dr. regunay enr
3 likes597 views
This document provides definitions and concepts related to environment, natural resources, ecology, and ecosystems. It discusses key terms like ecology, environment, ecosystem, resource, and carrying capacity. It also outlines different types of resources like physical, biological, human, and cultural resources. Finally, it discusses ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services like provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
dr. regunay enr
- 1. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES For. Jose M. Regunay, PhD Assistant Professor 3, SURP 09 March 2016 SCURP 2016 A BASIC COURSE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (ABC in URP) Training and Extension Services Division 3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional Planning University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City 7-11 March 2016
- 3. • Defined as the study of the relation of organisms or group of organisms and their environment or the science of the inter-relations between the living organisms and their environment. • Study of the structure and function of nature that includes mankind. • The totality or pattern of relations between organisms and their environment. • Derived from the Greek word “oikos” (house or place to live) ECOLOGY
- 4. Environment Refers to our surroundings. Refers to the physical and biological systems which provide our basic life support, and which contribute to our psychological well-being. Closely related to ecology which involves the study of reciprocal relationships of all organisms to each other and to other biological and physical environment.
- 5. • The plant and animal communities and physical environment in a particular area • An arrangement of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things and the forces that move among them. Living things include plants and animals including humans. Non- living parts of ecosystems may be soil, rocks and minerals. Weather and wildfire are two of the forces that act within ecosystems. • Ecological system • System – regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole. ECOSYSTEM
- 6. • If resource is scarce relative to demand, then it is referred to as limited resource. • Non-renewable resources occur in fixed amounts and can be fully utilized (such as space) or depleted (such as mineral resources). • Renewable resources (such as food) are produced at a fixed rate with which the rate of exploitation attains an equilibrium. • A substance or object required by an organism for normal maintenance, growth and reproduction. RESOURCE
- 7. • Socio-cultural resources • Natural resources Physical resources Biological resources TYPES OF RESOURCES
- 8. • Soil • Water • Atmosphere • Geologic and mineral resources • Energy resources PHYSICAL RESOURCES
- 9. • Terrestrial flora (plants) and fauna (animals) • Aquatic flora and fauna (freshwater, coastal, marine) • Micro-organisms BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
- 10. • Population structure • Human activities • Societal groupings • Culture • Built environment HUMAN RESOURCES
- 11. • Transition zone between the lithosphere and the atmosphere • Properties result from the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting upon parent material over periods of time. • Characteristics and classifications (soil series, permeability, texture, profiles, erosion potential, drainage potential, catenas or associations Soils
- 12. • Groundwater – water that fills all unblocked pores of materials lying beneath the surface. • Surface water – water that flows above the ground (rivers, streams, lakes). • Estuary – semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has free connection with the open sea (swamps, brackish water). • Coastal and marine Water
- 13. • Climate – encompasses the elements of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall and other meteorological elements in given large area over long periods of time. • Micro-climate – climates found within small space grouped together as a result of variations in meteorological conditions due differences in slope, ground orientation, soil type and moisture, vegetation and height. • Ventilation – circulation of fresh air across the landscape due to variation in landforms and wind direction. Atmosphere
- 14. • Rocks units Igneous rocks which cool form molten liquid. Sedimentary rocks which are derived form pre- existing rock or tock minerals by surficial geological processes of weathering, transportation, and deposition or as a result of chemical and biological processes. Metamorphic rocks which form from existing rocks as a result of heat or pressure changes in the crust of the earth. • Metallic and non-metallic mineral resources Geologic and Mineral Resources
- 15. • Geothermal energy • Solar power • Wind power Energy resources
