Development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehicles
- 1. Development of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System In Vehicles UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF – PROF. PRADEEP PATANWAR Department of Mechanical Engineering Anand Engineering College, Agra APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow Ashish Kumar Singh 1300140020 Hemant Kumar 1300140041 Kingkar Jyoti Barman 1300140044 Manish Yadav 1300140048 Kumari Priyanka Yadav 1400140904
- 2. CONTENTS:- INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW SYSTEM PERFORMANCE BILL OF MATERIAL AND COSTING TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 3. INTRODUCTION Air conditioning of a vehicle can be done by two methods Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS). Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) The commonly utilized method of cooling currently used in vehicles is Vapor Compression Cycle, but the refrigerants in vapor compression refrigeration systems are mainly hydrocarbons like HCFCs and HFCs, which are not environmental friendly, resulting in undesirable changes in the atmosphere and environment like global warming, ozone layer depletion, etc. The implementation of VARS system in autovehicle reduces the additional running cost for air conditioning. There is a great impact on the running cost of a vehicle due to increasing cost of fuel. The A/C system adds nearly 35 % extra cost in fuel expenses. An automobile engine utilizes only about 35% of available energy and rests are lost to cooling and exhaust system.
- 4. The basic objective of developing a vapor absorption refrigerant system for automobiles is to lower the temperature of a small space inside the vehicle by utilizing waste heat and exhaust gases from engine It is a well known factor that an IC engine has an efficiency of about 35%-40%, which means that only one-third of the energy produced by the combustion of the fuel is converted into useful work done. About 60-65% of the energy in the form of heat is lost to environment. In which about 28%-30% is lost by coolant and lubrication losses, around 30%-32% is lost thorough exhaust gases from the exhaust pipes and remainder of the energy is lost by radiation and convection. In a Vapor Absorption Refrigerant System, the heat required for running the system can be obtained from that which is wasted into the atmosphere from IC engine. Hence to utilize the exhaust gases and waste heat from an engine the vapor absorption refrigerant system can be put into practice which increases the overall efficiency of a car Keeping these problems in mind, a car air conditioning system is designed from recovery of Exhaust waste heat using as source / generator for VARS .
- 5. The engine waste heat can be recovered by using generator in VARS. The arrangement of various components of air conditioning system is also a challenge because of the fixed size of vehicles. In the proposed model condenser and evaporator will be arranged same as the conventional unit. VARS system is to be used to cool the confined spaces with limited temperature for heavy vehicle. SCOPE OF THE WORK
- 6. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot Side Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas
- 7. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot Side Absorbs the low pressure vapour refrigerant
- 8. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot SideIncreases the pressure of weak solution
- 9. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot SideMixture of refrigerant and absorber is heated here
- 10. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot Side The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser
- 11. Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator AbsorberCold Side Hot Side Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator
- 12. Vapor Absorption System Heat Supplied from exhaust gases
- 13. SL.NO. VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM VAPOUR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM 1. Uses low grade energy like heat. Therefore, may be worked on exhaust systems from I.C engines, etc. Using high-grade energy like mechanical work. 2. Moving parts are only in the pump, which is a small element of the system. Hence operation is smooth. Moving parts are in the compressor. Therefore, more wear, tear and noise 3. The system can work on lower evaporator pressure also without affecting the COP. The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure. 4. No effect of reducing the load on performance Performance is adversely affected at partial loads. Comparison of VARS and VCRS
- 14. Literature Review Sr. Title Investigator Remarks 1. Performance and Evaluation of Ammonia Water Auto Air Conditioner System Using Exhaust Waste Energy 1994-1995 Mr. S. Khaled Ammonia absorption cycle should be considered as available alternative to mechanical vapour compression cycle. Flexibility in operation absence of compressor because its is noise and required work is high
- 15. Sr. Title Investigator Remarks 2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System and Calculation of COP 1998-99 Mr. Sachin Kaushik Dr. S. Singh Mr. Bipin Tripathi COP of the system is greatly influenced upon the system temperatures Sr. Title Investigator Remarks 3. Thermal Analysis of a Car Air Conditioning System Based On an Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Using Energy from Exhaust Gas of an Internal Combustion Engine 2001-2002 Mr. Lakshmi Sowjanya Supplying the heat to the Generator of a Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with the products of its combustion to produce the required refrigerating effect
- 16. Sr. Title Investigator Remarks 4. Vapour absorption refrigeration system for cold Storage & power generation in automobiles using Exhaust gas 2003-04 Mr. Sreeshankar Kr. Mr. Vikas pal From VARS system we can produce a cooling effect (RE) of 5 , which is suitable for cold storage purposes and thus it can be easily incorporated in heavy automobiles used for such purposes. 5. Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery for I.C. Engine 2012-13 Mr. J. S. Jadhao, Mr. D. G. Thombare For waste heat recovery thermoelectric generator is use low heat. So it is useful.
