Pesticide formulation and calculation.ppt

Pesticide Formulations, Application
equipments- Preparation of Spray
fluids and botanicals
K. Devarassou
Assistant Professor(Entomology)
Department of Agrl. Entomology
PAJANCOA & RI, Karaikal
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

Pesticide’s
• Pesticides – Chemical which kills or suppress
the pest population.
• Pesticides include various types.
• Pest- Pest is any organisms- causes harmful
effects to farmers.
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K.Devarassou, Assistant
Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal,

Pesticide
SI.
No.
Pesticides
1. Insecticide - Insects Eg.Thiamethoxam 25% WG
2. Herbicide - Weeds Eg. Pendimethalin 30% EC
3. Nematicide - Nematodes Eg. Carbofuran 3% G
4. Fungicide - Fungus Eg. Carbendazim 50% WP
5. Bactericide - Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin sulfate
6. Acaricide - Mites Eg. Propargite 57% EC
7. Rodenticide - Rats Eg. Zinc phosphide 80% W/v
8. Molluscicide - Molluscans Eg. Metaldehyde 2.5% pellets
9. Avicide – Birds Eg. Avitrol (4-aminopyridine)
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Pesticides formulations
• Formulation • For dry application.
• Wet application
• Gas application
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For dry applications
• Dusts.
• Granules.
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For wet applications
• Wettable powder (WP)
• Wettable Granules (WG)
• Emulcifiable concentrate (EC)
• Soluble powder (SP)
• Flowable (F)
• Ultra low volume concentrate (ULV)
• Water miscible liquid
– Liquid (L)
– Soluble concentrate (SC)
– Soluble liquids (SL)
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For gas or vapour applications
• Fumigants.
• Smoke generators.
• Aerosols.
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INSECTICIDE FORMULATION
• DUSTS D
• GRANULES G
• WETTABLE POWDERS WP
• WETTABLE GRANULES WG
• EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE EC
• SOLUBLE POWDER SP
• FLOWABLE F
• ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE ULV
• WATER MISCIBLE LIQUID WSC
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• FUMIGANTS
• SMOKE GENERATORS
• AEROSOLS
INSECTICIDE FORMULATION
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Pesticide formulations
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DRY APPLICATION
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Dust (D)
• The technical material (active ingredient) is mixed with a
carrier such as
– clay (attapulgite, kaolin, and ash)
– organic flour (wood bark)
– pulverized minerals (sulphur, talk, lime, gypsum).
• Particle size will be less than 100µ and it should pass
through 200 mesh sieve.
• Dusts are cheaper and easy to use.
• They are least effective and cause wind drift leading to
poor deposit on surface.
• Dust formulation are sold as 2% or 5% or 10% a.i. of dust.
• They are highly toxic to beneficial insects.
e.g. Quinalphos 1.5% D, Malathion 5% D.
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Dust

Granules (G)
• Granules are prepared by applying liquid insecticides to coarse
inert particles of porous materials like clay, corn cobs (or)
walnut shells.
• The a.i. of the granules varies from 3% to 10% in India, but may
be 25% in other countries.
• The size of the granules varies from 20 to 80 mesh size.
• Granular pesticides can be applied on to the soil or may be
placed in the whorl region of leaves depending on the nature of
pest control required.
• Granular insecticides may be more economical, since precise
applications are possible with them.
• When applied in the soil, they are generally less harmful to
beneficial insects such as bees.
• For systemic insecticides, granule application is excellent since,
they are placed in the root zone. Eg. Carbosulfan 6% G
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Granules

WET APPLICATION
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Wettable powder (WP)
• It consists of active ingredient mixed with inert dust
and a surfactant that mixes readily with water and
forms a short – term suspension.
• WPs are much more concentrated than dusts,
containing 15 to 95 per cent active ingredient.
• Frequent stirring of the mixture is generally required
after addition of water, as otherwise the suspension
may settle to the bottom of the liquid
• WP usually cause less phytotoxicity than ECs.
• WPs should never be used without dilution with water.
• It is also known as water dispersible powder (WDP).
e.g. Thiodicarb 75% WP
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Wettable powder

Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
• It consists of a toxicant, a solvent and an
emulsifier with a stabilizing agent.
• When EC is mixed with water gives emulsion –
droplets of oil containing the insecticide
dispersed in water.
• Emulsifier makes the water insoluble toxicant to
water soluble and it yield a stable milky solution
when diluted with water.
• When applied, the solvent evaporates quickly
leaving the toxicant from which water also
evaporate. E.g. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
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Emulsifiable Concentrate