- 16. • Habitats and plant types (ferns, gymnosperms or conifers, and angiosperms or flowering plants) • Variables include: percent vegetation cover, species richness and abundance, relative frequency, relative density, ecological dominance, importance value, spatial distribution, rarity, endemicity. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Terrestrial Flora
- 17. • Habitats include lakes, rivers, and streams • Limited studies of freshwater fauna • Part of limnology Aquatic Flora (freshwater)
- 18. • Habitats and plant types (seagrasses, seeweeds, phytoplanktons, algae) • Variable include: percent vegetation cover, species composition, species richness and abundance, relative frequency, relative density, biomass volume. Aquatic Flora (coastal/marine)
- 19. • Habitats and animal types (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) • Variables include: species totals, species relative abundance, species richness or diversity, endemism, threatened and endangered species, trophic relations) Terrestrial Fauna
- 20. • Habitats and animal types (fishes, crustaceans, other invertebrates) • Variables include: species totals, species composition, species relative abundance, species richness or diversity, frequency, density, endemism, threatened and endangered species, trophic relations) Aquatic Fauna (freshwater)
- 21. • Habitats and animal types (fishes, coral reefs, marine mammals, crustaceans, other invertebrates) • Variables include: species totals, species composition, species relative richness and abundance, frequency, density, endemism, threatened and endangered species) Aquatic Fauna (marine)
- 22. • Biologists define carrying capacity as the maximum population of a given species that can survive indefinitely in a given environment. • It was originally applied to relatively simple population- environments such as the number of sheep or cattle that could be maintained on grazing land without degrading the land so that it could no longer support the animals. • Depends on the conditions and resources available in the specific area, and the consumption habits of the species, both of which change over time. • Carrying capacity is a measure of sustainability within these changing conditions CARRYING CAPACITY
- 23. Carrying capacity refers to the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural resource limits, and without degrading the natural social, cultural and economic environment for present and future generations. Source: The Carrying Capacity Network • Human Application
- 24. • Habits of humans are much more variable than those of other animal species, making it considerably more difficult to predict the carrying capacity of the earth for human beings. • Gave rise to IPAT Equation which pointed out that carrying capacity for humans was a function not only of population size, but also of differing levels of consumption, which in turn are affected by the technologies involved in production and consumption I = P X A X T I = environmental impact P = population A = affluence T = technology
- 25. • The carrying capacity for any given area is not fixed. It can be altered by improved technology, but mostly it is changed for the worse by pressures which accompany a population increase. • Therefore, carrying capacity Not an absolute number Depends on available resources and per capita consumption .
- 26. Ecological foot print is the measure of the load imposed by a given population on the Earth‘s ecosystem. It represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by that population. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Wackernagel, M., Rees, W. (1996), Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island.
- 27. • It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human population consumes and to absorb and render harmless the corresponding waste. • It is possible to estimate how much of the Earth (or how many planet Earths) it would take to support humanity if everybody lived a given lifestyle. • For 2006, humanity's total ecological footprint was estimated at 1.4 planet Earths – in other words, humanity uses ecological services 1.4 times as fast as Earth can renew them
- 28. • Footprint is measured in units. Each unit corresponds to one global hectare of biologically productive space. • In 2003, the average biologically productive area per person worldwide was approximately 1.8 global hectares (gha) per capita. The U.S. footprint per capita was 9.6 gha, and that of Switzerland was 5.1 gha per person, while China's was 1.6 gha per person.
- 29. • Where we are now?
- 30. Life-support Systems • Hydrologic/Water Cycle – describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth.
- 31. • Nutrient Cycle – is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (litosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of earth.
- 32. • Energy Cycle – describes the flow of energy in ecosystems.