- 17. Waste heat, which is generated by fuel combustion in the engine, and then dissipated into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose. This heat depends on The temperature of the waste heat gases Mass flow rate of exhaust gas Waste heat loss arises Equipment inefficiencies Thermodynamic limitations on equipment Considering the internal combustion engine approximately 35% to 40% of heat energy is converted into useful mechanical work. The remaining heat from the engine is expelled into the atmosphere by exhaust gases and engine cooling systems. HEAT RECOVERY FROM THE ENGINE OF THE VEHICLE
- 18. It means approximately 60%-65 % energy losses as a waste heat through exhaust and other functions. Exhaust gases immediately leaving the engine can have temperatures as high as 450-600°C. Thus the high content of heat from the exhaust can easily be redirected and reused to provide useful work.
- 19. 5% 35% 30% 30% Percentage Of Waste Energy In System Radiation Break Power Exhaust Cooling System
- 20. System Performance Assumptions The pressure drops are neglected in the components of the system The pump in the system is assumed to be increasing the pressure by 10 bar The pump compression is assumed to isothermal Assume the Generator Temperature = 25 to 100 C, Condenser Temperature = 0 to 50 C , Evaporator Temperature = -10 C to 20 C, Absorber Temperature = 0 to 50 C Let Effectiveness of both RHE and SHE be 0.85
- 21. Equipment specification To build the refrigerator many equipments would be required, The specifications of some of the given below- 1. Absorber The absorber would be an approximately 200 mm X 200 mm X 100 mm container which would be properly insulated to prevent the transfer of heat from the surrounding into the system. 2: Pump The pump is used to transfer the solution from the refrigerator to the absorber to the generator. 40 watt , maximum head 2.4 meter, volume flow rate 2000 lit/hr. The pump work will be neglected while calculating COP. this pump will be sufficient for the working of the system.
- 22. Manufacture Kirloskar 4-S Engine Engine Single Cylinder. 4-Stroke , C.I. Engine Bore 87.5mm Stroke 110mm Comp. Ratio 17.5 Capacity 661cc Power 8 hp (5.9kW) at 1500rpm Sp. Fuel Combustion 220gms/kW-hr (0.22kg/kW-hr) Waste heat contained in a exhaust gas 3. Generator The generator is used to vaporise the ammonia from the solution so it can be used for cooling purposes. The generator will be a small container which would receive heat from the concentrated heat from the exhaust gases by burning the fossil fuels. It is too made of a heat conducting material like aluminum.
