Development of regulatory instrument
- 1. Development of Regulatory Instrument For The Country By Nabilah Hashim, for MSc. of Construction Engineering Regulatory instruments comprise all those regulatory political interventions which formally influence social and economic action through binding regulations (Krott, 2005). Its function as the classical instruments of politics that are used to solve social or economic conflicts. Regulatory political interventions go beyond advisory services or financial incentives, since they are binding regulations that can be implemented by force. Throughout the years, the government of Malaysia has formulated numerous energy-related policies to ensure the long-term reliability and security of the energy supply for sustainable social-economic development in the country. These various energy policies included the National Energy Policy (1979), the National Depletion Policy (1980) and the Fuel Diversification Policy (1981, 1999) (Mohamed and Lee, 2006). Most of the international environmental agreements are legally binding for countries that have formally endorsed them. Some, such as the Kyoto Protocol, differentiate between types of countries and each nation's respective responsibilities under the agreement. Several hundred international environmental agreements exist but most link only a limited number of countries. These bilateral or sometimes trilateral agreements are only binding for the countries that have endorsed them but are nevertheless essential in the international environmental regime. Some of the convention may triggered or forming a certain policy or action form of Malaysian government and related industries, for example The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted on 1992 which objective to protecting of climate system does makes Malaysia conducted a national inventory of greenhouse gases, reduction measures and a thorough assessment of their impact on the various economic sectors. Related development is Malaysian success in phasing out chlorofluorocarbons by November 1999 in line with the Montreal Protocol. The National Climate Committee addresses Malaysian interagency involvement and collaboration (Hezri & Nordin Hasan, 2006). This shows Malaysia’s development in their environmental policy. In their article also stated the four stages of environmental policy, which; Stage one. Federal policy formulation; Stage two. Crises and consolidation; Stage three. Sustainable development, a new concept; Stage four. Implementing sustainable development. We can see from the stages of environmental policy how Malaysia’s response corresponding to the environmental issue and their policy development. Government has applied numerous instruments in more effective ways to address towards sustainable development along the years. It shown how the instrument changed to more engaging in cooperating long term management of sustainable development. This is to ensure the efficiency and to ensure policy establish can enhance the environmental management to the country.
- 2. Two broad waves of institutionalization of environmental policies can be identified (Jänicke and Weidner, 1997; Weidner, 2002). The first occurred in the late 1960s to early 1970s, pioneered by leaders in the developed countries, such as the United States, Sweden, and Japan (Jänicke and Weidner, 1997; Kraft and Vig, 1994). The second wave came in the after of the Brundtland Report in 1987 and the Rio Conference in 1992, bringing in its wake the worldwide spread of new or revised institutional arrangements for effective environmental protection, with its new focus on the concept of sustainable development (Hezri & Nordin Hasan, 2006). As per convention that function for developing the regulatory instruments of the country, country-specific case studies are needed to examine the two waves of institutionalization as the mode of adaptation and response by governments differs from one country to another. Malaysia for example, introduced administrative changes and legal authority in response to the first wave including the establishment of a national environmental agency and a ministry for the environment, backed by a national environmental law. Example of legislative response are coordinate development of the forestry sector; the National Forestry Policy was endorsed in 1977 in conjunction local forestry issue and their preservation. Such pioneering action stands in contrast to many developing countries that began to adopt environmental policy only after the second wave (Jänicke and Weidner, 1997; Weidner, 2002). Refer to the ("What is the Kyoto Protocol?", 2020), which operationalizes for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to report periodically. This demonstrate presents of an overview in processes and structures development in response to the policy and some quite specific. The relations between the possibilities of countries confront the outcome of latest results preceding by the previous policy established are shown as reference to the latter. In conclusion, government may be very conscious about the environmental development and conservation issues. Such to that, environmental laws and policy are crucial to ensure the objective of the convection and awareness raised are achieved. Awareness and enforcement on the law should be emphasised and more transparency particularly in policing and decision marking process. Rules and regulations should effectively be implemented with principles such as the precautionary principles, the environmental impact assessment, governing the environmental development and conservation and such. Regulatory instruments should be emphasise properly and necessary laws and policy should be formulated in regard.
- 3. Reference: Krott, M., & Paschen, R. (2010). Forest Policy Analysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Mohamed, A.R., Lee, K.T., 2006. Energy for sustainable development in Malaysia: energy policy and alternative energy. Energy Policy 34, 2388–2397. Hezri, A., & Nordin Hasan, M. (2006). Towards sustainable development? The evolution of environmental policy in Malaysia. Natural Resources Forum, 30(1), 37-50. Jänicke, M., Weidner, H., 1997. Summary: Global environmental policy learning. In: Jänicke, M., Weidner, H. (Eds.), National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity Building. Springer, Berlin, 299–313. What is the Kyoto Protocol?. (2020). Retrieved 21 April 2020, from https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol