiar sacrilege, tyranny, and shame. The alleged ground of the arrest was that he refused to pray for the President of the United States. The true object was to intimidate and compel the clergy of the Border States to withdraw the support and consolation of the Christian religion from a stricken people, who 92
  • 46. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.40% accurate EEV. K. J. STEWART. 93 lied to it as their only hope, and who used it to strengthen themselves to great endurance. It will be seen that the whole matter was planned at Wash ington, by the head of the State Department ; that it was executed by agents selected with reference to the moral degradation of the work, and that it was done deliberately ; that the Government refused to repudiate the act, and that the time, mode, and sequel were a refinement upon the atrocities perpetrated on religion in the reign of the bloody Mary. Nor has any apology ever been made, or any reparation offered. A quiet and peaceful minister of the Gospel was arrested without cause, condemned without trial, his church closed, and subsequently polluted and ruined — the people scattered and shut out from public worship, and he driven forth a homeless wanderer. And all this without the shadow of military necessity or political obstruction. For the clergyman had not refused to use the forms of prayer prescribed in any and all places where he sojourned ; and the people had been so often arrested in their beds at night, that they were as a flock of timid sheep, unarmed, and incapable of resistance, who crowded together in their fold, the temple of God, to worship Him and seek protection from those who, with a refinement of cruelty, came upon them almost every night, burned their houses, and took away to prison men, women, and children. It was indeed a reign of terror. No man was safe, no place, or sanctuary, or conduct was secure. Laws were set aside ; rank, character, and religious principles only invited ridicule, insult, or hatred. Few found themselves so secure as to be safe in asking justice for a fellow- citizen, and none thought of mercy to the imprudent. It was one of those solemn occasions when even the most hardened men are subdued. The priest was about celebrating the supper of our blessed Lord — the silent but eloquent emblems of love were upon the altar. In order to avoid any embarrassment or misunderstanding in the conduct of the services, the priest had written to the 'Department
  • 47. 94 A51EEICAN BASTILE. and explained his exact position, (lie was personally known to more than one of the heads of the Departments.) The gentlemanly officer in charge as military governor of the district had heen invited to be present and inspect the services, which he reported to the Government as unexceptionable, except in the private feelings of the people and the non-committal nature of the prayers. The priest had taken the additional precaution to explain from the desk, that while the prayer appointed to be used for the President of the Confederate States was voluntarily omitted, being an American citizen, he could not allow the State to dictate to the Church what petition should be asked of the Great King. That it would be better to die than to allow the Church to be used as a political tool. In order to avoid the possibility of mistake, an old sermon had been preached ; but it alluded to the historical fact that all our most precious things were " blood-bought," as was that salvation now about to be commemorated. But while these people were thus seeking strength in and from our blessed Lord, in their eucharistic feast, that they might the more constantly subdue their excited passions and yield due obedience to the stern powers that were over them, two emissaries of that very Government were engaged in noting down from the distant galleries such words as might justify meditated outrage. Captain. " All -precious things are ' blood-bought ; ' that means that freedom is blood-bought ; it means the Magna Charta is blood-bought ; it is aimed' at the President' 's proclamation. Write it down as treason. Damn the priests! I intend to make them preach and pray my way. We '11 see which has the longest sword, their master, or ours!" Government agent. "If I break this fellow down, all the rest will cave in." It was then arranged that they should return and report, to the head of the State Department at Washington : that they should come back to church on the next Sunday; that the most desperate characters should be selected, armed,
  • 48. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.22% accurate EEV. K. J. STEWART, 95 and brought to church ; and that in the midst of public worship this armed hand should surround the minister while in the very act of presenting the request of the people to his God, and, by presenting sabres and revolvers at his breast, they would compel him to say such prayers as they should dictate. This was carried out to a fuller extent than they contemplated. The high official who had authority from the State Department to set aside all laws, and arrest any one, even the general in command, stood before the altar of God and demanded of his ambassador to pervert the power of religion to the purposes of political jurisprudence, and pray at hia dictation. The officers and men formed around the altar The minister calmly continued: "From all evil and mischief ; from all sedition, privy conspiracy— The people. " Good Lord, deliver us." Minister. " Bless all Christian rulers and magistrates, and give them grace to execute justice and maintain