DISS Lesson 3.1 Dominant Approach - Structural-Functionalism
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Dominant Approaches in the Social Sciences: Structural-Functionalism
DISS Lesson 3.1 Dominant Approach - Structural-Functionalism
- 1. DISS LESSON 3 DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES ELDRIAN LOUIE B. MANUYAG, LPT TEACHER
- 5. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM o Definition: A theoretical framework that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. o Proponents: Developed by Talcott Parsons, influenced by Émile Durkheim and Max Weber. o Focus: Understanding how different parts of society (institutions, norms, roles) function to maintain social equilibrium.
- 6. KEY CONCEPTS IN STRUCTURAL- FUNCTIONALISM • SOCIAL STRUCTURE • SOCIAL FUNCTIONS • SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM
- 7. SOCIAL STRUCTURE o The stable pattern of social behavior found in social institutions such as: Family Government Religion Education Economy o It provides guidelines for behavior and interaction.
- 8. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS o The consequences (effects or results) of social structures for the operation of society as a whole. o Helps in understanding how institutions contribute to social stability.
- 9. SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM o A state of balance and harmony within a society, where different parts work together smoothly. o Achieved when all components of the system are functioning properly and adapting to changes.
- 11. 1. MANIFEST FUNCTIONS oThese are the intended, deliberate, and recognized consequences of a social structure or activity. oThey are explicit goals or purposes that society consciously acknowledges.
- 12. EXAMPLES: oEducation: To teach literacy, numeracy, and critical thinking oVoting: To select public officials through democratic participation oReligious worship: To express faith and reinforce spiritual beliefs
- 13. 2. LATENT FUNCTIONS oThese are the unintended, unrecognized, or hidden consequences of a social structure or activity. oThough not explicitly intended, they still contribute to the system's functioning.
- 14. EXAMPLES: oEducation: Encourages peer interaction, delays entry into the job market, and maintains youth supervision. oSocial media: While meant for communication, it also influences self-image and advertising exposure. oReligious worship: Builds community bonds and reinforces moral behavior.
- 15. SOCIAL DYSFUNCTIONS oThese are undesirable, harmful, or disruptive consequences of social structures that hinder the stability or functioning of society. oThey show that not all social patterns benefit society; some may create imbalance or conflict.
- 16. EXAMPLES: oEducation: Can reinforce social inequality through unequal access to resources. oReligion: May become a source of division or discrimination. oMedia: Can spread misinformation or promote harmful stereotypes.
- 19. AGIL SCHEMA o Talcott Parsons, a leading figure in structural- functionalism, proposed that for any system— especially a social system like a community, organization, or entire society—to survive, it must satisfy four essential functional imperatives. These imperatives ensure the system’s ability to adapt, set and pursue goals, maintain cohesion, and preserve its cultural foundation over time.
- 20. AGIL SCHEMA o These four functions are not optional — they are necessary conditions for the survival and stability of any complex system. If one function is missing or weak, the system risks imbalance, dysfunction, or collapse.
- 21. IMPERATIVE FUNCTION A – Adaptation The ability of society to gather and utilize resources. G – Goal Attainment The process of setting and achieving societal goals. I – Integration Coordination and cohesion among various parts of the system. L – Latency (Pattern Maintenance) Preservation and transmission of cultural values and norms.
- 23. CRITICISMS OF STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM o Overemphasis on stability: Neglects the role of conflict, inequality, and power struggles. o Conservative bias: Assumes that existing structures are beneficial for all. o Limited view on social change: Fails to explain rapid or revolutionary changes. o Lost popularity in the 1960s due to the rise of conflict theories (e.g., Marxism).
- 24. ACTIVITY: FUNCTION HUNT o Instructions: Study each institution and identify its manifest, latent, and dysfunctional functions. Use the example on Education to guide your thinking. Write one clear example for each type of function.
- 25. LET’S GENERALIZE… oStructural-Functionalism helps us understand how different parts of society work together to maintain order, stability, and balance.
- 26. LET’S GENERALIZE… o It shows that every institution—such as education, family, religion, government, and media—performs functions that can be: Manifest (intended and recognized) Latent (unintended and hidden) Social Dysfunctions (disruptive or harmful)
- 27. LET’S GENERALIZE… o Talcott Parsons emphasized that for a society to survive, it must meet four essential needs: Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency (AGIL). o By analyzing these functions, we can better understand both the strengths and problems within our society.
- 28. INSTITUTION MANIFEST FUNCTION LATENT FUNCTION DYSFUNCTION Education To transmit knowledge and academic skills (e.g., teaching math and science) Builds peer relationships and social networks Reinforces social inequality due to unequal access to quality education 1. Family ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________ 2. Government ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________ 3. Media ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________ ________________________ ________________________ __________
- 29. GUIDED QUESTIONS: 1. How does each institution help keep society stable? 2. What are the unintended or hidden roles it plays? 3. In what ways might the institution sometimes fail or cause harm?
- 30. THANK YOU ELDRIAN LOUIE B. MANUYAG, LPT TEACHER “Every institution has a role but when roles are disrupted, social problems may arise.”