DISS Lesson 2 - Introducing the Disciplines within the Social Science
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Introducing the different disciplines in the Social Sciences
DISS Lesson 2 - Introducing the Disciplines within the Social Science
- 1. LESSON 2: INTRODUCING THE DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Prepared by: ELDRIAN LOUIE B. MANUYAG, LPT SHS Teacher
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES a) Compare and contrast the various Social Science disciplines and their fields, main areas of inquiry, and methods (HUMSS_DIS11-IIIb-d-3); b) Appreciate the significance of each Social Science discipline in understanding social phenomena and promoting societal development. c) Create a concept map or visual organizer illustrating the interconnections among Social Science disciplines, their fields, key questions, and methods of inquiry.
- 4. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It studies how people think and why they behave in a certain way.
- 5. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? It comes from two Greek words, psyche meaning “soul” or “spirit,” and logos meaning “study.”
- 6. THREE MAJOR FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
- 7. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY It assess and finds treatment for people with psychological disorder.
- 8. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY It studies the intellectual, social, emotional, and moral development across a lifespan.
- 9. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY It studies most basic concepts of psychology like cognition, perception, memory, and learning but mostly conducted on animals.
- 10. FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY WILLIAM WUNDT
- 13. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Our thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by things in our mind.
- 15. THREE LEVELS OF AWARENESS
- 17. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY Our personality develops through 5 stages. We get pleasure or satisfaction. FIXATION
- 18. 5 STAGES 1. ORAL STAGE (0-1 year old) 2. ANAL STAHE (1-3 years old) 3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old) 4. LATENCY STAGE (6-12 years old) 5. GENITAL STAGE (12 years old +)
- 19. 2.2: ECONOMICS
- 20. WHAT IS ECONOMICS? It is the study of the efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited human needs and wants. oikos (home) + nomos (management)
- 22. MICROECOMICS It is the study of choices made by economic actors such as households, companies, and individual markets. small picture; how people make decisions
- 23. MACROECOMICS It examines the behavior of entire economies of a country or the world. inflation, unemployment, GDP, GNP big picture
- 25. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 1. LAND – anything that comes from nature (clean air, water, land, etc.) 2. LABOR – any human effort; physical exertion; application of skills and talent
- 26. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 3. CAPITAL – anything that can be used to create or manufacture goods and services. (building, machines) 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP – ability to organize all other factors of production.
- 27. 2.3: LINGUISTICS
- 28. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS? It studies the nature of language through an examination of the formal properties of natural language, grammar, and the process of language acquisition.
- 30. 1. PHONETICS It studies the physical properties of speech sounds, how they are produced, transmitted, and received. Example: When you pronounce the word bat, phonetics studies how your lips, tongue, and vocal cords work to produce the /b/ sound.
- 31. 2. PHONOLOGY It examines the sound systems of languages, focusing on how sounds are organized and used in a specific language. Example: minimal pairs (bed and bad)
- 32. 3. MORPHOLOGY It explores the structure of words, how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes, and how they change. The word unhappiness has three morphemes: un- (prefix) + happy (root) + -ness (suffix)
- 33. 4. SYNTAX It investigates the rules and principles that govern how words combine to form sentences. Example: She sings well. (Subject-verb Agreement)
- 34. 5. SEMANTICS It deals with the meaning of the words, phrases, and sentences. Example: The word bank can mean a financial institution or the side of a river — semantics helps us understand the intended meaning based on context.
- 35. 6. PRAGMATICS It studies how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language use. Example: “Oh, great! Another quiz!” Depending on tone and context, this could mean the speaker is not actually happy — pragmatics helps decode this meaning.
- 36. 2.4: SOCIOLOGY
- 37. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? It comes from the Latin word socius meaning “friend” or “companion” and the Greek word logos meaning “study.” It studies how people relate to each other and how they work as a whole in the larger society.
- 38. FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY AUGUST COMTE
- 40. WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? It is the study of ancient societies and their cultural traditions. anthropos (humankind) + logos (study)
- 42. 1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY biological evolution of man It provides explanations on the reason behind the biological variations among contemporary human population.
- 43. 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY It investigates and seeks to understand the cultural features of societies. It is divided into three subbranches.
- 44. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1. ARCHAELOGY – reconstruct the past life of ancient societies 2. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS – involves the study of language in societies
- 45. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3. ETHNOLOGY – studies the marriage customs, kinship patterns, economic systems, or religious rites.
- 46. 2.6: DEMOGRAPHY
- 47. WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY? It is the study of human populations. demos (the people) + graphos (charting or mapping) Main sources of date: cencus and other vital statistics.
- 48. SOME BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS 1. FERTILITY – birth rate 2. MORTALITY – death rate 3. MIGRATION – movement of people 4. POPULATION GROWTH – difference between birth rate and death rate
- 49. 2.7: GEOGRAPHY
- 50. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? It is the studies the interaction between the natural environment and the people living in it. geo (earth) + graphos (charting or mapping)
- 51. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? It is the studies where things are on Earth, explains why they are there, and their relationships to other people, places, things.
- 53. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY It is the studies the natural features of the earth like climate, water, vegetation, and soil.
- 54. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY It is the studies human population and the impact of its activities on the planet (agriculture, urbanization, and land reclamation).
- 56. “ THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO” STRABO
- 57. 2.8: HISTORY
- 58. WHAT IS HISTORY? It is regarded as the study of the recorded past. It comes from the Greek word historia which means “learning.” According to Aristotle, it is a systematic account of natural phenomena; chronological ordering is not necessary.
- 60. PRIMARY SOURCES It is a testimony of eyewitness or an account of someone who has firsthand information on the subject. It has to be written or recounted by someone who is contemporary to the event being narrated.
