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Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson

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Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
Drafting and Negotiating Commercial Contracts
Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
Drafting and Negotiating Commercial Contracts Fifth Edition By Mark Anderson Managing Partner, Anderson Law LLP and Victor Warner Solicitor, Anderson Law LLP
BLOOMSBURY PROFESSIONAL Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc © Bloomsbury Professional 2023 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted by the authors, editors or publishers. All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright ©. All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright ©. This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3) except where otherwise stated. All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/, 1998-2023. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978 1 52651 724 1 Epdf: 978 1 52651 726 5 Epub: 978 1 52651 725 8 Typeset by Evolution Design & Digital Ltd (Kent) To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsburyprofessional. com. Here you will find extracts, author information, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our newsletters
v Preface The first edition of this book was published 25 years ago. Its aim, then as now, was to provide a practical guide for contract drafters on a range of legal and commercial subjects. The first edition had six substantive chapters and there are now 11. The first edition ran to 160 pages (plus extracts from legislation), and the current edition runs to 454 pages. Now that most legislation and case law is available online from a UK Government website, it is no longer useful to include extracts in textbooks. The fifth edition includes a new chapter on terminating an agreement. This may require as much care as drafting the agreement. For example, if a party believes the other is in breach, it will need to carry out a fact-finding exercise to find out what has occurred during the life of the agreement, and compare this with the relevant obligations in the agreement. It may need to consider other provisions of the agreement, including those dealing with waiver, entire agreement, termination and notices, as well as underlying law (eg on waiver and variation by conduct). Any notice of breach or termination will need to be carefully drafted, correctly addressed as per the notices clause, and take account of any time periods stated in the termination and notices clauses. The aim of this new chapter is to set out the main issues that the contract drafter will usually need to consider. Developments in the law The first edition appeared just before publication of the judgments of the House of Lords in Investors’ Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society. The five principles elaborated in that case have had a profound effect on the way the courts interpret commercial contracts. Even more significant has been the trilogy of Supreme Court decisions in Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank, Arnold v Britton and Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd. These judgments are cited in many of the recent cases on the interpretation of commercial contracts. However, the five principles from the Investors case, as the judgment itself acknowledges, are no more than a summation or reformulation of principles drawn from earlier case law (some of which are discussed in the first edition of this book). These judgments can be viewed as part of a trend towards a more liberal approach to interpreting contracts, particularly in the area of liability clauses. Several generations ago, the courts intervened more in deciding that liability clauses were not enforceable. Often, they did this by finding technical flaws
vi in the drafting, which led to drafters using increasingly legalistic wording in liability clauses, to try to remedy the supposed defects in conventional drafting that the courts had found. The need for this intervention has gradually reduced. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 introduced controls over what could be included in both business and consumer contracts. More recently, EU-derived legislation has provided more extensive protection for consumer contracts, most recently in the Consumer Rights Act 2015. Senior judges are now taking a more ‘commercial’ approach and are less inclined to reject limitation of liability clauses in business-to-business contracts on technical grounds, particularly where they consider the parties to be of similar bargaining power. However, there are limits to this approach. The English courts are still primarily focused on ascertaining the precise linguistic meaning of the words used in the contract, even if they use techniques sometimes to relax the rigour of this approach, such as those developed in the judgments mentioned above. Practice developments Since the publication of the first edition of this book, most documents in commercial contracts are drafted, commented on and exchanged electronically; but a noticeable trend over the last 25 years, is the flattening or reduction in the time available to prepare and review contracts. A recent development is the way many agreements are signed, using signing technologies such as DocuSign or Adobe Sign. Modern commercial contracts may be written in clearer English than they were 25 years ago (on the whole), but the complexity of individual clauses and the length of contracts has increased. The increased pressures to get the deal done and reduce the number of steps and people involved only make it harder to achieve a well-drafted and logically coherent contract. There are no quick fixes to this issue – other than the training of contract drafters, and the development of well-drafted templates, procedures and policies (as suggested in Chapter 4). We would like to thank the following from Anderson Law for their assistance with proof-reading (Christina Turner, Genny Armstrong and Joshua Billingham) and research (Stefano Incarbone), and Claire Banyard for her work in editing this book. Any errors that remain are the sole responsibility of the authors. Mark Anderson and Victor Warner, Anderson Law LLP www.andlaw.eu January 2023
