Development of Arteries
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The three main arteries that develop in early human embryos are: 1) The dorsal aortae, which are the first major blood vessels to form and connect the heart to the developing vascular system. 2) The aortic arch arteries, which develop from the aortic sac to supply the pharyngeal arches as the embryo grows. 3) The umbilical arteries, which develop from the dorsal aortae and connect to the placenta to allow nutrient exchange with the mother. As the embryo develops, these major arteries and the accompanying vascular networks are refined through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis guided by growth factors to establish the adult circulatory system.
Development of Arteries
- 1. Development of Arteries Image Source: Scanning electron micrographs of the Carnegie stages of the early human embryos are reproduced with the permission of Prof Kathy Sulik, from embryos collected by Dr. Vekemans and Tania Attié-Bitach. Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Heart Tube Fusion.jpg
- 2. Overview Outline of time course Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis Growth factors involved Brief mention of early vascular systems- Vitelline, Systemic and Placental. Aortic Arch and Pharyngeal arteries Umbilical Arteries Segmental Arteries Vitelline Arteries Anomalies of arterial tree.
- 3. Introduction Development of the heart and vascular system begins very early in mesoderm both within (embryonic) and outside (extra embryonic, yolk sac and placental) the embryo. •forms initially in splanchnic mesoderm of prechordal plate region - cardiogenic region • growth and folding of the embryo moves heart ventrally and downward into anatomical position •heart tube connects to blood vessels forming in splanchnic and extraembryonic mesoderm •Week 2-3 pair of thin-walled tubes •Week 3 paired heart tubes fuse, truncus arteriosus outflow, heart contracting •Week 4 heart tube continues to elongate, curving to form S shape •Week 5 septation starts, atrial and ventricular • Septation continues, atrial septa remains open until after birth, foramen ovale. •Week 37-38 at birth, pressure difference closes foramen ovale leaving a fossa ovals Time course
- 4. Angioblastic mesenchyme Extraembryonic mesenchyme in the splanchnopleure of the yolk sac in the body stalk(containing the allantois) the somatopleure of the chorion The peripheral cells flatten as a vascular endothelium, whereas the central cells transform into primitive red blood corpuscles. Later, contiguous islands merge, forming a continuous network of fine vessels. Figure 6.15 Extraembryonic blood vessel formation in the villi, chorion, connecting stalk, and wall of the yolk sac in a presomite embryo of approximately 19 days. Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed.
- 5. Growth factors involved Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placental Growth Factor (PGF) and Platelet derived Growth Factor (PGDF) Growing blood vessels follow a gradient generated by target tissues/regions of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) to establish a vascular bed. Notch signaling acts as an inhibitor for this system, preventing sprouting of blood vessels. Notch is a transmembrane receptor protein involved in regulating cell differentiation in many developing systems.
- 6. Figure 6.14 Blood vessels form in two ways: vasculogenesis (top), in which vessels arise from blood and angiogenesis (bottom), in which new vessels sprout from existing During vasculogenesis, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) binds to its receptor on subpopulations of mesoderm cells and induces them to form hemangioblasts. Then, under influence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acting through two different receptors, these cells become endothelial and coalesce to form vessels. Angiogenesis is also regulated by VEGF, which stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells at points where new vessels will sprout from existing ones. Final modeling stabilization of the vasculature are accomplished by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed
- 7. Specification into arteries, veins and lymphatic begins soon after the angioblast induction. For arterial development SHH VEGF Notch pathway ephrinB2 EPHB4- vein specific gene Prox-1- lymphatics
- 8. Till second week: Diffusion through the extraembryonic coelom and umbilical vesicle. Beginning of 3rd week: Blood vessel formation begins in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the umbilical vesicle, connecting stalk, and chorion. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Vasculogenesis Makoto Kamei, W Brian Saunders, Kayla J Bayless, Louis Dye, George E Davis, Brant M Weinstein Endothelial tubes assemble from intracellular vacuoles in vivo.Nature: 2006, 442(7101);453-6 PubMed 16799567 Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Embryonic Circulations.jpg. Retrieved November 24, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.a u/embryology/index.php/File:Embryonic_ Circulations.jpg
- 9. Blood formation: End of the 3rd Week and thereafter Blood cells develop from specialized endothelial cells (hemangiogenic epithelium) of vessels as they grow on the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) and allantois at the end of the third week Later (week 5) throughout embryonic mesenchyme The definitive hematopoietic stem cells are derived from mesoderm surrounding the aorta in a site near the developing mesonephric kidney called the aortagonad- mesonephros region (AGM). These cells colonize the liver, which becomes the major hematopoietic organ of the embryo for a period of 2nd to 7th month of development. Figure 1. The first definitive multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated within the embryonic aorta-gonad- mesonephros (AGM) region. The AGM extends from the umbilicus to the anterior limb bud of the human embryo and contains the dorsal aorta. Within the dorsal aorta, a cluster of CD34+ hematopoietic cells is associated with the ventral floor of the aorta. Printed in the R&D Systems 2003 Catalog
- 10. Angiogenesis None of the main vessels of the adult arises as a single trunk in the embryo. A capillary network is first laid down along the course of each vessel The larger arteries and veins are defined by selection and enlargement of definite paths in this network.) Angioblasts, arising in splanchnic and somitic tissues, add endothelial sprouts and branches to earlier vessels. Fig: 51- Dorsal view of chick embryo with ten pairs of mesodermal somites: Bailey FR. and Miller AM. Text-Book of Embryology (1921) New York: William Wood and Co.