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Soluble Powder (SP)
• Soluble powder consists of finely ground solid
material, which dissolve in water or some
other liquid forming true solution.
• No agitation required like Wettable Powder.
E.g. Acephate 75% SP.
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Soluble Powder

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e

Flowable (F)
• Flowable is a pesticide formulation in which
the active ingredient is wet milled with a clay
diluted and water.
• Flowables must be constantly agitated to
prevent the insecticide from coming out of
suspension and settling.
• It is also known as sprayable suspension (S).
E.g. Quinalphos 20 AF
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Flowable

Ultra Low Volume Concentrate (ULV)
• They are special kind of high concentrate solutions
and are applied without dilution with water.
• Can be applied with special aerial or ground
equipment to produce extremely fine spray.
• The total volume required with ULV formulations is
from 2 to 4 lit/ha.
• E.g. Malathion ULV
• ULV sprayers, Drone, Helicopter aircraft fitted with
spray booms are used.
• With ULV application, drift may be a problem.
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Ultra Low Volume Concentrate

Water Miscible Liquid (WML)
• These formulations are variously known as
soluble liquids (SL), liquid (L), water soluble
concentrates (SC).
• The formulations work like EC but do not
contain emulsifiers because the toxicants used
are water miscible.
• Hence, the spray prepared with water is not
milky, unlike EC formulation.
Eg. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC
Eg.Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL
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Water soluble concentrate (SC)

GAS OR VAPOUR APPLICATION
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Fumigants (Fm)
• Fumigants are pesticides in the form of
poisonous gasses that kill when absorbed or
inhaled.
• Most of the fumigants are liquid and are
mixtures of two or more gases. Eg. EDCT(3:1)
• Some are in solid form like Camphor.
E.g. Aluminium phosphide(Restricted use
now)
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Aluminium phosphide(Fumigant)
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Restricted use

Ethylene Dichloride + Carbon
tetrachloride (3:1)
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Smoke Generator
• They are used in the form of coil like strips
containing pyrethrum, oxidant and wood dust
for the control of mosquitoes.
• When ignited, these coils release vapours.
• Eg. Tortoise mosquito Coil.
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Smoke Generator

Aerosols
• Aerosols contains a small amount of pesticides
that is drive through a fine opening by a
chemically inactive gas under pressure when the
nozzle is triggered (or) by burning toxicant or
vapourizing it with heat.
• The toxicant is suspended as minute particle (0.1
–50 µ w/w) in air as a fog or mist.
• It consists of toxicant (2%), solvent (10%),
knockdown agent (2%) and propellant (86%).
• E.g. Deltamethrin 1.25% ULV
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Aerosols