vii Contents Prefacev Table of Statutes xvii Table of Statutory Instruments xxi Table of Cases xxiii Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 1 Key points 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Checklists for legally binding contracts 3 1.2.1 Checklist for formation of the contract 4 1.2.2 Checklist of what will make a contract invalid or void 12 1.2.3 Checklist of matters which might make the contract or particular provisions unenforceable 13 1.2.4 Examples of when a contract will be found 16 1.3 Pre-contractual documents 18 1.3.1 Introduction 18 1.3.2 Terminology 18 1.3.3 Types of document 19 1.4 Must the contract be in writing? 24 1.5 Other requirements as to the form of the contract: advantages of deeds 25 1.5.1 Use of seals 27 1.6 No formalities for execution of contracts under hand 27 1.7 Formalities for execution of deeds by individuals 29 1.8 Formalities for execution of deeds by UK companies formed or regulated by the Companies Act 2006 30 1.9 Formalities for execution of deeds and contracts under hand (made under English law) by foreign companies 32 1.10 Signing before the provisions of the agreement are finalised (or other situations when a signature page is signed separately from the rest of an agreement) 32 1.10.1 Documents which are deeds or are contracts for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land 35 1.10.2 Documents which are contracts and are not signed as deeds 35 1.11 The use of electronic signatures 37 1.12 Information that a party needs to include about itself in contractual and non-contractual documents 40 Chapter 2 The structure and format of the contract 41 Key points 41 2.1 Introduction 42
Contents viii 2.2 Main elements of a typical contract document 43 2.3 Title 44 2.4 Date of agreement 46 2.4.1 Which date should be inserted? 47 2.4.2 Reasons for dating an agreement 47 2.4.3 What format to use for the date 48 2.4.4 Not adding a date of agreement 48 2.4.5 Date of agreement and the effective date (or the commencement date) 49 2.5 Names and addresses of the parties 49 2.6 Recitals or background 55 2.6.1 Purpose of recitals 56 2.6.2 What not to include in the recitals 56 2.6.3 Are recitals needed at all? 57 2.6.4 Wording to use, and not use, in a recital 57 2.6.5 Layout and number of recitals 58 2.6.6 Recitals and overseas practice 58 2.7 Operative provisions—introductory wording 59 2.8 Definitions 60 2.8.1 Location of definitions 61 2.8.2 Introductory wording 62 2.8.3 Use of capital letters 63 2.8.4 Order of definitions 63 2.9 Conditions precedent and subsequent 64 2.10 Sequence of clauses 67 2.11 Schedules 67 2.12 Signing the agreement 69 2.12.1 Execution clauses 70 2.12.2 Signature blocks 71 2.13 Clause numbering 73 2.14 Headings 75 2.15 Engrossments (final version ready for signature) and counterparts 76 2.16 Alternative formats—letter agreements; terms in schedules 77 2.16.1 Letter agreements 77 2.16.2 Provisions set out in a schedule 78 2.17 Obsolete drafting conventions 78 Chapter 3 Contract drafting techniques 81 Key points 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.1.1 Legal interpretation 81 3.1.2 Intelligibility 83 3.2 The topics this chapter covers 84 3.3 Stating obligations clearly—who, what, when (and how) 85 3.4 Active and passive 88 3.5 Indicative and subjunctive 89 3.6 Avoiding jargon and archaic language 90 3.6.1 Old fashioned words and jargon 90 3.6.2 ‘Acceptable’ legal jargon 92
Contents ix 3.6.3 Using pairs of words when one will do 93 3.6.4 Use of Latin 94 3.6.5 Other jargon 95 3.7 Simplest forms 96 3.8 Plain, intelligible style (particularly for consumer contracts) 97 3.9 Definitions and consistent use of words 101 3.9.1 Means 102 3.9.2 Includes 103 3.9.3 Excludes 104 3.10 Avoiding unnecessary words 105 3.11 The use of pronouns (in non-consumer contracts) 105 3.12 Numbers 106 3.13 Formulas and the like 107 3.13.1 Formulas expressed mathematically 107 3.13.2 Formulas expressed in words 108 3.13.3 Formulas—suggestions 109 3.14 Sentence structure and length 111 3.15 Word order and use of punctuation 114 3.16 Conciseness and comprehensiveness 117 3.17 Length of individual clauses 118 3.18 Layout, use of paragraphs and tabulation 118 3.19 Size of typeface, justification, line length, and use of white space 120 3.20 Use of headings 121 3.21 Logical sequence of clauses 121 3.22 Grouping of clauses 122 3.23 Use of schedules 122 3.24 The question of gender 123 Chapter 4 Advanced drafting techniques 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 The role of the contract drafter 127 4.2.1 First role: contract drafting 127 4.2.2 Second role: helping the client achieve their commercial objectives 127 4.3 Using negotiating and drafting policies 129 4.3.1 Areas that a policy should cover 129 4.3.2 An example 129 4.3.3 Commercial advantages of having a policy 130 4.4 Agreements with a large number of parties 131 4.5 International negotiations 131 4.6 The law in drafting and negotiating agreements 134 4.6.1 Knowledge of contract law 134 4.6.2 Other laws 134 4.6.3 Policies, checklists and workflows 134 Chapter 5 Basic commercial/legal issues affecting contract drafting 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Who should the parties be? 140
Contents x 5.2.1 Related material 141 5.3 Commencement, duration, extension of term 141 5.3.1 Related material 143 5.4 Main commercial obligations 143 5.4.1 Related material 144 5.5 ‘Best endeavours’, ‘reasonable endeavours’, ‘all reasonable endeavours’ (and absolute obligations) 145 5.5.1 Measuring the effort needed 145 5.5.2 Use of the ‘best endeavours’ obligation 146 5.5.3 All reasonable endeavours 152 5.5.4 How to deal with best and reasonable endeavours provisions? 152 5.5.5 Related materials 153 5.6 Payment provisions 154 5.6.1 Related materials 155 5.7 Warranties 156 5.7.1 Related material 157 5.8 Liability and indemnities 158 5.8.1 Related material 158 5.9 Confidentiality and announcements 159 5.9.1 Keeping the information that the parties wish to disclose to each other confidential 159 5.9.2 Keeping the agreement confidential 161 5.9.3 Announcements 161 5.9.4 Related material 162 5.10 Termination and consequences of termination 162 5.10.1 Terminating the agreement 162 5.10.2 Specifying the length of the agreement and termination 163 5.10.3 Termination for breach 163 5.10.4 Termination for insolvency or bankruptcy 164 5.10.5 Specifying the content of a notice for termination 164 5.10.6 What is to happen on termination of an agreement 165 5.10.7 Related material 165 5.11 Boilerplate clauses 166 5.11.1 Notices 166 5.11.2 Force majeure 170 5.11.3 Entire agreement 171 5.11.4 Assignment of rights, transferring obligations and delegation172 5.11.5 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 174 5.12 Law and jurisdiction 176 5.12.1 Related material 177 5.13 Who signs the contract—are they authorised to do so? 177 5.13.1 Related material 179 Chapter 6 Interpretation of contracts by the courts—implications for the drafter/negotiator 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Establishing the terms of the contract and their meaning 182