- 11. Capillary Hemangioma Abnormally dense collection of capillary blood vessels. Often associated with craniofacial structures.
- 12. Dorsal aortae are the first intra-embryonic blood vessels to arise in the trunk. Primary dorsal aortae comprise a pair of longitudinal vessels in which the anterior ends are connected to the nascent heart via outflow tracts and the posterior parts are linked to vitelline arteries at the umbilicus level. The anterior ends of the dorsal aortae are connected with outflow tracts of heart, and the posterior ends gradually elongate toward the tail by connecting with the vascular plexus in the splanchnic mesoderm. Embryonic Arteries: Dorsal Aortae Fig. 13.1 The early, symmetrical blood vascular system. A, Ventrolateral view of the endothelial profile of the heart, the first aortic arch arteries and the dorsal aorta shown in relation to the major epithelial populations Gray’s Anatomy. 41st ed
- 13. After head folding, the embryo has bilateral primitive aortae, each consisting of ventral and dorsal parts that are continuous through the first embryonic aortic arch. The ventral aortae are fused and form a dilated aortic sac. After head folding, the embryo has bilateral primitive aortae, each consisting of ventral and dorsal parts that are continuous through the first embryonic aortic arches. The dorsal aortae run caudally, one on each side of the notochord. In the fourth week they fuse from about the level of the fourth thoracic to that of the fourth lumbar segment to form a single definitive descending aorta. Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed
- 14. Mature endothelial channels are seen in the rostral regions (aortic arches) Caudally, a changing capillary plexus constantly remodels until it becomes confluent with the vascular channels of the connecting stalk. The dorsal continuation of the primitive dorsal aortae directs blood into an anastomosing network around the allantois which will form the umbilical arteries. Blood is channelled back to the developing heart from the allantois via Umbilical veins, from anastomoses in the primitive yolk sac via the Vitelline veins, and from the body via pre- and post-cardinal veins that join to form the common cardinal veins The developing human: Clinically oriented embryology (10th edition) By Keith L. Moore and T.V.N. Persaud. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2015.
- 15. EMBRYONIC ARTERIES Aortic Arch Arteries Somatic arteries (Intersegmental) Umbilical arteries Lateral splanchnic arteries Ventral splanchnic arteries (Vitelline)
- 16. Aortic Arches The aortic arches initially develop by vasculogenesis, soon after neural crest cells have invaded the early pharyngeal arches. Angiogenic mesenchyme forms the endothelial lining of the vessels and neural crest contributes to the outer layers of the walls. The first aortic arch artery is part of the original vascular circuit that links the truncus arteriosus of the heart to the paired dorsal aortae. As the heart descends relative to the forebrain and other rostral structures, the aortic sac (the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus) gives rise to paired aortic arches at successively more caudal levels, each of which passes laterally on each side of the pharynx to join the dorsal aortae. Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed
- 17. Aortic Sac The pharyngeal arches and their vessels appear in a cranial-to- caudal sequence. Five arches are numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI Division of the truncus arteriosus by the aorticopulmonary septum divides the outflow channel of the heart into the ventral aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The aortic sac then forms right and left horns, which subsequently give rise to the brachiocephalic artery and the proximal segment of the aortic arch, respectively. Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed
- 18. Arch Arteries 1st and 2nd By day 27, most of the first aortic arch has disappeared, although a small portion persists to form the maxillary artery. Second aortic arch soon disappears. The remaining portions of this arch are- the hyoid and stapedial arteries. Tanoue, Shuichi & Kiyosue, Hiro & Mori, Hiromu & Hori, Yuzo & Okahara, Mika & Sagara, Yoshiko. (2013). Maxillary Artery: Functional and Imaging Anatomy for Safe and Effective Transcatheter Treatment. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 33. e209-24. 10.1148/rg.337125173.
