Development of Headforms and an Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System for Head-Related Product Designs
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The document discusses the development of a 3D anthropometric sizing analysis system (3D-ASAS) aimed at improving the design of head-related products through detailed anthropometric measurements and post-processed 3D head scans from the CAESAR database. It highlights the methods for identifying key head dimensions and the importance of a computerized program for product designers to analyze sizing systems and representative human models. The improved database and 3D-ASAS are presented as tools for optimizing product design and enhancing usability through virtual fit analysis.
Development of Headforms and an Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System for Head-Related Product Designs
- 1. 1 Wonsup Lee1, 2, Baekhee Lee2, Sungho Kim2, Hayoung Jung2, Ilguen Bok3, Chulwoo Kim3, Ochae Kwon3, Teukgyu Choi4, and Heecheon You2 1Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 2Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea 3Design Team, Mobile Communication Division, Samsung Electronics, Seoul, South Korea 4Humanopia, Co. Ltd., Pohang, South Korea Ranked No. 1 in 2012-2014 at the “Times 100 under 50” Young University Rankings
- 2. 2 Contents
- 3. 3 Usefulness of 3D Body Scans for Product Design • Support various and detailed measurements • Support complex dimensions (e.g., curvature, shape, area, volume) which are directly applicable to product designs Design of earset based on size and shape of representative ear found from 300 ears Application of 3D scan images to the product designs (Lee et al., 2015) Design of dust-proof mask based on key 3D curvatures of the face (N = 336) Virtual fit analysis for an optimal design of pilot’s oxygen mask by applying all 336 3D facial shapes
- 4. 4 CAESAR Database • Civilian American European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) Survey year: 1998 ~ 2001 Sample size • 2,400 North Americans (USA, Canadian) • 2,000 Europeans (Dutch, Italian) Ethnicity • Caucasian (82%; N = 3,500) • African American (6%; N = 300) • others (Asian, Hispanic, and ethnic minorities; 12%; N = 600) Age: 18 ~ 65 Database • 3D scan images (3 postures) • 80 landmarks • 40 traditional measurements • 60 3D measurements • demographic information http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/cooperative/caesumm.htm
- 5. 5 Needs of Post-Processing of CAESAR Image • Poor quality or unnatural shape in CAESAR 3D heads Large uncaptured area on the left side of head Lots of holes Unnaturally volumized hair Post-processing is required for better use to the product design
- 6. 6 Needs of Sizing System and RHMs Analysis System • Sizing system and representative human models (RHMs) are more useful than raw 3D scan database for product designers • However, statistical analyses of sizing system and RHMs are quite complex to be performed by product designers Product designer Product designer Vs. sizing system RHMs hundreds of raw 3D scan images A computerized program is required for easy and convenient analyses of sizing system and RHMs for PD practitioners
- 7. 7 Objectives 1. Identification of design dimensions and head anthropometric dimensions for head-related product designs 2. Post-processing of CAESAR 3D head images for the measurement of head dimensions 3. Development of a computerized system (3D-ASAS) which supports the product design in terms of anthropometric analysis, sizing system generation, and RHMs analysis 4. Utilization of 3D-ASAS to develop digital and physical headforms applicable to the product design Development of Headforms and an Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System (3D-ASAS) for Head-Related Product Designs
- 8. 8 Approach Identification of product design dimensions and related head anthropometric dimensions Post-processing of CAESAR 3D heads S1 S2 S4 Development of 3D-ASAS Landmarking and anthropometric measurement of CAESAR heads S3 S5 Development of headforms
- 9. 9 S1. Identification of Head Anthropometric Dimensions • Identified 122 head dimensions by referring to 18 previous studies Length dimensions: 53 Depth dimensions: 29 Width dimensions: 18 Circumference/arc dimensions: 22 Illustration of head and facial dimensions
- 10. 10 Type of Products helmet googleglasses HMD headphone: headband type headphone: neckband type neckband • Determined 7 head-related products through discussion of a panel of ergonomists and expert product designers
- 11. 11 Design Dimensions and Related Head Dimensions: Helmet Design dimensions (16) Head dimensions (18) outer width top-of-head to top-of-ear length outer length inner width height forehead to top-of-head length ear width forehead to ear length ear length side-to-back arcinner length inner circumference front-to-back inner arc top-of-head to bottom- of-ear length side-to-top arc side-to-front arc red: key dimensions head breadth head circumference glabella-vertex-occiput arc head length bitragion-vertex arc glabella to vertex length tragion to vertex length superior auricle to vertex length Inferior auricle to vertex length ear breadth glabella to tragion length ear length bitragion-glabella arc inion to vertex length bitragion-inion arc • Identified design dimensions and related head dimensions for each product