Contents xi 6.3 Interpreting a given set of contract terms 183 6.4 General approach of the courts to interpreting contracts 186 6.4.1 How a court should interpret a contractual provision? 186 6.4.2 Intentions of the parties 192 6.4.3 Relevance of past court decisions 193 6.5 Which terms comprise the contract 194 6.5.1 The terms set out in the contractual documents 194 6.5.2 Pre-contract negotiations, drafts of an agreement and deleted provisions 197 6.5.3 Amendments to standard form agreements in common use201 6.5.4 Post-execution deletions or amendments 201 6.5.5 The parol evidence rule, collateral contracts and misrepresentations203 6.5.6 The meaning of words used in contract terms 206 6.5.7 Ordinary, dictionary meaning of words 208 6.5.8 Commercial contracts 210 6.5.9 Legal terms of art and lawyers’ jargon 214 6.5.10 Scientific and technical terms 216 6.5.11 Special meanings ‘in the industry’ 218 6.5.12 Special meanings given by the parties and defined terms 219 6.5.13 Interpreting express contract terms 221 6.5.14 Documents should be read as whole and all parts of the document should be effective 222 6.5.15 Give effect to all parts of the document 224 6.5.16 Special conditions override standard conditions 225 6.5.17 Hierarchy of clauses 227 6.5.18 The ejusdem generis (‘of the same kind’) rule 229 6.5.19 Unclear contract wording will be construed against the interests of the grantor or the party which benefits from the wording (‘contra proferentem’) 232 6.5.20 The court is unlikely to interpret the contract so as to allow a party to take advantage of his own wrongdoing unless clear wording is used 233 6.5.21 Implied terms 237 6.5.22 Terms implied by statute 240 6.5.23 Special rules for exemption clauses 248 6.6 The five principles from Investors’ Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society273 Chapter 7 Drafting consumer contracts 275 Key points 275 7.1 Introduction and key developments 276 7.1.1 The purpose of this chapter 276 7.2 The unfair term provisions: an introduction 279 7.2.1 Checklist: when the unfair term provisions do not apply 282 7.2.2 Checklist: basic factors to consider when preparing terms and conditions 283 7.3 Checklist of other legislation relevant to drafting consumer contracts291
Contents xii 7.3.1 Contracts 291 7.3.2 Notices 293 7.3.3 Other 294 7.4 General points about the applicability of the unfair term provisions295 7.4.1 Who is a trader? 295 7.4.2 Who is a consumer? 296 7.4.3 Does the CRA only apply to where a trader provides goods, digital content or services to a consumer? 299 7.4.4 Who has the burden of proving a person is not a consumer299 7.4.5 Contract terms which reflect mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions 300 7.4.6 Core terms 301 7.4.7 Use of language which is plain, intelligible and legible in written contracts and, where relevant, prominent 306 7.5 Checklist of types of contract terms which are likely to be unfair 310 7.6 Words which should not appear in a consumer contract 315 7.7 Appendix: Consumer Rights Act 2015, Sch 2 316 Chapter 8 Legal terms and lawyers’ jargon 321 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Terms defined by statute 324 8.3 Expressions of time 324 8.3.1 Actions to be taken within a specified time period 324 8.3.2 Actions to be taken ‘forthwith’ or ‘immediately’ or ‘as soon as possible’ 328 8.3.3 ‘From time to time’; ‘for the time being’ 329 8.3.4 Other ‘time’ expressions that parties sometimes use 330 8.4 Other legal terms used in contracts 331 8.4.1 Agreement and contract 331 8.4.2 And/or 332 8.4.3 As amended 333 8.4.4 Assignment and novation 333 8.4.5 Best endeavours, all reasonable endeavour,s and reasonable endeavours (as well as absolute obligations) 335 8.4.6 Boilerplate 336 8.4.7 Breach and non-performance 338 8.4.8 Cash 338 8.4.9 Change of control 338 8.4.10 Comfort letter 339 8.4.11 Competition and anti-trust 340 8.4.12 Completion and closing 340 8.4.13 Conditions precedent and conditions subsequent 341 8.4.14 Confidential, confidentiality 341 8.4.15 Consent 342 8.4.16 Consideration 343 8.4.17 Consult 343 8.4.18 Covenants 344 8.4.19 Deemed 344 8.4.20 Delivery 345
Contents xiii 8.4.21 Due diligence 345 8.4.22 Disclosure letter 346 8.4.23 Engrossments 346 8.4.24 Escrow 347 8.4.25 Exclusive, sole and non-exclusive licences 347 8.4.26 Exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction 349 8.4.27 Execution and executed 349 8.4.28 Expiry 349 8.4.29 FOB, ex works, CIF, etc 349 8.4.30 Force majeure 350 8.4.31 Further assurance 350 8.4.32 Good faith/agreements to negotiate 350 8.4.33 Gross negligence 353 8.4.34 Group companies 353 8.4.35 Guarantees (and full title guarantee) 353 8.4.36 Hereby 353 8.4.37 Hereinafter and similar words 353 8.4.38 Including, including without limitation 354 8.4.39 Indemnity 354 8.4.40 Injunctions 354 8.4.41 Instrument 354 8.4.42 Intellectual property 354 8.4.43 Interpretation 356 8.4.44 Joint venture 357 8.4.45 Law and jurisdiction 358 8.4.46 Licence 358 8.4.47 Material and substantial 358 8.4.48 Merchantable quality 360 8.4.49 Mutatis mutandis 360 8.4.50 Negligence 360 8.4.51 Negotiate 361 8.4.52 Nominal sum 361 8.4.53 Notarisation 361 8.4.54 Notices 363 8.4.55 Notwithstanding 363 8.4.56 Penalties and liquidated damages 363 8.4.57 Person 364 8.4.58 Power of attorney 365 8.4.59 Procure 366 8.4.60 Provisos (‘provided that …’) 366 8.4.61 Real property 366 8.4.62 Reasonableness 367 8.4.63 Representations, warranties and undertakings 367 8.4.64 Satisfactory quality 368 8.4.65 Set-off and retention of title 368 8.4.66 Severance 369 8.4.67 Signed and use of signatures 369 8.4.68 Sub-contract 371 8.4.69 Subject to 371 8.4.70 Subject to contract 372
Contents xiv 8.4.71 Such 373 8.4.72 Such consent not to be unreasonably withheld 374 8.4.73 Term and determine 376 8.4.74 Territory 376 8.4.75 Time of the essence 378 8.4.76 To the intent that 379 8.4.77 Unless the context requires otherwise 380 8.4.78 Waiver 380 8.4.79 Whatsoever 380 8.4.80 Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing 380 8.4.81 Without prejudice 381 Chapter 9 Termination 383 9.1 Introduction 383 9.2 The first step 384 9.2.1 Looking at the agreement the parties signed 384 9.2.2 The provisions a party will need to examine 384 9.3 What is to come 385 9.3.1 Disclosure and inspection of documents 385 9.3.2 Preservation of documents 386 9.3.3 Effort and timescale 387 9.4 Issues from the provisions of the agreement 387 9.4.1 Communication 388 9.4.2 Time periods 389 9.4.3 The contents of the notice 391 9.4.4 The quality of the breach 392 9.4.5 What happens at the end of a notice period? 393 9.4.6 Law and jurisdiction 393 9.5 Gathering the evidence 394 9.5.1 Finding out what’s been going on … 394 9.5.2 Records, documents and correspondence in control of a party 395 9.5.3 Records, documents and correspondence in the control of the other party 397 9.6 Contacting the insurers 397 Chapter 10 Techniques for checking contracts before signing them 399 10.1 Introduction 399 10.1.1 Obviousness and a step back in time 401 10.2 The top ten essential things to do (when you are right up against a deadline) 401 10.3 Things to do when there is time 403 10.3.1 Process steps 403 10.4 Factual information 405 10.4.1 Parties 405 10.4.2 Pricing and payment terms 406 10.4.3 References to official bodies, regulations, etc 407 10.4.4 Notices clauses 407 10.4.5 Start and termination dates (and other periods of time) 408
Contents xv 10.4.6 Timing 409 10.4.7 Consequences of termination 410 10.4.8 Third parties 410 10.4.9 Law and jurisdiction 410 10.5 Proofing and formatting 410 10.5.1 Removal of version draft data 411 10.5.2 Figures and words 411 10.5.3 Cross referencing 412 10.5.4 Definitions 412 10.5.5 Schedules 413 10.5.6 Spell checking 414 10.5.7 Clearing the document of metadata 414 10.6 Catching the cheats, the use of revision marks and lesser crimes 416 10.6.1 How to deal with a ‘cheat’ 417 10.6.2 Not all ‘mis-use’ of revision marks is cheating 418 10.6.3 The settings 418 10.6.4 Stopping the cheating – the American way 419 10.7 Commercial issues 419 10.7.1 Other methods of considering commercial points 421 10.8 What to do if the agreement is signed and someone spots an error? 422 Chapter 11 Drafting, exchanging and protecting documents electronically 423 11.1 Introduction 423 11.2 Exchanging documents electronically 423 11.2.1 The problem 424 11.2.2 What to do about the problem 424 11.2.3 Should parties exchange drafts of agreements electronically at all—and how should they do so? 425 11.3 Metadata 427 11.3.1 What kind of information does metadata consist of? 428 11.3.2 Why is metadata important? 429 11.3.3 How to remove metadata 431 11.3.4 Should a lawyer look at the metadata in a document received from another party? 432 11.4 Electronic signatures 432 11.5 Email (and other forms of communications) policies 434 11.6 Security of files 435 11.6.1 Protection of individual documents 436 11.6.2 Protection of computer on which documents reside 438 11.7 And finally… 439 Appendix Sample Agreements 441 Index455
Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
xvii Table of Statutes Arbitration Act 1996 ........................1.2.2 s 5 ..................................................1.4 78 .................................................8.3.4 90 .................................................7.4.2 Bank and Financial Dealings Act 1971 s 1(1) .............................................8.3.4 Sch 1 .............................................8.3.4 Bills of Exchange Act 1882 s 3(1) .............................................1.4 73 ................................................1.4 83 ................................................1.4 Bribery Act 2010 ...............................1.2.2 Building Societies Act 1986 Sch 2, para 16 ...............................1.2.1 Sch 2, para 17 ...............................1.2.1 Capital Allowances Act 2001 s 466 ..............................................8.4.25 Companies Act 1985 s 43 ................................................1.5.1 244(1)(a) ....................................8.3.1 Companies Act 2006 s 1 .........................................1.2.1, 1.7, 1.8 2 ..................................................1.7, 1.8 3 ..................................................1.7, 1.8 39.................................................1.2.1 39(1) ...........................................1.2.1 40 ................................................1.2.1 40(1) ...........................................5.13 42 ................................................1.2.1 43(1)(a) ....................................1.2.1, 1.6 43(1)(b) ....................................1.2.1, 1.6 44 .....................................1.2.1, 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.2 44(1) ...........................................1.6 44(2) ...........................................1.6, 1.8 44(3) ...........................................1.6 44(4) ...........................................1.6, 1.8 44(5) ...........................................1.8 45(1) ...........................................1.6 46 ..............................................1.2.1, 1.8 49 ................................................1.6 444(2) .........................................8.3.1 861(4A) .......................................8.4.42 1159 .....................................8.4.3, 8.4.34 1161.............................................8.4.34 1171 ............................................1.7, 1.8 Competition Act 1998 ......................8.4.11 Consumer Credit Act 1974 ..............1.4, 3.8 Consumer Rights Act 2015 ....2.1, 3.8, 4.6.1, 6.5.23.8, 7.1 s 1(1) .............................................7.4.3 2(2) .............................................7.4.1 2(3) .....................................7.2.1.1, 7.4.2 2(4) .............................................7.4.4 2(5) .............................................7.2.1.1 2(7) .............................................7.4.1 9 ..................................................7.3.1 10 ................................................7.3.1 11 ................................................7.3.1 11(4) ...........................................7.3.3 12 ................................................7.3.1 13 ................................................7.3.1 14 ................................................7.3.1 15 ................................................7.3.1 16 ................................................7.3.1 17 ................................................7.3.1 28 ........................................7.2.2.3, 7.3.1 28(2) ...........................................8.4.20 28(6) ...........................................7.2.2.3 29 ................................................7.3.1 30 ................................................7.3.3 30(2)–(4).....................................7.3.3 31 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 31(2) ...........................................7.3.1 31(2)(a) ......................................7.2.2.3 31(3) ...................................7.2.2.3, 7.3.1 34 ................................................7.3.1 35 ................................................7.3.1 36 ................................................7.3.1 36(3) ...........................................7.3.3 37 ................................................7.3.1 41 ................................................7.3.1 47 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 47(2) ...........................................7.3.1 49 ................................................7.3.1 50 ................................................7.3.1 50(3) ...........................................7.3.3 51 ................................................7.3.1 52 ................................................7.3.1 57 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 57(4) ...........................................7.3.1 57(5) ...........................................7.3.1 61(1) ...........................................7.4.3 61(2) ......................................7.2, 7.2.1.1 61(4) ......................................7.2, 7.2.2.3 61(6) ...........................................7.2.2.3
 Table of Statutes xviii Consumer Rights Act 2015 – contd s 61(8) ...........................................7.2.2.3 ss 61–76 .........................................3.1.2 s 62(1) ...........................................7.2 62(2) ...........................................7.2 62(3) ...........................................7.2 62(4) ...........................7.2, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.5, 7.4.7.1 62(5) ............................7.2, 7.2.2.3, 7.3.2 63(1) ......................................7.2, 7.2.2.3 64.................................................7.4.5 64(1) .........................................7.2, 7.4.6 64(1)(a) ..............................7.2.1.2, 7.4.6 64(1)(b) ..............................7.2.1.2, 7.4.6 64(2) ........................................7.2, 7.4.6, 7.4.7.2 64(3) ...........................................7.4.7.1 64(4) ...........................................7.4.7.2 64(5) ...........................................7.4.7.2 65 ........................................1.2.3, 7.2.2.2 65(1)–(5) ....................................7.3.2 66 ................................................7.2.2.2 67 ................................................7.2 68 ................................................7.2 68(1) ...........................................7.4.7.1 68(2) ...........................................7.4.7.1 69(1) ......................................7.2, 7.4.7.1 69(2) ...........................................7.4.7.1 71 ................................................7.2 73.................................................7.4.5 73(1) ...................................7.2.1.2, 7.4.5 74(1) ...........................................7.2 91(1) ...........................................7.2.2.3 91(2) ...........................................7.2.2.3 Sch 1 .............................................7.2 Sch 2 .............................7.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.2.1, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.6, 7.6, 7.7 Annex A ........................................7.2.2.1 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 ..........................1.2.1, 2.5, 5.2, 8.4.6, 10.4.8 s 1(1) .............................................5.11.5 1(3) .............................................5.11.5 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ..........................................8.4.42 s 90 ................................................8.4.60 90(3) ...........................................1.4 92(1) ...........................................8.4.25 Corporation Tax Act 2009 s 712(3) .........................................8.4.42 Corporation Tax Act 2010 s 584 ..............................................8.4.44 Costs of Leases Act 1958 s 1 ..................................................6.5.11 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 ..... 1.2.2 Electronic Communications Act 2000 ..........................................11.4 s 7 ..................................................8.4.67 Enterprise Act 2002 s 129 ..............................................8.4.1 European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 s 3(1) .............................................1.11 Family Law Reform Act 1969 s 1(1) .............................................1.2.1 1(2) .............................................8.2 Finance Act 1995 Sch 28, para 9 ...............................8.4.23 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 s 9 ..................................................2.4.1 Freedom of Information Act 2000 ....... 2.11, 5.9.2 s 3 ..................................................2.13 Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 s 7A ................................................1.2.1 7B ................................................1.2.1 Insolvency Act 1986 s 436 ..............................................2.8.2 Interpretation Act 1978 s 5 .................................................1.11, 8.2 6 ..................................................8.2 17(2)(a) ......................................8.4.3 22 ................................................8.4.57 22(1) ...........................................8.4.74 23 ................................................8.4.57 Sch 1 ............................................1.11, 8.2 Sch 2, para 5(a) ............................8.4.74 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 s 1 ..................................................5.6 2(1) .............................................5.6 5 ..................................................5.6 8(1) .............................................5.6 Law of Property Act 1925 ................8.4.77 s 41 ................................................8.4.75 58 ................................................6.5.1.2 61 ......................8.2, 8.3.1, 8.4.43, 8.4.57 76 ................................................8.2 136(1) .........................................1.4 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 ................6.5.22.6 s 1(1) .............................................1.7 1(1)(b) ........................................1.5.1 1(2A) ...........................................1.7 1(2)(b) ........................................1.7 1(3) ............................................1.7, 1.11 1(3)(b) ........................................1.7 1(4) .............................................1.11 2 ..............................................1.4, 8.4.70 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1994 ................8.2