INSECTICIDE APPLICATION
EQUIPMENTS
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DUSTER
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DUSTERS
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ROTARY DUSTER
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KNAPSACK DUSTER
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POWER OPERATED DUSTER
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PLUNGER DUSTER
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BELLOW DUSTER
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SPRAYER
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SPRAYER
• Main function of a sprayer is to atomize the spray fluid which
may be a suspension or emulsion into small droplets and eject
it with some force for distributing it properly.
• Parts of sprayer:
– Tank
– Pump
– Pressure gauge
– Valves
– Filter
– Pressure chamber
– Hose
– Spray lance
– Cutt off device
– Boom and nozzle
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Sprayer parts
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Sprayer parts
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Nozzle
• All types of sprayers generally speaking emit
pesticide solution in very fine spray form.
• Spraying nozzle thus is a device for emitting spray
liquid, breaking it up into small droplets and
throwing the droplets away from the nozzle orifice.
• Different designs of nozzle are used to produce
appropriate droplet size spectrum.
• In order to break the liquid into droplets energy is
needed.
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Nozzle
• It breaks the liquid into droplets and spread
them into spray droplets.
• It consist of below parts
– Body
– Cap
– Swirl plate
– Washer
– strainer
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The spray nozzles therefore are classified as:
• Hydraulic energy nozzles.
• Gaseous energy nozzles.
• Centrifugal energy nozzles.
• Thermal energy nozzles.
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Hydraulic energy nozzles
• Almost all sprayers used for high volume spraying
methods are fitted with hydraulic nozzles.
• The hydraulic nozzles are most commonly used spray
nozzles for pesticides application.
• Almost all the hydraulic sprayers use this type of
nozzle.
The following types of hydraulic nozzles are used for
spraying pesticides:
1. Hollow cone type
2. Fan type
3. Impact type
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1. Hollow cone type
• This is a very popular type of hydraulic nozzle for spraying
insecticides and fungicide.
• It produces a hollow cone pattern of spray consisting of
mixture of different sizes droplets.
• In its simplest design this type of nozzle is made of brass
metal having orifice hole drilled in it and tangential cut
grooves provides swirl motion to spray liquid which breaks
down into droplet when emerging from the nozzle under
pressure.
• The disc and the swirl plate (core) are suitably fitted in the
body of the nozzle which has threads for screwing (fitting) it
to the lance/ boom.
• The normal working pressure of hollow cone nozzle is about
40 psi.
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2. Fan type
• They are also called flat fan nozzles.
• The spray liquid is thrown from an orifice which is elliptical
to give a flat shaped sheet of spray.
• These are used for band spraying.
• These nozzles are generally used on booms with proper
distance in between and overlapping to give even
distribution.
• The normal working pressure is about 40 psi(insecticides).
• However, these fan nozzles can also be used for Herbicide
application but the application is done at low pressure like
15 - 20 psi to avoid drift of fine droplets.
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3. Impact type
• These nozzles are also known as deflector nozzles or
flood jet nozzles.
• In these nozzles, the spray liquid emerging from a
circular hole strikes an inclined smooth face and is
deflected at an angle.
• The liquid thus spreads as a sheet in a wide angled
fan pattern.
• These nozzles are used for Herbicide spraying and
are low pressure (15 - 25 psi).
• The spray pattern essentially consists of coarse
droplets.
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4. Adjustable nozzle
• These are also called as tripple action nozzle.
• They are so called because of varying patterns of sprays that
can be obtained by manipulating the swirl velocity of spray
liquid in the eddy chamber.
• The hollow cone spray pattern consisting of fine spray
particles, or a jet spray for orchard/ tree spraying and a
medium coarse spray patterns can be obtained by simple
adjustments.
• These nozzles are generally used with foot operated sprayers,
rocking sprayers or high pressure hydraulic sprayers for
spraying trees.
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Gaseous energy nozzles
• In this type of nozzle spray liquid is injected into a stream of high velocity
air.
• The force of the air streches the liquid to form ligaments which ultimately
break into fine spray droplets.
• The airstream further transports the droplets to the target.
• The liquid flow into the airstream is metered.
• Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower is fitted with this type of air
blast nozzle.
• The spray droplet size depends upon the nozzle design.
• The positioning of liquid flow and air velocity is very important. By
increasing the liquid flow rate the droplet size also increases.
• In larger models of sprayer‘s hydraulic nozzle atomise the liquid first and
then the droplets are further sheared by the air blast.
• Vertical nozzles also work on gaseous energy for ULV spraying.
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Centrifugal energy nozzles
• If liquid is fed on fast rotating disc, then it is carried by
centrifugal force to the outermost edges of the disc and spray
droplets are issued.
• Rotating cylindering cage of fine mesh also produce fine spray
if liquid is fed into it.
• The revolving speed of the disc or cage is very important for
size of droplets.
• The disc has serrated teeth on the periphery which make
droplet spectrum narrow.
• The physical properties of the spray liquid are important for
droplet size besides the speed of rotation.
• These types of nozzles are generally used for ULV spraying and
for L.V spraying methods.
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Thermal energy nozzles
• Fogging machines work with thermal energy nozzles, also
called hot tube nozzles.
• Spray liquid is injected into stream of hot gases (exhaust of
engine) where it vaporises due to high temperature but then
it condenses when issued out of the nozzle due to outside
temperature and forms fog of fine droplets.
• Exhaust nozzle sprayers (vehicle mounted) are used for ULV
application in locust control operation.
• Pulse jet engine models are used for pesticide fogging for
public health purposes.
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Other Types of Nozzles
• Solid cone nozzle
• Flood jet nozzle/Triple action nozzle(Post
emergence Herbicide)
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Impact