truth." Government officer. " You are a traitor ! in the name and by the authority of the President of the United States, I arrest you!" The minister, finding, in the indescribable confusion which had ensued, that his friends were likely to become involved in trouble, (for men, whose ideas of religious toleration were American, were becoming mad by oppression,) slowly arose, (but not until an officer had wrested the holy book from his hands, and dashed it on the floor,) and facing the chief officer, said, (as if remembering his Master's words,) " ' Let these go, take me ;' but before I yield myself up to you, I summon you to appear before the bar of the King of kings, to answer the charge of interrupting his ambassador, while in the house of God, and, in the discharge of his duty." Conscious-stricken, the whole band fell back, and one of them remonstrated at the proceedings ; but the order was given, and two sergeants, with drawn revolvers, had the honor of escorting a surpliced priest to prison, through the streets of the city. There were attendant circumstances,
  • 49. 96 AMERICAN BASTILE. such as the dragging through the streets young and delicate females of his family and friends, persons whose rank, sex, and tenderness of years should have shielded them from the brutal gaze of the street mobs : circumstances which were enough to make wise men mad. And this was on the Lord's day, and under the precincts of the seat of Government. General Montgomery said to them : " What ! could you not come on a week-day ? Could you not have had some sort of investigation or trial f Could you not have consulted me 9" They replied, that they acted with the knowledge and under the direct orders of Government. Upon inquiry, this was found to be a fact. The newspaper that published a statement of the facta was destroyed and its office burned. The type of a religious journal, the "Southern Churchman," was burned, and the enormities that ensued exceeded those perpetrated upon peaceable Christian communities by the Mohammedans. They drove the minister from his home, and after revenging himself by ministering to the soldiers who had oppressed him, upon the field of battle, in the prisons, etc., binding up their wounds, and administering to them the consolations of religion in the hour of death, and after having the satisfaction of holding back the soldiers of the Confederate States from interrupting another minister, when praying for President Lincoln, he awaits the grand conclusion of these things. It is said that a stranger, who was present on the occasion of this sacrilege, observed, "If the men engaged in this affair do not all meet with some signed judgment of the Almighty, I shall begin to question the truth of religion ! " Rev. Mr. Stewart is now located at Spotswood, ±Tew Jersey, is a faithful servant in the cause of Christ, and is the author of "Commentaries on Revelation," and other religious works.
  • 50. The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.41% accurate MRS. MARY B. MORRIS. niHE subject of this narrative, Mrs. Mary B. Morris, suf■*- fered, perhaps, as great indignities, and was subjected to as much cruel and barbarous treatment as any other persou incarcerated in the Bastiles of the country during the war. This lady, whose noble nature is overflowing with the milk of human kindness, was born in Kentucky, and reared beneath a Southern sky. Having removed to Chicago, some ten or twelve years before the breaking out of the war, with her husband, Hon. B. S. Morris, who was a staunch supporter and able leader of the Whig party in the State of Illinois, and who looked upon secession as being wholly wrong, it was natural that she should entertain the same views. But it was equally natural that, when the war actually commenced, and the tread of hostile armies was pressing the soil that gave her birth, her sympathies should be enlisted in behalf of those who were near and dear to her by the ties of consanguinity and friendship — that her prayers should go» up to the God of the Universe, supplicating Him to protect and defend them. That her sympathies were thus enlisted, that her prayers were of this character, was but natural, no one will deny. The war progressed, fearful and bloody battles were fought, and, as one of the common results of the war, prisoners were captured. And as, at the commencement, there was no cartel for the exchange of prisoners between the North and South, the prisoners on each side were kept in confinement, at different points where prisons Avere located, for their safe keeping. One of these prisons was located at Chicago, and known as Camp Douglas. It was here that Mrs. Morris commenced the ministrations 7 97
  • 51. 98 AMERICAN BASTILE. of kindness and love toward those unfortunate men who had been captured in battling for the lost cause. Many of these men arrived at the prison in the most destitute condition, some sick, some wounded, all nearly naked, the blood marking the tracks of their shoeless feet. Their suffering condition drew forth the sympathies of women born in the North, and it is but natural that those who had friends and relatives among them should endeavor to relieve their wants, and engage in the merciful mission of providing for them clothing, to protect them from the chilling winter winds, and in furnishing medicines and proper food for the sick and wou tided in a strange land. Seeing her friends and relatives thus circumstanced, the generous heart of Mrs. Morris was roused to action, and she immediately set about devising plans whereby she could