 Table of Statutes xix Limitation Act 1980 s 5 ..................................................1.5 Marine Insurance Act 1906 .............1.4 Mental Capacity Act 2005 s 67(1) ...........................................1.2.1 Sch 6, para 24 ...............................1.2.1 Misrepresentation Act 1967 ..........4.6.1, 6.3 s 3 ..................................................6.5.23.9 National Debt (Stockholders Relief) Act 1892 .......................8.3.4 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 ..........6.5.23.8 Occupiers’ Liability Act (Northern Ireland) 1957 ...........................6.5.23.8 Partnerships Act 1891 ......................8.4.44 Patents Act 1977 ...............................8.4.42 s 30 ................................................8.4.60 30(6) ...........................................1.4 130(1) .........................................8.4.25 Plant Varieties Act 1997 ...................8.4.42 Powers of Attorney Act 1971 ...........8.4.58 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 s 289(6) .........................................8.4.8 Registered Designs Act 1949 ...........8.4.42 s 15B(3) ........................................1.4 Sale of Goods Act 1979 ............4.6.1, 6.5.22, 6.5.22.6, 6.5.23.2, 7.2.1.1 s 2(1) .............................................6.5.22.1 2(4) .............................................6.5.22.1 2(5) .............................................6.5.22.1 8(2) .............................................1.2.4 10(1) ...........................................8.4.75 10(2) ...........................................8.4.75 12 ....................................6.5.21, 6.5.22.1 12(1) .........................6.5.22.1, 6.5.22.1.2 12(2)(a) ......................................6.5.22.1 12(2)(b) ......................................6.5.22.1 12(3) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(4) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(5) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(5A) .........................................6.5.22.1 13 .............................................6.5.22.1.5 13(1A) ......................................6.5.22.1.5 13(2) ........................................6.5.22.1.5 14 ............................................6.5.22.1.2, 6.5.22.1.3, 6.5.22.1.5, 8.4.64 14(2) ............................6.5.13, 6.5.22.1.2 14(2A) ......................................6.5.22.1.2 14(2B) ......................................6.5.22.1.2 14(2C) .....................................6.5.22.1.2 14(3) ........................................6.5.22.1.3 14(6).........................................6.5.22.1.3 15 ............................................6.5.22.1.4, 6.5.22.1.5 Sale of Goods Act 1979 – contd s 15(3) ........................................6.5.22.1.4 15A ...........................................6.5.22.1.5 29(2) ...........................................8.4.20 Senior Courts Act 1981 s 72(5) ...........................................8.4.42 Stamp Act 1891 s 122 ..............................................8.4.41 Statute of Frauds 1677 .....................1.11 s 4 ..................................................1.4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 ..................................4.6.1, 6.5.22, 6.5.22.6, 7.2.1.1 s 1 ..................................................6.5.22.3 6 ..................................................6.5.22.4 7 ..................................................6.5.22.4 8 ..................................................6.5.22.4 9(1) .............................................6.5.22.4 9(2) .............................................6.5.22.4 9(5) .............................................6.5.22.4 10 ................................................6.5.22.4 10A ..............................................6.5.22.4 10A(3) .........................................6.5.22.4 11 ................................................6.5.22.4 11(3) ...........................................6.5.22.4 12 ................................................6.5.22.5 13 ................................................6.5.22.5 14 ................................................8.4.75 14(1) ...........................................1.2.4 15 ................................................6.5.22.5 15(1) ...........................................1.2.4 16 ................................................6.5.22.5 16(2) ...........................................6.5.22.5 Trade Marks Act 1994 ......................8.4.42 s 22 ................................................8.4.60 23(3) ...........................................1.4 29 ................................................8.4.25 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 ..4.6.1, 6.3, 6.5.22.4, 6.5.23.1, 7.2.1.1 s 1(2) ............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 2 .................................................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.8.2, 6.5.23.10 2(1) ........................................1.2.3, 7.3.2 2(3) ...........................................6.5.23.10 3 ..................................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.9, 6.5.23.10, 8.4.65 6 ..................................................6.5.23.8 6(1) .........................................6.5.22.1.1, 6.5.22.1.5 6(1A) .......................................6.5.22.1.2, 6.5.22.1.4, 6.5.22.1.5, 6.5.23.8.1 7 ..................................................6.5.23.8 7(1A) ........................................6.5.23.8.1