- 19. The stapedial artery passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular branches arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid artery. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery, this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal. The Persistent Stapedial Artery Richard Silbergleit, Douglas J. Quint, Bharat A. Mehta, Suresh C. Patel, Joseph J. Metes and Samir E. Noujaim American Journal of Neuroradiology March 2000, 21 (3) 572-577
- 20. Third & Fourth Arch Artery In the 29-day embryo, the first and second aortic arches have disappeared The third, fourth, and sixth arches are large. The conotruncal region has divided so that the sixth arches are now continuous with the pulmonary trunk. Langman’s Embryology, 12th ed
- 22. The third aortic arch forms the common carotid artery and The first part of the The external carotid artery is a sprout of the third aortic arch. Fourth Arch Artery: On the left, it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. On the right, it forms the most proximal segment of the right subclavian artery,
- 23. 6th Aortic Arch also known as the pulmonary arch On the right side, the proximal part becomes the proximal segment of the right pulmonary artery. On the left, the distal part persists during intrauterine life as the ductus arteriosus Fig. 4.2 (a) Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) in the outflow cushions. Cross-section through the distal and middle outflow tract shows position of the condensed CNCC-derived mesenchyme within the cushions to form the future aorta (a) and pulmonary trunk (p). (b) Stages of outflow septation in the chick. (a) U-shaped septation complex straddles the aortic sac between the 4th and 6th aortic arch arteries. (b) The septation complex grows at the expense of the prongs. (c) Septation of the conus (Adapted from Hutson and Kirby
- 25. Somatic arteries (Intersegmental) Each primitive dorsal aorta gives off somatic arteries (intersegmental branches to the body wall) posterior intercostal, subcostal and lumbar arteries Gray’s Anatomy. 41st ed
- 26. Early umbilical arteries Direct caudal continuation of the primitive dorsal aortae. They are present in the body stalk before any vitelline or visceral branches emerge. After the dorsal aortae fuse, the umbilical arteries arise from their ventrolateral aspects Later, the proximal part of each umbilical artery is joined by a new vessel, that leaves the aorta at its termination. This, possibly the fifth lumbar intersegmental artery, constitutes the dorsal root of the umbilical artery (the original stem, the ventral root). The dorsal root gives off the axial artery of the lower limb, branches to the pelvic viscera and, more proximally, the external iliac artery. The ventral root disappears entirely, and the umbilical artery now arises from that part of its dorsal root distal to the external iliac artery, i.e. the internal iliac artery Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body
- 27. Adult derivatives of umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligament a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. gives rise to the superior vesical arteries.
- 28. Lateral splanchnic arteries the mesonephros, metanephros, testis or ovary the suprarenal gland. Diagrams showing arterial mesonephric blood supply and its relationship to eventual metanephros in a 4–6- week embryo and 8–10-week embryo. SMA: Superior mesenteric artery, IMA: inferior mesenteric artery, 1: cranial group mesonephric arteries, 2: middle group mesonephric arteries, RG: reproductive gland, MSN: mesonephros, MTN: metanephros, RAU: rete arteriosum urogenitale, SMA: superior mesenteric artery, IMA: inferior mesenteric artery, GA: gonadal artery, AG: adrenal gland, AA: adrenal artery, MTN: metanephros, RA: renal artery, PAA: polar accessory artery. The adrenal artery usually develops from the cranial group of mesonephric arteries whereas the gonadal artery forms from arteries of the caudal group (RAU). The definite renal artery comes either from the last branch of the middle group or the first of the caudal group. Persisting mesonephric arteries form accessory vessels (PAA) as shown in the example
- 29. Ventral splanchnic arteries Distributed to the capillary plexus in the wall of the yolk sac. After fusion of the dorsal aortae, they merge as unpaired trunks. dorsal and ventral splanchnic anastomoses reduced to three, the coeliac trunk and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries above the diaphragm, a variable number of ventral splanchnic arteries persist, usually four or five, supplying the thoracic oesophagus. The dorsal splanchnic anastomosis persists in the gastroepiploic, pancreaticoduodenal and primary branches of the colic arteries the ventral splanchnic anastomosis forms the right and left gastric and the hepatic arteries Gray’s Anatomy. 41st ed
- 30. derived from two sources: (1) angioblasts formed from sprouts off the sinus venosus that are distributed over the heart surface by cell migration (2) the epicardium itself. Neural crest cells also contribute smooth muscle cells along the proximal segments of these arteries. Connection of the coronary arteries to the aorta occurs by ingrowth of arterial endothelial cells from the arteries into the aorta. Coronary Arteries Fig. 5.2 Embryologic development of coronary vasculature (From Lluri and Aboulhosn)
- 33. Coarctation of Aorta Preductal Postductal
- 39. Variant Origin of Vertebral Arteries
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