- 33. The Foodweb Model • Food webs provide a scientific framework for comprehensively determining the interrelationship among the major animal and plant communities in a given ecosystem • Food web is a map of feeding interactions within the ecosystem, and because these feeding interactions provide essential ecological organization, knowledge of these relationships is vital in managing ecological resources on a sustainable basis
- 37. Ecosystem categories under Philippine Agenda 21 Forest/upland/mountain Lowland/agricultural Freshwater Urban/built-up Coastal and marine
- 38. Forest Ecosystem 1) Protected forest primary growth, closed canopy second growth with >50% slope or >1000m elevation protected forests under NIPAS 2) Production forest residual dipterocarp rangelands or grazing lands integrated forest management areas community-based forest management areas multiple use zones and buffer zones in NIPAS areas
- 39. Lowland/Agricultural Ecosystem 1) Croplands cereals (food and feed crops) other food crops industrial or cash crops 2) Livestock beef, cattle and dairy poultry and piggery 3) Fisheries fishponds fishpens catch fisheries
- 40. Freshwater Ecosystem 1) Surface waters rivers lakes reservoirs other impoundments 2) Groundwater
- 41. Urban Ecosystem 1) Built up areas residential commercial industrial institutional utilities and infrastructures 2) Urban wastes solid liquid hazardous 3) Air pollution mobile sources stationary sources
- 42. Coastal/Marine Ecosystem 1) Mangroves 2) Marshes, swamps and wetlands 3) Sand dunes 4) Seagrass beds 5) Small islands, coral atolls 6) Coral reefs
- 43. BIODIVERSITY • Biological diversity • Variety of life on Earth • It comprises all living things, from the microscopic viruses, big and small creatures, plants, animals and people. • Biodiversity includes expansive landscapes embracing a variety of ecosystems such as forests, rivers, lakes, farmlands, urban areas, and the coastal and marine areas, that host these living things.
- 44. • Biodiversity also concerns the relationships between and among these living creatures and their communities. • They co-exist in a network of relationships and their conditions and survival regulated by cooperation, competition, predation, symbiosis or parasitism.
- 45. • This delicately balanced inter- relationship, referred to as the web of life, is the source of food, fresh water, wood, fibre, genetic resources, medicines, and ornamental and cultural products, and fuel such as firewood, security from natural and human-made disasters, and other life supporting and enhancing systems and processes. • Every member of this community plays an essential role in keeping this web in balance.
- 46. • People, as part of the ecosystem, are integral component of biodiversity. • Even within the urban life of people which may appear as detached from the “natural” environment, human communities remain intimately connected with ecosystems and their processes through their diets, recreational activities, use of materials, water and a lot other services and benefits obtained from biodiversity resources and ecosystems.
- 47. Levels of Biodiversity • Genetic diversity - Variability within the species (genes) • Species diversity - Total number of species occurring in a particular area • Ecosystems diversity - Variety of ecosystems within a geographical boundary
- 48. Figure 1. Biodiversity exists within and across ecosystems Source: Regunay, 2015
- 50. Provisioning Services • Food and fiber. This includes the vast range of food products derived from plants, animals, and microbes, as well as materials such as wood, jute, hemp, silk, and many other products derived from ecosystems. • Fuel. Wood, dung, and other biological materials serve as sources of energy. • Genetic resources. This includes the genes and genetic information used for animal and plant breeding and biotechnology. • Biochemicals, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals. Many medicines, biocides, food additives such as alginates, and biological materials are derived from ecosystems.
- 51. • Ornamental resources. Animal products, such as skins and shells, and flowers are used as ornaments, although the value of these resources is often culturally determined. This is an example of linkages between the categories of ecosystem services. • Fresh water. Fresh water is another example of linkages between categories—in this case, between provisioning and regulating services.
- 52. Regulating Services • Air quality maintenance. Ecosystems both contribute chemicals to and extract chemicals from the atmosphere, influencing many aspects of air quality. • Climate regulation. Ecosystems influence climate both locally and globally. For example, at a local scale, changes in land cover can affect both temperature and precipitation. At the global scale, ecosystems play an important role in climate by either sequestering or emitting greenhouse gases. • Water regulation. The timing and magnitude of runoff, flooding, and aquifer recharge can be strongly influenced by changes in land cover, including, in particular, alterations that change the water storage potential of the system, such as the conversion of wetlands or the replacement of forests with croplands or croplands with urban areas.
