Developmental defects
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This document discusses birth defects, their causes, and methods of prevention and diagnosis. It defines birth defects as abnormalities that occur during development, which can range from minor to severe, sometimes causing miscarriage. Common birth defects mentioned include clubfoot, cleft lip/palate, Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, and spina bifida. Causes may be environmental factors like diet/infections, genetics like dominant genes, or chromosomal errors. Prevention methods include genetic counseling and prenatal testing like ultrasound to diagnose potential problems.
Developmental defects
- 3. Contents Definition Problems in prenatal development Birth defects Causes of birth defect Preventions and diagnosis of birth defects
- 4. Developmental defects Occur when there is a disturbance in the development of the body that results in abnormality. These abnormalities leads to mental or physical disabilities. The developmental abnormality can be very severe and cause spontaneous abortion or miscarriage or it can be minor and cause few problems.
- 5. Problems in prenatal development Some times a pregnancy begins, but a baby doesn’t develop normally. If the baby dies before the 20th week it is called a Miscarriage. If the baby dies after that time ,it is called a stillbirth. Some times babies survive the pregnancy but are born with serious problems called birth defects.
- 6. Birth defects Some birth defects include: Club foot Cleft lift and palate Down’s syndrome Hydrocephalus Spine bifida And many more defects
- 7. Club foot Clubfoot is a birth defect where one or both feet are rotated inwards and downwards. The affected foot ,calf and leg may be smaller than the other. This defect occur in the first trimester of pregnancy during formation.
- 9. Cleft lip and palate Cleft lip and palate are opening or splits in the upper lip , the roof of the mouth (palate) or both. Cleft lip and palate results when facial structures that are developing in an unborn baby don’t close completely. During the first trimester of pregnancy it is occur. A combination of genetic and environmental factors sometimes interfere with this development.
- 11. Down’s syndrome People with down syndrome are born with an extra 21st chromosome. Down’s syndrome results in mental retardation and also physical.
- 12. Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus is a condition that occurs when fluid builds up in the skull and causes the brain to swell. The name means “water on the brain”. This can leads to developmental, physical and intellectual impairments. In infant, the seams of the skull have not yet fused, so the skull gets bigger as the fluid accumulation . A miniature pump called a shunt is placed in the head to remove off excess fluid.
- 14. Spina bifida Spina bifida is a neural tube defect. It occurs when the bones of the spine (vertebrae) don’t form properly around part of the baby’s spinal cord. Spina bifida is determine during the first trimester of pregnancy. The size of the opening varies from almost pinpoint to several.
- 16. Causes of birth defedcts Some causes are environmental because it is during the first few weeks that a baby develops all bodily systems needed for survival The mother’s diet Any diseases or infections the mother have Harmful substances Some medicines Exposure to hazards such as chemicals, X-ray etc
- 17. Some causes are hereditery Sometimes a child inherits a defective gene that is dominant such as huntingtons Some conditions affect only one sex and usually it’s the males Hemophilia Color blindness and more
- 18. Errors in chromosomes Such as when a baby has too many or too few chromosomes or has broken or rearranged chromosomes This usually leads to down syndrome
- 19. Prevention and diagnosis of birth defects All types of birth defects cannot be anticipated or controlled, but there are several things that couples can do to minimize the chances Genetic counseling for those who have a history of birth defects in their family. Prenatal tests can also determine whether or not a baby will be born with a birth defect. Ultrasound can help to determine problems with the baby’s skeletal , circulatory or nervous systems.
- 20. Summary Developmental defects occur when there is abnormal development. causes of defects Prevention of these defects These defects causes many problems in the baby after birth
- 22. Any Question