different types of Pesticides formulations
- 1. Pesticides formulations • Formulation • For dry application. • Wet application • Gas application 25/08/2024 1
- 2. For dry applications • Dusts. • Granules. 25/08/2024 2
- 3. For wet applications • Wettable powder (WP) • Wettable Granules (WG) • Emulcifiable concentrate (EC) • Soluble powder (SP) • Flowable (F) • Ultra low volume concentrate (ULV) • Water miscible liquid – Liquid (L) – Soluble concentrate (SC) – Soluble liquids (SL) 25/08/2024 3
- 4. For gas or vapour applications • Fumigants. • Smoke generators. • Aerosols. 25/08/2024 4
- 5. INSECTICIDE FORMULATION • DUSTS D • GRANULESG • WETTABLE POWDERS WP • WETTABLE GRANULESWG • EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE EC • SOLUBLE POWDER SP • FLOWABLEF • ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE ULV • WATER MISCIBLE LIQUID WSC 25/08/2024 5
- 6. • FUMIGANTS • SMOKE GENERATORS • AEROSOLS INSECTICIDE FORMULATION 25/08/2024 6
- 7. Dust (D) • The technical material (active ingredient) is mixed with a carrier such as – clay (attapulgite, kaolin, and ash) – organic flour (wood bark) – pulverized minerals (sulphur, talk, lime, gypsum). • Particle size will be less than 100µ and it should pass through 200 mesh sieve. • Dusts are cheaper and easy to use. • They are least effective and cause wind drift leading to poor deposit on surface. • Dust formulation are sold as 2% or 5% or 10% a.i. of dust. • They are highly toxic to beneficial insects. e.g. Quinalphos 1.5% D, Malathion 5% D. 25/08/2024 7
- 9. Granules (G) • Granules are prepared by applying liquid insecticides to coarse inert particles of porous materials like clay, corn cobs (or) walnut shells. • The a.i. of the granules varies from 3% to 10% in India, but may be 25% in other countries. • The size of the granules varies from 20 to 80 mesh size. • Granular pesticides can be applied on to the soil or may be placed in the whorl region of leaves depending on the nature of pest control required. • Granular insecticides may be more economical, since precise applications are possible with them. • When applied in the soil, they are generally less harmful to beneficial insects such as bees. • For systemic insecticides, granule application is excellent since, they are placed in the root zone. Eg. Carbosulfan 6% G 25/08/2024 9
- 11. Wettable powder (WP) • It consists of active ingredient mixed with inert dust and a surfactant that mixes readily with water and forms a short – term suspension. • WPs are much more concentrated than dusts, containing 15 to 95 per cent active ingredient. • Frequent stirring of the mixture is generally required after addition of water, as otherwise the suspension may settle to the bottom of the liquid • WP usually cause less phytotoxicity than ECs. • WPs should never be used without dilution with water. • It is also known as water dispersible powder (WDP). e.g. Thiodicarb 75% WP 25/08/2024 11
- 13. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) • It consists of a toxicant, a solvent and an emulsifier with a stabilizing agent. • When EC is mixed with water gives emulsion – droplets of oil containing the insecticide dispersed in water. • Emulsifier makes the water insoluble toxicant to water soluble and it yield a stable milky solution when diluted with water. • When applied, the solvent evaporates quickly leaving the toxicant from which water also evaporate. E.g. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC 25/08/2024 13
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- 17. Soluble Powder (SP) • Soluble powder consists of finely ground solid material, which dissolve in water or some other liquid forming true solution. • No agitation required like Wettable Powder. E.g. Acephate 75% SP. 25/08/2024 17
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- 20. Flowable (F) • Flowable is a pesticide formulation in which the active ingredient is wet milled with a clay diluted and water. • Flowables must be constantly agitated to prevent the insecticide from coming out of suspension and settling. • It is also known as sprayable suspension (S). E.g. Quinalphos 20 AF 25/08/2024 20
- 22. Ultra Low Volume Concentrate (ULV) • They are special kind of high concentrate solutions and are applied without dilution with water. • Can be applied with special aerial or ground equipment to produce extremely fine spray. • The total volume required with ULV formulations is from 2 to 4 lit/ha. • E.g. Malathion ULV • ULV sprayers, Drone, Helicopter aircraft fitted with spray booms are used. • With ULV application, drift may be a problem. 25/08/2024 22
- 23. 25/08/2024 23 Ultra Low Volume Concentrate
- 24. Water Miscible Liquid (WML) • These formulations are variously known as soluble liquids (SL), liquid (L), water soluble concentrates (SC). • The formulations work like EC but do not contain emulsifiers because the toxicants used are water miscible. • Hence, the spray prepared with water is not milky, unlike EC formulation. Eg. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC Eg.Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL 25/08/2024 24
- 25. 25/08/2024 25 Water soluble concentrate (SC)
- 26. Fumigants (Fm) • Fumigants are pesticides in the form of poisonous gasses that kill when absorbed or inhaled. • Most of the fumigants are liquid and are mixtures of two or more gases. Eg. EDCT(3:1) • Some are in solid form like Camphor. E.g. Aluminium phosphide(Restricted use now) 25/08/2024 26
- 28. Ethylene Dichloride + Carbon tetrachloride (3:1) 25/08/2024 28
- 29. Smoke Generator • They are used in the form of coil like strips containing pyrethrum, oxidant and wood dust for the control of mosquitoes. • When ignited, these coils release vapours. • Eg. Tortoise mosquito Coil. 25/08/2024 29
- 31. Aerosols • Aerosols contains a small amount of pesticides that is drive through a fine opening by a chemically inactive gas under pressure when the nozzle is triggered (or) by burning toxicant or vapourizing it with heat. • The toxicant is suspended as minute particle (0.1 –50 µ w/w) in air as a fog or mist. • It consists of toxicant (2%), solvent (10%), knockdown agent (2%) and propellant (86%). • E.g. Deltamethrin 1.25% ULV 25/08/2024 31