Dm module ii

• includes sum total of all activities, programmes and
measures which can be taken up before , during
and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a
disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses.

• Mitigation: Measures to minimize the impacts
o Like: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.

• Preparedness: Planning how to respond
o like: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

• Response: Initial actions taken to minimize the
hazards
o like: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.

• Recovery: Returning the community to normal
o like: rehabilitation and reconstruction

• the actions taken to save lives and property and
prevent further damage
• putting preparedness plans into action
o search and rescue
o immediate medical help and lifesupport
o assisting refugees with transport
o food ,clothing& temporary shelter
o initial repairs to damaged infrastructure
o Preventing immediate disaster
o damage assessment

• Aims of disaster response
o To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping
them in the best possible health in the circumstances.
o To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible
for all population groups, with special attention to the most vulnerable
and underprivileged.
o To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable
economic activities.

• Disaster Response Activities
• Warning- information concerning the nature of the
danger and imminent disaster threats, to evacuate
or secure property and prevent further damage.
• Evacuation and migration-relocation of a
population from zones at risk of an imminent disaster
to a safer location for protection of life of the
community and immediate treatment of injured.
o For evacuation to work there must be:
o A timely and accurate warning system,
o Clear identification of escape routes,
o community awareness of the plan

• Search and rescue (SAR)-process of identifying the location of disaster
victims that may be trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and
medical attention
o Mountain rescue -in rugged and mountainous terrain
o Ground search and rescue-for persons who are lost or in distress on land
or inland waterways
o Urban search and rescue-location and rescue of persons from collapsed
buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments

o Combat search and rescue-carried out during war
o Air-sea rescue -combined use of aircraft like flying boats, helicopters and
surface vessels

• Post-disaster assessment-to provide a clear,
concise picture of the post-disaster situation, to
identify relief needs and to develop strategies for
recovery.

• Relief-provision of material aid and emergency
medical care necessary to save and preserve
human lives.
• also enables families to meet their basic needs for
medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water,
and food
• Logistics and supply-well-organized supply service
for handling the procurement, storage, and
dispatch of relief supplies for distribution to disaster
victims.
• Communication and information management-the
equipment for information flow & information
management

• Survivor response and coping
• Security
• protection of the human rights and safety of
displaced populations and refugees

• the actions taken to return the community to
normal or better following a disaster.
• decisions and actions relative to rebuilding homes,
replacing property, resuming employment, restoring
businesses, and permanently repairing and
rebuilding infrastructure
o Initial Response (1-7 days)
o Mid-Term Planning (7-30 days)
o Long-Term Reconstruction (Several Years)

• short-term and long-term.
o Short-term recovery
o restore interrupted utility services, clear roads, and either fix or demolish
severely damaged buildings.
o provide food and temporary shelter
o Physical and Psychological recovery
o Long-term recovery -the complete redevelopment of damaged areas,
restoring economic activity, community facilities and individual housing.

• The Recovery Plan
o Gathering basic information
o Organizing recovery
o Mobilizing resources for recovery
o Administering recovery
o Regulating recovery
o Coordinating recovery activities
o Evaluating recovery

Post Disaster Assessment
• Purpose of assessment
• identification and prioritization of needs for disaster
relief assistance and to facilitate a timely,
appropriate response and recovery
• help determine the extent of a disaster and its
impact on the population and facilities
• Types of assessment
o Initial or Rapid Assessment-response stage
o In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment-long term recovery (15days-1month)
o Impact Assessment
o Needs Assessment

• Initial or Rapid Assessment
• comprises both situation and needs
assessment in the early, critical stage of
disaster to determine the type of relief
needed for immediate response.
• aim to:
o Identify the impact a disaster has had on a society and its infrastructure,
and the ability of that society to cope
o Identify the most vulnerable segments of the population that need to be
targeted for assistance;
o Identify the level of response by the affected country and its internal
capacity to cope with the situation;
o Identify the level of response from the international community

o Identify the most urgent relief needs and potential methods of providing
them most effectively;
o Make recommendations which define and set priorities on the actions
and resources needed for immediate response
o Highlight special concerns regarding the development of the situation
o Draw attention to geographical areas / substantive sectors needing in-
depth assessment

• In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment
o To determine long term recovery and development requirements
o Housing and infrastructures, livelihoods, environment and psycho social
aspects
o Identify needs for external assistance

• Impact Assessment
o process of collecting information on the magnitude of the disaster and
the extent of its impact on both the population and infrastructure of the
society
o The area affected by location and size
o Causes of causalities and damage
o Human loss and causalities
o Damage on infrastructure and environment
o Environmental, health and sanitation threats
o govt and other agencies and their activities and capacity

• Needs Assessment
o the level and type of assistance required for the affected population
o identifies resources and services for immediate emergency measures to
save and sustain the lives of the affected population.
o Needs that can be met from within the community and require external
assistance
o conducted at the site of a disaster or at the location of a displaced
population.