- 12. 12 Key Design & Anthropometric Dimensions No. Product type Key design dimension Related key anthropometric dimension 1 Helmet inner length head length inner width head breadth 2 glasses width biocular breadth frame length otobasion superius to ectocanthus length 3 goggle glass arc bizygofrontale arc frame length otobasion superius to ectocanthus length 4 HMD forehead arc bizygofrontale arc zygomatic arc bizygomatic-subnasale arc 5 headphone: headband type headband length bitragion-vertex arc inner width bitragion breadth 6 headphone: neckband type neckband arc bitragion-inion arc inner width bitragion breadth 7 neckband circumference neck circumference • Identified key design dimensions and related key anthropometric dimensions for each product
- 13. 13 S2. Sample of CAESAR Post-Processed No. Category Male Female 1 Used in this study (N = 2,299) 1,086 96.8% 1,213 96.1% - Caucasian 862 76.8% 956 75.8% - African American 111 9.9% 147 11.6% - Asian 81 7.2% 92 7.3% - Hispanic 32 2.9% 18 1.4% 2 Excluded samples 36 3.2% 49 3.9% - Ethnic minorities 23 2.0% 41 3.2% - Heads have huge uncaptured area 7 0.6% 1 0.1% - Heads much deformed during scanning 2 0.2% 5 0.4% - Heads with no ethnic information 2 0.2% 1 0.1% - Inappropriate data structure 2 0.2% - - - Head with eye patch - - 1 0.1% total 1,122 100% 1,262 100% 2,384
- 14. 14 Post-Processing of CAESAR Heads • Manual post-processing of 2,299 CAESAR heads Hole-filling Modification of hair style Smoothing Elimination of unnatural features Rotation of head Landmarking • Processing time: 260h
- 15. 15 S3. Landmarks Used in This Study Landmarks identified in CAESAR database (red dot; 9 landmarks on the head) Landmarks identified in this research (green dot; 19 landmarks on the head) • Manual identification of 19 additional landmarks for the measurement of 30 head dimensions
- 16. 16 Measurements: Caucasian Male • All head dimensions were automatically measured using a Matlab program by ethnic group No. Anthropometric dimensions N Mean SD Min Max Percentile 1st 5th 95th 99th 1 head height 854 229.7 12.8 193.9 274.6 200.7 208.9 250.2 259.3 2 head length 862 195.4 9.3 169.0 219.0 174.0 180.0 210.0 214.0 3 head breadth 854 151.5 6.9 135.0 172.0 137.0 141.0 163.0 167.0 4 head circumference 854 568.1 20.8 512.0 622.0 522.0 534.0 602.0 613.0 5 face length 854 123.8 9.0 101.7 159.7 105.4 109.9 139.1 148.9 6 face width 862 144.3 8.8 119.0 171.7 126.8 131.1 159.5 167.5 7 inion to vertex length 857 164.3 10.6 132.9 195.4 141.6 147.5 182.6 188.8 8 glabella to vertex length 862 88.1 7.1 69.7 107.3 72.4 76.3 99.6 104.0 9 tragion to vertex length 859 141.1 7.1 120.8 162.2 125.3 129.8 153.6 158.8 10 menton to subnasale length 854 70.9 7.0 51.8 107.2 56.8 60.4 82.7 90.1 11 ear length 861 58.2 5.9 40.1 75.2 45.6 48.9 68.3 71.4 12 nose length 862 53.0 4.1 41.1 64.4 44.1 46.5 59.9 62.3 13 sellion to ectocanthus length 860 18.9 3.5 8.8 29.6 10.8 13.1 24.9 26.9 14 sellion to tragion length 861 93.3 6.0 75.4 111.2 80.5 83.6 102.9 108.0 15 nose protrusion 862 16.1 2.8 6.7 25.9 9.3 11.5 20.7 23.0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
- 17. 17 S4. Development of 3D Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System (3D-ASAS)
- 18. 18 System Interface: Input S1. Selection of target product S2. Selection of target population S3. Selection of number of size categories for sizing system S4. Selection of key anthropometric dimensions
- 19. 19 System Interface: Output Sizing system Accommodation percentage of the generated sizing system Representative heads according to the sizing system Interface for adjustment of the sizing system
- 20. 20 Adjustment of Sizing System (Illustrated) Accommodation percentage: 96.3% Accommodation percentage: 72% Manually adjusted sizing system for better accommodation Initial sizing system recommended by 3D-ASAS RHMs RHMs
- 22. 22 Development of Headforms Original CAESAR scan (format: point cloud mesh) Edited model (format: NURBS) 3D printed model • Digital and 3D-printed physical headforms developed based on RHMs extracted through 3D-ASAS
- 23. 23 Contribution: Improvement of CAESAR Heads • This study devoted effort to improve quality of CAESAR 3D head images for its useful application to the head-related product designs • Improved database (N = 2,299) is applicable to further head and facial anthropometric studies Post measurement Shape analysis Virtual fitting
- 24. 24 Contribution: 3D-ASAS • 3D anthropometric sizing analysis system (3D-ASAS) was developed for a convenient utilization in the product design process • System function and interface were developed based on PD practitioners’ needs User-friendly interface Descriptive statistics of measurements Statistic-based analysis Generation of sizing system Recommendation of RHMs Save and load results
- 25. 25 Applications • Improved CAESAR heads and 3D-ASAS can be applied to find an optimal shape of product through virtual fit analysis • Digital and physical headforms can be utilized to product design and usability evaluation phases in PD process Digital and physical headforms of RHMs Illustration of the virtual fit analysis for oxygen mask design 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10010 infiltration distance (mm) verticallocation(mm)
- 26. 26 Q & A Ergonomic Design Technology Lab at Pohang University of Science and Technology http://edt.postech.ac.kr Sizing Analysis SystemVirtual Fit AnalysisRepresentative Models Ear AnthropometryCAESAR Head Data Improvement Hip Protector Ranked No. 1 in 2012-2014 at the “Times 100 under 50” Young University Rankings