- 23. Calculations Exhaust heat loss through diesel engine compression ratio (Vr) Vr= Vc+Vs/Vc 17.5 Vc= Vc + 6.61 x 10^-4 Vc=4 x 10^-4 m3 Total Volume (Vt) = Vc + Vs = 4 x 10^-5 + 6.61 x 10^-4 = 7.01 x 10^-4 m3 Mass flow rate of fuel ( on the basis of specific fuel consumption ) mf S.F.C. = mf/Power mf = S.F.C. x Power = 220 x 5.9 = .3177 gm/sec
- 24. Volume rate = Swept volume x speed Vn = Vs x N Vn = 6.61 x 10^-4 x 1500/2 = 0.4957 m3 / min = 8.262 x 10^-3 m3 / sec Volumetric efficiency ηv = Volume of Air / Swept Volume ηv = ma / ρ x n x Vs ma = ηv x ρ x n x Vs = 0.9 x 1.16 x 1500/2 x 6.61 x 10^-4 = 0.5175 gm / min = 8.625 gm / sec
- 25. Mass Flow rate of Exhaust Gas (me) me = mf + ma = 0.3177 + 8.625 = 8.9427 gm / sec = 8.9427 x 10^-3 kg / sec Heat loss in exhaust gas (Qe) = me x Cp x ∆T = 8.9427 x 10^-3 x 1.1 x (450 – 45) = 4.03 KJ / sec = 4.03 KW
- 26. Heat supplied to the generator = Waste heat contained Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger in exhaust gas x Qg = 4.03 KJ/sec X 0.85 = 3.43 KJ/sec
- 27. Calculation for Load of Cabin parameter Value Cabin dimension (2 x 1.75 x 1.5) mxmxm Ambient temp 45*c Cabin temp without cooling 55*c Desired temp of cabin 30*c Heat gain through glasses 1200 KJ/hr Heat gain through walls 3600 KJ/hr Passenger including driver 1200 KJ/hr Heat radiated from engine 2000 KJ/hr Total 8000 KJ/hr. Total heat to be removed from cabin = 8000 KJ/hr Qe = 8000/3600 = 2.22 KJ/sec
- 28. COP = Refrigeration Effect Work Input Refrigeration Effect = Qe Work Input (Neglecting Pump Work) = Qg COP= (Qe/Qg) = 2.2 / 3.43 =0 .64
- 29. Performance Comparison VARS COP = .64 No compressor is required Low in cost Maintenance cost is low VCRS COP = 1.2 to1.5 compressor is required Costly due to cost of compressor Maintenance cost is high
- 30. Bill of Materials The estimated costs of the various raw materials and equipments are discussed below. Sl. No. Item Price in Rs. No of items/ Quantity required Cost in Rs. 1 Absorber 500 1 500 2 Pipes 15 per m 30 m 450 3 Fuel Tanks 350 1 350 4 Burner 350 1 350 5 Pump 400 1 400 6 Throttling Valve 60 2 120 7 Ammonia Solution 160 per liters 4 liters 655 8 Sheet metal 15 per feet 25 feet 375 Total Cost 3190 Rs. Table 1: Cost of items
- 31. Sl. No. Process Cost in Rs. 1 Manufacturing 1500 2 Welding 850 3 Miscellaneous 2000 Total Cost 7550 Rs. Table 2: Cost of manufacturing activities Total cost of the project till date is estimated to be ₹ 8500.
- 32. TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT S. No. Work Plan Date of completion 1. Study and Analysis of VARS system and Component and Equipment requirement Analysis used in the system 1st Oct.– 30th Nov. 2016 2. Selection of suitable Equipments and Machines 10th Feb.- 28th Feb , 2017 3. Fabrication Up to 15th March 2017 4. 5. Testing and Error Rectification Final Submission After 15th March . 2017 30th March 2017
- 33. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in an Automobile. Global Journal of Research in Engineering, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2012. 2. R. Sai Lavanya, Design of solar water cooler Using aqua ammonia absorption refrigeration system. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and studies, volume 2, Issue 2, Jan 2013. 3. C. P. Arora, Refrigeration and air conditioning. Tata McGraw Hill. 4. R. S. Khurmi, J K, Gupta Refrigeration and Air Conditioning- 2010, Vapour Absorption Refrigeration. 5. Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery for I.C. Engine , vol–2 , J. S. Jadhao, D. G. Thombare PG Student, Automobile Engineering Department, R.I.T., Sakharale, Dist. Sangali, (MS) Professor, Automobile Engineering Department, R.I.T., Sakharale, Dist. Sangali, (MS) Website- 1.http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5150/1/Vapour%20absorption%20refrigeration%20syste m%20using%20%20low%20grade%20energy.pdf 2. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2013/490124/
- 34. . Thank You