 Table of Statutes xx Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 – contd s 11 ..............................................6.5.23.10 11(2) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(3) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(4) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(5) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 26 ...............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 26(3) ...........................................6.5.23.8 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 – contd 27(1) ...........................................6.5.23.8 27(2) ...........................................6.5.23.8 Sch 1 ............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 Sch 2 .........................................6.5.23.8.1, 6.5.23.10 Union with Scotland Act 1706 art 1 ...............................................8.4.74
xxi Table of Statutory Instruments Civil Procedure Rules (SI 1998/3132) ...............................3.7 r 2.2 ..............................................8.4.78 16.6 .............................................8.4.65 31.2 .............................................9.3.1 31.3 .............................................9.3.1 31.4 .............................................9.3.1 31.6 .............................................9.3.1 31.7 .............................................9.3.1 31.8 .............................................9.3.1 Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 (SI 1993/3053) reg 3 .............................................1.4 Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/3229) reg 2 .............................................1.2.1 Sch 1 .............................................1.6, 1.8 Sch 1, art 3 ...................................1.2.1 Sch 1, art 5 ...................................1.2.1 Sch 1, art 8 ...................................1.2.1 Company, Limited Liability Partnership and Business (Names and Trading Disclosures) Regulations 2015 (SI 2015/17) reg 24 ...........................................2.5 24(1) ..........................................1.12 24(1)(g) .....................................1.12 25 ..............................................2.5 28 ..............................................2.5 29(c) ..........................................2.5 Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/3134) ............... 4.6.1, 7.1.1, 7.3.3, 7.4.2 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/1277) .....................6.5.23.8, 7.3.3 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/2334) ...............................6.5.22.6 Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/2013) .........................7.1.1 Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/89) ...................................1.11 Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/318) ..................11.4 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Rate of Interest) (No 3) Order 2002 (SI 2002/1675) art 4 ..............................................5.6 Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations and Non- Contractual Obligations (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/834) .................................5.12 Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Companies Act 2006) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/1804) ...............................1.8 Overseas Companies (Execution of Documents and Registration of Charges) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/1917) ...............................1.7, 1.9 Package Travel, Package Holiday and Package Tours Regulations 1992 (SI 1992/3288) ................6.5.22.6 Price Marking Order 2004 (SI 2004/102) reg 3(1)(a) ....................................7.3.3 Provision of Services Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/2999) ................7.1.1 Regulatory Reform (Registered Designs) Order 2006 (SI 2006/1974) ...............................8.4.42 Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/3045) .........................6.5.22.6 Trade Secrets (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2018 (SI 2018/597) ..........................4.6.2, 8.4.14 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/2083) ..................... 2.1, 7.2, 7.4.2, 7.4.6
Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
xxiii Table of Cases A E Farr Ltd v Admiralty [1953] 1 WLR 965 ................................................................ 6.5.23.3 Ace Capital Ltd v CMS Energy Corporation [2008] EWHC 1843 (Comm) .............. 6.5.16 ACON Equity Management, LLC v Apple Bidco Ltd [2019] EWHC 2750 (Comm) .6.5.7 African Export-Import Bank and others v Shebah Exploration and Production Co Ltd and others [2017] EWCA Civ 845; [2018] 1 WLR 487 ................................. 6.5.23.8 Ageas (UK) Ltd v Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd [2013] EWHC 3261 (QB) ................................. 6.5.9 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd [1972] 1 All ER 280 .................................................................... 8.4.17 AIB Group (UK) plc (formerly Allied Irish Banks plc and AIB Finance Ltd) v Martin and another [2001] UKHL 63 .............................................................................. 2.5 Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd and Securicor (Scotland) Ltd [1983] 1 All ER 101, HL ........................................................................................ 6.5.23.1 Air Transworld Ltd v Bombardier In [2012] EWHC 243 (Comm) ............. 6.5.23.2, 6.5.23.8 Airtours Holidays Transport Ltd v Revenue and Customs [2016] UKSC 21 .............. 6.5.21 AJ Building and Plastering Ltd v Turner [2013] EWHC 484 (QB) ............................ 7.4.7.1 Akici v LR Butlin Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 1296 ............................................................. 6.5.9 Alchemy Estates v Astor [2008] EWHC 2675 (Ch) ...................................................... 6.5.16 Alfovos Shipping Co SA v Pagnan and Lli, The Afovos [1983] 1 All ER 449, HL ..... 8.3.1 Alghussein Establishment v Eton College [1988] 1 WLR 587, HL ............................. 6.5.20 Ali v Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago [2017] UKPC 2 .......................... 6.5.21 Allardyce v Roebuck [2004] EWHC 1538 (Ch), [2004] 3 All ER 754 ........................ 8.4.75 AMEC Foster Wheeler Group Ltd v Morgan Sindall Professional Services Ltd [2015] EWHC 2012 (TCC) ................................................................................... 2.6.2 Amiri Flight Authority v BAE Systems plc [2003] EWCA Civ 1447 .............. 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.8 Amlin Corporate Member Ltd v Oriental Assurance Corpn [2014] EWCA Civ 1135 ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.6.1, 6.5.8 Ampuris NU Homes Holdings Ltd v Telford Homes (Creekside) Ltd [2012] EWHC 1820 (Ch) ........................................................................................................ 