Assessment Process
• Human loss and damage
o Deaths
o Permanent disabilities
o Major injuries
o Minor injuries and missing

• Assessment Methodology
o Informal discussions
o Secondary sources

• Damage to housing
o Completely destroyed/ beyond repair
o Partially damaged/ repairable
o Minor damage
o Undamaged
• Data assessed
o Geographic location
o Urban / rural
o Size
o Typology on the basis of design and structural
system
o Types of ownership & functional usage
o Average dwelling size,no. of inhabitants per
dwelling
o Status of house

• Assessment Methodology
o Village Transect- comparative overview of different parts of community

• Photographic Information
• Household level Survey-Two types
• Damage category and types of construction
materials

• Technical details of damage

• Damage to community infrastructures
• Methodology
o Infrastructure mapping
o Village level Survey
o Photographic Information

• Environmental damage
o Landform change
o Change in natural drainage
o Soil degradation
o Destruction of vegetation
o Water contamination
o Loss of flora and fauna

• Methodology
o Resource mapping
o Village Transect
o Village survey

• Damage to Livelihood
o Loss to means and assets
o Employment and Income

• Methodology
o Wealth Ranking
o Occupational network analysis
o Livelihood survey-nature of assets like land, house, livestock

• Health Damage
• Due to site conditions, population concentration,
contaminated water, lack of sanitation, lack of
nutrition, etc
• Methodology
o Community Health Surveillance: type, magnitude and pattern and trend
of health problems through monitoring
o Mobility map for health services
o Health Risk Mapping

• Psycho social impact
o Psychological disorders
o PTSD-Post traumatic stress disorder-panic reactions, withdrawal from daily
activities, outburst

• Methodology
o Listening and observing
o Symptom prevalence matrix
o Case card

• Women in Disaster

• House hold Survey
• Informal survey-field visit survey
• Formal survey
o Simple random sampling
o Systematic random sampling
o Stratified random sampling
o Cluster sampling

SHELTER RECONSTRUCTION
STRATEGY Recovery
shelter/housing

Early
Recover
Emergency y shelter
Self shelter
recover
y

•Reception and transit camps- 1-5 days
•Emergency Shelters/Temporary shelters- day 5-3 month(
rehabilitation)
•Permanent Housing- 3months-3 years( reconstruction)

• Emergency Shelters/ Temporary shelters
• during the period between disaster and the
achievement of a durable shelter solution
• Aim
o protection and security
o survival and health
o social needs, such as privacy and dignity
o livelihoods
o natural-resource management
o communal service infrastructure.

• Types
odispersed settlement/host families-
pre-existing households.
omass shelter- public buildings and
community Facilities
ocamps:
• (a) spontaneous -formed without adequate
planning
• (b)planned-purpose built
• dispersed settlement
o May not exist in affected areas
o Relocated people are scattered
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation

• mass shelter-
o Cheaper
o May not exist in affected areas
o they can quickly become overcrowded
o sanitation and other services can become overburdened
o equipment and structure can be damaged
o buildings are no longer available for their original purpose
o lack of privacy and increased protection risks.
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation

• spontaneous -formed without adequate plan
o re-location, as early as possible, to well-identified site
o High density, overburden on resources

• Criteria for planned shelters:
o protection from an immediate danger
o Quick to supply
o Low cost
o Buildable- Small and light unit size
o Adaptable-Flexible, Cultural Acceptance
o Relief motivated but development driven
o minimization of environmental impact
o Durability- Fire resistance

• Types of shelter system:
• In-situ construction-locally available materials and
techniques
o Can evolve to permanent housing
o Flexibility in location, materials, style
o Community involvement
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Draining of resources

• Prefabricated
o Modular,Standard specifications
o Can be built in large quantities offsite
o Easy to keep track of relocated people
o Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social networks)
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Low quality and lack of comfort
o Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes
o If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum

• Standards for construction
o accommodation: in barracks, communal tents with minimum of 3.0
m2per person
o sanitation: 20 persons per latrine, 50persons per shower,
o water supply: absolute minimum provision of 7 litres/person/day plus
water required for kitchens, cleaning and sanitation;
o food preparation: approximately 100 m2 per 500 persons;
o storage: 150 to 200 m3 per 1,000 persons;
o a public address system;
o lighting;
o arrival and departure zones which are separated from accommodation
zones;
o arrival zones should include registration and medical clearance facilities
o administrative offices and staff accommodation;
o one health post and separate accommodation for quarantine;
o security fencing
o Visibility and ease of movement.