- 61. PRIMARY SOURCES It may be rewritten, recopied, or translated. Original version often hard to access Importance of accessibility over originality
- 62. EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 1. Journal entries 2. Transcripts 3. Video interviews 4. Monuments or structures 5. Photographs 6. Statistics 7. Official government records
- 63. SECONDARY SOURCES It is a testimony or an account of someone who is not an eyewitness to the event being narrated. It simply uses primary materials as the source of information.
- 64. EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES 1. Biographies 2. Textbooks 3. Conference proceedings 4. Book reviews 5. Encyclopedias 6. Literary criticisms
- 65. HISTORICAL AWARENESS (ANCIENT TIMES) Humans have always had a sense of history. This is evidenced by the need to record events that happen in their lives whether said events are special or ordinary.
- 71. HERODOTUS’ CONTRIBUTIONS He is known as the Father of History. A product of Greece’s Hellenic Age (Golden Age of Greece). He authored the Greek-Persian wars.
- 72. HERODOTUS’ CONTRIBUTIONS His work is titled “The Histories” He employed rigorous methods. He departed from the tradition of explaining events as outcomes of divine will, focusing on human causes and evidences.
- 73. THUCYDIDES
- 74. THUCYDIDES’ CONTRIBUTIONS He improved upon Herodotus’ writing techniques. He wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War (5th Century BC) His narratives includes how his materials were gathered and the tests he used to separate fact from fiction.
- 76. WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE? Political science is the study of politics, power, and government. Politics comes from the Greek word politea – a person who participates in the polis (city-state).
- 77. WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE? Participation in decision-making occurred in the agora (marketplace) under public scrutiny. In ancient Greece, only Greek men could participate in political decision-making.
- 80. POLITICS It is the process of using power in the government.
- 81. POWER It is the means by which the government rules the people.
- 82. GOVERNMENT It is the authority or bureaucracy that provides a system of rule over its territory and citizens. (Bonstingl, 1996, p.407)
- 85. ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS Discusses government forms and political leaders (kings and statesmen). Explores concepts of justice and slavery.
- 86. ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS Links happiness and virtue of the political community to civic participation. Analyzes causes of revolution and how to prevent them. Inspired thinkers like John Locke and John Stuart Mill.
- 88. JOHN LOCKE “TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT”
- 89. JOHN LOCKE Two Treatises of Government (1689) Advocated representative government Asserted people’s right to revolution
- 90. JOHN STUART MILL “CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT”
- 91. JOHN STUART MILL Considerations on Representative Government (1861) Also wrote on the principles of representative government
- 93. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science became a distinct field after World War II. Institutionalized in American and European universities. In Central and Eastern Europe, it emerged after the fall of Socialist regimes in the 1990s under new democratic governments.
- 95. 1. How do the different Social Science disciplines help us understand people and society better?
- 96. 2. Why is it important to learn about many Social Science fields instead of just one?
- 97. 3. If you had to solve a problem in your community (like poverty or poor education), which Social Science discipline would you use, and why?
- 98. ACTIVITY 3: “THE WEB OF SOCIETY”
- 99. INSTRUCTIONS You will create a graphic organizer that compares and connects four (4) Social Science disciplines of your choice. You are free to use any type of graphic organizer (e.g., concept map, Venn diagram, table, infographic, chart, or timeline) that helps you organize the information clearly and creatively. This is an individual task, and your work must be presented on a long bond paper (digitally printed or handwritten).
- 100. Your graphic organizer must include the following for each of the 4 chosen disciplines: Field of Inquiry → What does this discipline study? What is its focus? Key Concept → Include at least two important terms, ideas, or themes that are central to the discipline. (Examples: “unconscious mind” in Psychology, “scarcity” in Economics, “culture” in Anthropology)
- 101. Notable Thinkers → Identify at least one key person associated with the discipline and explain in one sentence their contribution or idea. (Example: Sigmund Freud – developed the psychoanalytic theory that explains human behavior through unconscious drives.)
- 102. Output Format: Use long bond paper (can be printed or handwritten). Make sure the layout is neat and readable. Title your work. Use colors, icons, or designs if helpful (but not required). Be original and avoid copying from classmates or online templates.
- 103. SCORING RUBRIC /30 Criteria Excellent (5 pts) Good (4 pts) Needs Improvement (3 pts) Limited (2 pts or below) Field of Inquiry All 4 fields are clearly explained and accurate 3 fields are clear; 1 has minor issues 2 fields are vague or incomplete 1 or fewer clear; mostly inaccurate Key Concepts Two strong and relevant concepts per discipline, clearly explained One or two concepts may lack clarity or depth Some concepts are vague or unrelated Many concepts missing or unclear Notable Thinkers At least 1 thinker per discipline, with clear and relevant contributions 1–2 entries lack detail or clarity Some thinkers are inaccurate or not explained Lacks credible or accurate information Organization and Design Visually engaging, logical layout, easy to read Mostly neat, with some visual structure Layout is cluttered or difficult to follow Poor layout; difficult to understand Creativity and Effort Evident effort in visuals, formatting, and design Some creativity and thought shown Minimal creative input; rushed appearance Very minimal effort Following Instructions Followed all instructions: 4 disciplines, required elements, correct format Minor issues in following instructions Missed 1 or 2 major instructions (e.g., only 3 disciplines) Did not follow most instructions
- 104. EXAMPLE SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY - Field of inquiry - Key concepts - Notable thinkers DEMOGRAPHY - Field of inquiry - Key concepts Notable thinkers PSYCHOLOGY - Field of inquiry - Key concepts - Notable thinkers GEOGRAPHY - Field of inquiry - Key concepts - Notable thinkers
- 105. “If we want to understand the world, we must understand the people who live in it.”