at once ameliorate their sad condition. She applied to the commandant of the prison for permission to visit the hospitals, and, after numerous entreaties and appeals, she obtained it. From morn till eve did she sit by the bedside of the sick and dying, supplying the place of mothers far away. She took with her nice little dainties, that she knew so well were needed in sickness. Bed-clothing she furnished in large quantities, to make them comfortable. But not only did she administer to the wants of the sick : she also took upon herself the duty of furnishing them well with clothing, of which all were scantily supplied ; and so assiduously did she apply herself to the work, that in a short time she saw all of those poor fellows warmly clad. The war went on, the strife grew deadlier, the breach wider, battles were more frequent and fierce, the worst passions of men were stirred up, and as all things grew worse, so the treatment of prisoners of war. Camp Douglas had a change of commandants — one that was not at all advantageous to the prisoners. An officer was placed in command who rejoiced over the death of any and all Rebels, and did everything that he could to render the prisoners under his
  • 52. The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.17% accurate MRS. MARY B. MORRIS. 99 control more miserable than they were before. One of his acts was to prohibit Mrs. Morris from visiting the camp. This was the severest blow that he could have inflicted upon the unfortunate prisoners, and their sufferings were greatly increased. Still she did all that she could, notwithstanding she was thus debarred from visiting the prison. She sent in food and clothing, but alas ! the most of it was appropriated by the officers in charge. This privilege of sending in food and clothing was, however, soon denied her, and hence the charitable offices and humane labors wrhich this lady had so arduously and constantly performed were brought to an end. She had done all that she could, or was allowed to do, in this humane work. What she did, was done with the full knowledge and consent of those in command of the prison, with the exception, that on a few occasions, she furnished money to escaped prisoners to enable them to get to Canada. These were mere boys, who, upon their arrival in Canada, were placed at school, and there kept until the close of the war. So that, instead of working against the Government, she actually did it a service. We give this brief statement of facts in order to show the malignity of the Government in the arrest and imprisonment of this estimable lady. In November, 1864, the vindictiveness of the party in power was at its highest pitch, and all who dared to differ from it became the recipients of a relentless persecution. The Hon. B. S. Morris was one of this class, although obeying the laws of his country, and doing nothing but what the Constitution guaranteed him the right to do. ' At midnight his house was surrounded by armed soldiers. He was ordered to open his doors, when fifty soldiers, wearing the uniform of the United States, marched in, seized and dragged him off to prison. This was the commencement of the cruel treatment that was so mercilessly heaped upon Mrs. Morris. After they had imprisoned her husband, she requested that she might be allowed to see him. The answer from his brutal
  • 53. The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.09% accurate 100 AMERICAN BASTILE. jailer was that " she would not see him again; that he would be hanged, and that speedily ; " thus adding insult to injury, increasing the fears of a woman already racked with the pain of uncertainty as to her husband's fate. But she was permitted to see him sooner than she expected, and under circumstances that she little dreamed of. In about four weeks after his arrest and imprisonment, early in the morning, she was informed by a servant that the house was again surrounded by armed soldiers. The cause of their being there she could not surmise — certainly the United States Government was not going to degrade itself by arresting a woman. Yes, this was the mission of its seventy- five soldiers, on that November morning. The house was opened, and the healthy and robust Captain of the Invalid Corps, (into which he had got in order to keep at a safe distance from Rebel bullets,) after having placed some fifty of hit men around the house to see that the object of his pursuit did not escape, marched boldly at the head of his remaining twenty-five men into the house, called for Mrs. Morris, and informed her that she was his prisoner. He then ordered her to produce all of her letters, that he might examine them. This she was compelled to do. After he had examined them, and finding that no treason was contained in them, he concluded that the treasonable documents were kept back, and thereupon instituted a search himself. He ransacked every drawer and closet in the house, and carried off more than a bushel of letters, but found nothing objectionable. He then ordered her to go with him to prison. It being early in the morning, and having only thrown on her wrapper, she respectfully asked the privilege of putting on some more suitable clothing. She was informed that she would not be allowed to go out of his sight for one minute. She told him that she could not go out apparelled as she was, and must put on more comfortable clothing, and that he could go into her room and examine everything in it again, if he was not satisfied with his first search, and convince
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