• ‘Adequate housing’
o legal security of tenure
o availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure
o affordability
o habitability
o accessibility
o location
o cultural adequacy.

• Onsite Reconstruction / Relocation/Repair

• Onsite reconstruction
• Approaches
o Cash Approach
o Owner driven approach
o Community-Driven Reconstruction
o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ
o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site

• Cash Approach-Unconditional financial assistance without technical support
• Repair, reconstruction, migration, etc

• Owner driven approach- conditional financial assistance with regulations and
technical support
o Combination of cash, vouchers, technical assistance
o construction or repair work by themselves, by
employing family labor, by employing a local
contractor or local laborers, or by using some
combination of these options
• Essential prerequisites
o Training of trades people and homeowners
o Technical assistance and construction supervision
and inspection
o Updating and enforcement of building codes and
construction guidelines
o Mechanisms to regulate prices and facilitate access
to building materials
o A system for providing financial assistance in
installments as construction progresses

• Community-Driven Reconstruction: Financial and/or
material assistance is channeled through community
organizations that are actively involved in decision making
and in managing reconstruction
• community involvement in the project cycle,
complemented by the assistance of an agency.
• Role of agency
o suggest housing designs, technologies, and/or materials,
and delivering construction inputs and training,employ
skilled and unskilled laborers from the community or
facilitate the formation of construction committees.
• Roles for the community:
o Organization and planning of the entire reconstruction
process, including housing and infrastructure
o Decisions regarding housing design and building
materials
o Production of building materials such as bricks
o Distribution of building materials or other forms of
housing assistance

• Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ: governmental or nongovernmental
/contractors
agency hires a construction company

• Design, materials, and expertise are likely to be
imported from outside the community.
• The community may or may not be consulted
on certain aspects of the project, such as house
designs.
• Lack of control over quality, and opportunity to
participate in specific tasks.

• Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site
• a governmental or nongovernmental agency
contracts the construction of houses on a new site,
generally with little or no involvement by the
community

Reconstruction Process
• Planning
o understanding the context and impact of the disaster
o understanding the regulatory framework and establishing methods of
coordination
o understanding funding teams and timescales
o determining which method of assistance is most appropriate
o establishing partnerships with other stakeholders in order to provide
assistance
o recognising natural hazards which pose a future risk
o capturing the objectives, timescales, resources and risks in the
programme plan

• Design
o selection of appropriate sites for reconstruction
o resolving issues of land tenure
o physical planning of settlements
o definition of appropriate quality for reconstruction
o identifying appropriate types of construction
o minimising the environmental impact of reconstruction
o incorporating disaster risk reduction strategies
o design of infrastructure facilities

• Construction
o different methods of implementation
o management of construction projects
o specification, procurement and transportation of materials
o management of labour and workmanship
o handover, maintenance and post-occupancy evaluation of completed
projects.

• Relocation
o Rebuilding in new site voluntarily or involuntarily.

• Happens when
o When the old location is subject to a natural hazard
o When the old location is completely destroyed and to move the debris
o new plotting in the old settlement is inconvenient for rapid recovery and
housing purposes

• Unsuccessful
o Inadequacy of new site
o Distance from livelihood and social networks
o Socio culturally inadequate settlement layout
o Lack of community living
o Lack of user participation in early decision-making process
o Lack of guidance to the beneficiaries during the construction phase of
the houses.

Mitigation
• measures that eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster
occurrence, impacts and risks of hazards of unavoidable disasters
through proactive measures taken before disaster occurs.
• Includes
• Understanding each hazard
– its causes
– its geographical distribution, magnitude or severity, and probable
frequency of occurrence
– the physical mechanisms of destruction
– the elements and activities most vulnerable to destruction
– the possible economic and social consequences of the disaster
• Vulnerability assessment -physical vulnerability ,vulnerability of social
institutions and economic activities
• Mitigation Measures

Dm module ii

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