Other types of Nozzle
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Different target and optimum size
• Flying insects - 1-50 micron.
• Insects on foliage- 30-50 micron.
• Foliage(Herbicide)/Soil(Herbicide)- 250-500 micron
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Calibration of sprayer
• The sprayer can be calibrated theoretically and practically in
the field.
• It is good to frequently verify the correctness of theoretical
calibration with field practical calibration.
• A very simple and easy to remember formula is
F = SDA
10,000
Where F - flow rate in Litres/min
S - Swath width in meter
D - Operator's walking speed in meter/min
A - Application rate in L/ha
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Calibration of sprayer
• The above formula is useful for calibration of
any type of field spraying system ie. high
volume, low volume, ultra-low volume, tractor
mounted sprayer or aerial spraying.
• If any three variables in this formula are
known, the value of the remaining fourth
variable can be found out.
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Types of sprayer
• I. Manually operated hydraulic sprayer
– Hand syringe
– Hand sprayer
– Bucket pump
– Knapsack sprayer
– Rocker sprayer
– Foot sprayer
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Hand
syringe
Bucket
pump
Knapsack sprayer
Rocker arm sprayer
Foot sprayer

Back pack -Knap sack sprayer
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Drone sprayer(Mostly ULV sprayer)
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Bucket sprayer with pump
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Foot sprayer
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Rocker sprayer
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• II. Maually operated compression sprayer
– Pneumatic hand sprayer
– Pneumatic knapsack sprayer
Types of sprayer
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Pneumatic hand
sprayer
Pneumatic knapsack sprayer