- 53. • Erosion control. Vegetative cover plays an important role in soil retention and the prevention of landslides. • Water purification and waste treatment. Ecosystems can be a source of impurities in fresh water but also can help to filter out and decompose organic wastes introduced into inland waters and coastal and marine ecosystems. • Regulation of human diseases. Changes in ecosystems can directly change the abundance of human pathogens, such as cholera, and can alter the abundance of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes. • Biological control. Ecosystem changes affect the prevalence of crop and livestock pests and diseases.
- 54. • Pollination. Ecosystem changes affect the distribution, abundance, and effectiveness of pollinators. • Storm protection. The presence of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs can dramatically reduce the damage caused by hurricanes or large waves.
- 55. Cultural Services • Cultural diversity. The diversity of ecosystems is one factor influencing the diversity of cultures. • Spiritual and religious values. Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to ecosystems or their components. • Knowledge systems (traditional and formal). Ecosystems influence the types of knowledge systems developed by different cultures. • Educational values. Ecosystems and their components and processes provide the basis for both formal and informal education in many societies. • Inspiration. Ecosystems provide a rich source of inspiration for art, folklore, national symbols, architecture, and advertising.
- 56. • Aesthetic values. Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in various aspects of ecosystems, as reflected in the support for parks, “scenic drives,” and the selection of housing locations. • Social relations. Ecosystems influence the types of social relations that are established in particular cultures. Fishing societies, for example, differ in many respects in their social relations from nomadic herding or agricultural societies. • Sense of place. Many people value the “sense of place” that is associated with recognized features of their environment, including aspects of the ecosystem.
- 57. • Cultural heritage values. Many societies place high value on the maintenance of either historically important landscapes (“cultural landscapes”) or culturally significant species. • Recreation and ecotourism. People often choose where to spend their leisure time based in part on the characteristics of the natural or cultivated landscapes in a particular area.
- 58. Supporting Services • Supporting services are those that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. They differ from provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long time, whereas changes in the other categories have relatively direct and short-term impacts on people. Some other examples of supporting services are primary production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat.
- 59. THE ECOSYSTEM SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Ecosystem Key Issues Urban/built-up Pollution, rapid urban growth and expansion, informal settlements, solid waste disposal Coastal/Marine Use conflicts, pollution, declining productivity, poverty, absence of integrated planning framework, overlapping jurisdiction
- 60. Ecosystem Key Issues Lowland Agricultural Land conversion, land degradation, declining productivity, lack of technical, financial, infrastructure and marketing support, pollution Forest Degradation, low production, encroachment, illegal occupancy, loss of biodiversity, unsustainable management, erosion, underutilization of non-timber resources, weak institutional capacity
- 61. Ecosystem Key Issues Freshwater Lack of national policy and management framework, pollution, siltation, excessive groundwater abstraction, conflicting uses, overlapping jurisdiction, inadequate data
- 62. LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES PLANNING
- 63. Local Planning and Development Model LONG TERM FRAMEWORK PLAN MEDIUM TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION INSTRUMENTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES
- 64. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN The ENRMP is a component plan of the medium term Municipal Comprehensive Development Plan The ENRMP will contain the proposed environmental measures/ strategies, programs and projects in the medium term. The programs and projects identified in the ENRMP will have to be incorporated in the LDIP of the LGU. The proposed policies will have to be part of the Legislative Agenda of the LGU.
- 65. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ADDITIONAL SURVEYS CLUP PA 21, OTHER NATIONAL LAWS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONCERN ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES POLICIES, PROGRAM, PROJECTS ENRMP LDIP ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION NATIONAL, REGIONAL , PROVINCIAL AREA PLANS LGU MANDATES and thrusts LGU MANDATES and thrusts GOALS, MISSION and OBJECTIVES INPUT LINE ACTIVITY SEQUENCE ECOLOGICAL PROFILE ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS
- 66. Thank you for your attention!