II.Pneumatic knap sack sprayer
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Types of sprayer
• III.Power sprayer
– Mist blower cum duster
– Motorised Knapsack sprayer
– Nozzles
– Jet nozzles
– Adjustable micronizer nozzle
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Power sprayer
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Types of sprayer
• IV.Ultra low volume sprayer
– ULV
– Hand carried
– Battery operated spinning
disc sprayer
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Types of sprayer
V. Electrodyne sprayer (EDS)
• Electrodyne sprayer uses electricity to atomize certain oil-
based pesticide formulation into a spray cloud, electrically
charging the resulting droplet with a non moving part nozzle.
• The atomizing nozzle consists of a pair of electrodes (high and
low voltage) and a narrow gap outlet for the pesticide liquid
flow.
• Droplets ranging in size from 25 to 200 μm form when
accumulation of a surface electric charge on the liquid
produces a loss of fluid surface tension.
• Droplets emitted from the nozzle travel toward the target
along curved electric field flux lines at an average speed of 10
m/s and impinge upon the equipotential leaf surfaces at 90°
angles.
• Applications as low as 500 ml/ha give adequate biological
control in some canopies.
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Electrodyne sprayer (EDS)
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Other appliances
• Soil injecting gun
• Bird scarer
• Flame thrower
• Granular applicator
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Soil Injecting gun
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Soil injecting gun
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Bird Scarer or Acetylene gun
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Flame thrower
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Granular applicator
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SPRAY FLUID PREPARATION
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Insecticide dosage
• Insecticides may need to be selectively applied
for controlling insect pests.
• Accurately computing the amount of insecticide
required for a given area and uniform application
rate is essential for effective control of insect
pests.
• Commercial products available in the market are
commonly in the form of a wettable powder(WP),
Granules(G) and Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
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Insecticide dosages
• Insecticide recommendation are often expressed as
kilogram of active ingredient per hectare (Kg a.i/ha) or
• Percentage concentration of active ingredient (% a.i) of
the insecticide in the final diluted solution.
• Therefore, the insecticide should be used in the correct
dosage by diluting the exact amount of the
concentrated form of insecticide with a predetermined
volume of water or other diluents or by spreading the
exact amount of granules required over a specific area.
• To achieve this, it is necessary to calculate the exact
amount of insecticide material needed for the area
being covered.
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Insecticide dosages
• Each commercial insecticide possesses an
active ingredient (a.i) the principle chemical
compound that acts on the insect.
• Because this active ingredient is highly toxic it
is marketed in a diluted form.
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CALCULATION FOR GRANULAR(G)
OR DUST(D) BASED INSECTICIDES
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Calculation for formulation-
Granules or Dust
Formula:
Recommended rate X spray area(m2)
• Kg of D/G =------------------------------------------------
required a. i. (%) in G/D of commerical insecticide x 100
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1. Calculation
• Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G granules(4 % a.i) is
applied at the rate of 2 Kg a. i. per hectare in rice
field to control Stem borer. Find out the amount
of Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G required for 1 acre.
Specification required as per formula:
• Area to be treated (1 ac = 4000 m2)
• Recommended rate in the unit Kg a.i. per ha.
(2 Kg a. i. per ha)
• Concentration of commercial G or D.
(4 % )
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Specification required should be
applied on to the formula
Formula:
2 [Kg a.i /ha] X 4000 [m2]
Kg of G = ------------------------------------------------
required 4 [a. i. (%) in G/D] x 100
= 20 kg of Cartap Hydrochloride is required for one acre of land (Ans)
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1. Home work
• Carbosulfan 6% G granules(6 % a.i) is applied
at the rate of 2.5 Kg a. i. per hectare on to rice
field to control Rice gall midge. Find out the
quantity of Carbosulfan 6% G required for one
hectare?
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CALCULATION FOR
EMULCIFIABLE CONCENTRATE OR
WETTABLE POWDER OR
SOLUBLE CONCENTRATE
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Volume of Spray fluid
• The spray fluid amount required to cover uniformly
an area or a given amount of foliage. The volume is
affected by the sprayer, droplet size and volume
such as,
(i)High volume spray(HV) require 300-500 lit/ha or
more
(ii)Low volume spray(LV) required 50-150 lit/ha.
(iv)Ultra low volume spray(ULV) require 1-10 lit/ha or
less
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Calculation for formulation-
EC or WP or SC etc
Formula:
a.i (%) desired X Spray volume(lit)
• Kg or Lit/ =------------------------------------------------
required a. i. (%) in commercial EC or WP or SC
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2. Calculation
• To control leaf hopper in cotton field, 0.09%
Profenofos 50 % EC is to be prepared. Find out
the quantity of Profenofos 50% EC(in lit) required
for 1 ha.
Specification required as per formula:
• Spray volume (1 ha = 400 lit)
• Desired strength (0.09%)
• Concentration of commercial EC or WP (50 %)
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Specification required should be
applied on to the formula
Formula:
0.09 [%] X 400 [in lit]
Litres of EC =------------------------------------------------
required 50 [a. i. (%) in EC/WP/SC]
= 0.72 lit or 720 ml in 400 lit of water (Ans) or
=1.8 ml of Profenofos in one lit of water(Ans)
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2. Home work
• To control Aphids in cotton field, 0.005% of
Clothianidin 50 % WDG is to be prepared. Find
out the quantity of Clothianidin 50 % WDG (in
lit) required for 1 Acre?
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CALCULATION TO FIND OUT
STRENGTH OF SPRAY FLUID(EC/WP)
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Calculation for strength of spray fluid
of formulation-
EC or WP or SC
Formula:
Vol. of Commercial Pesticide(lit) X a.i of Commercial Pesticide (%)
• Strength of =------------------------------------------------
spray fluid Spray volume (lit)
(in %)
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Strength of spray fluid for formulation-
EC or WP or SC
• A farmer applied 3.8 lit of commercial
Propargite 19.5% EC in a red gram field against
mite infestation. Total volume of spray fluid is
1900 lit. Find out the strength of the spray
fluid ?
• Specification required:
• Liters of commercial pesticide applied (3.8 lit).
• a.i of commercial pesticide (19.5% EC)
• Spray volume (1900 lit)
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Calculation for strength of spray fluid
of formulations-
EC or WP or SC etc
Formula:
3.8 (lit) x 19.5 (%)
• Strength of =------------------------------------------------
spray fluid 1900 (lit)
(in %)
= 0.039 % or 0.04% (Ans)
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3. Home work
• A farmer applied 5 lit of commercial
Thiodicarb 75% WP in a cotton field against
bollworm infestation. Total volume of spray
fluid is 1800 lit. Find out the strength of the
spray fluid ?
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BOTANICALS
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Neem oil and NSKE spray fluid
calculation
0.3 % to 3% of Neem Oil can be applied:
• 3ml neem oil in 100 ml water= 3%
• 30 ml neem oil in 1000ml(1 lit) water=3%
• 12,000 ml(12 lit) neem oil in 400 lit water=3%
5% of Need seed kernal extract can be applied:
• 5 gm of NSK powder in 100 ml water= 5%
• 50 gm NSK Powder in 1000 ml(1 lit) water= 5%
• 20,000 gm (20 Kg) NSK powder in 400 lit water=5%
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Neem oil
Neem Seed Kernal Extract

4. Home work
• (i)Calculate the quantity of Neem oil required
to prepare 2% of 150 lit of spray fluid?
• (ii) Calculate the quantity of Neem Seed
Kernel powder required to prepare 5% of 400
lit of spray fluid?
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Pesticide formulation and calculation.ppt

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