5.5.2, 8.4.21 Anglo Continental Educational Group (GB) Ltd v Capital Homes (Southern) Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 218 ............................................................................................ 6.5.20.1 Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB; The Antaios [1984] 3 All ER 229 ........6.5.8, 6.5.20.1, 6.6 Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36 .......................................................3.1.1, 3.13.3, 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8 Árpád Kásler and Hajnalka Káslerné Rábai v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt C-26/13 [2014] 2 All ER (Comm) 443 ............................................................................................. 7.4.6, 7.4.7.1 Artillery Mansions Ltd v Macartney [1949] 1 KB 164, CA .......................................... 8.4.47 Artpower Ltd v Bespoke Couture Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1696, [2006] All ER (D) 35 (Nov) ...................................................................................................................... 5.10.3 Aspdin v Austin (1844) 1 QB 671 ................................................................................. 6.5.17.2 Astor Management AG v Atalaya Mining plc [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm) ........... 5.5.1, 5.5.2 Astrazeneca UK Ltd v Albemarle International Corporation and another [2011] EWHC 1574 (Comm) ............................................................................. 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.6 Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10 ........................... 6.5.21 Attrill v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 394 ............................................. 1.2.1 Ault Wiborg Paints Ltd v Sure Service Ltd (1983) Times, 2 July ............................ 5.5.2 Australian Broadcasting Commission v Australian Performing Right Association Ltd (1973) 129 CLR 99 .......................................................................................... 6.5.20.1
 Table of Cases xxiv AXA Sun Life Services plc v Campbell Martin Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 133 ................ 6.5.23.9 AXA Sun Life Services plc v Campbell Martin Ltd and others and other appeals [2011] EWCA Civ 133 5.11.3, 8.4.65 B Davis Ltd v Tooth Co Ltd [1937] 4 All ER 118, PC .............................................. 5.5.2 BAI (Run Off) Limited (In Scheme of Arrangement) and others v Durham and others [2012] UKSC 14 ......................................................................................... 6.5.1.3 Bains v Arunvill Capital Ltd and another [2020] EWCA Civ 545 ............................... 8.4.47 Bairstow Eves London Central Ltd v Smith [2004] EWHC 263 (QB) ........................ 7.4.6 Baldry v Marshall Ltd [1925] 1 KB 260, [1924] All ER Rep 155, CA ......................... 6.5.23.2 Baldwin Francis Ltd v Patents Appeal Tribunal [1959] 1 QB 105, HL [1959] 2 All ER 433 .................................................................................................................... 6.5.10 Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liq) v Ali [2001] UKHL 8 ............6.4.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.6.1, 6.6 Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548 .. 1.2.1 Barclays Bank plc v HHY Luxembourg SARL [2010] EWCA Civ 1248 ............ 6.5.8, 6.5.20.1 Barnardo’s v Buckinghamshire [2016] EWCA Civ 1064 ............................................. 6.5.6.1 Bassano v Toft [2014] EWHC 377 (QB) ....................................................................... 1.11 Bates and others v Post Office Ltd [2019] EWHC 606 (QB) .............5.4.32, 6.5.19, 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.8.1 Baybut v Eccle Riggts Country Park Ltd [2006] All ER (D) 161 (Nov) ...................... 7.4.5 Bayoil SA v Seawind Tankers Corpn [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 392 ........................... 6.5.16 BDW Trading Ltd (t/a Barratt North London) v JM Rowe (Investments) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 548 ........................................................................................................ 6.5.20 Beaufort Developments (NI) Ltd v Gilbert-Ash (NI) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 266 ............... 6.5.15 Bedford Police Authority v Constable [2009] EWCA Civ 64 ....................................... 6.5.9 Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 ............................................................................ 1.2.3 Benincasa v Dentalkit C-269/95 [1998] All ER (EC) 135 ........................................... 7.4.2 Benjamin Scarf v Alfred George Jardine (1882) 7 App Cas 345 ................................. 8.4.4 Berker Sportcraft Ltd’s Agreements, Re Hartnell v Berker Sportcraft Ltd (1947) 91 Sol Jo 409, (1947) 177 LT 420 ............................................................................... 5.3 Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58, HL ............................................................................ 8.4.77 Beta Investment SA v Transmedia Europe Inc [2003] EWHC 3066 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 133 (May) .................................................................................................. 8.4.70 Birks, Re [1900] 1 Ch 417 ............................................................................................. 6.5.14.2 BKK Mobil Oil Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts v Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV C-59/12 [2014] 2 CMLR 1 ..................................... 7.4.1 Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 3 All ER 25, CA .8.4.17 Blue Metal Industries Ltd v Dilley [1970] AC 827, PC ................................................ 8.4.43 Blue v Ashley [2017] EWHC 1928 (Comm) ................................................................. 1.2.1 BMIC Ltd v Sivasankaran [2014] EWHC 1880 (Comm) ............................................. 6.5.5 Boardman v Phipps [1966] 3 All ER 721. ..................................................................... 8.4.41 BOC Group plc v Centeon LLC [1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 970 .................................. 6.5.18 Bogdan Matei, Ioana Ofelia Matei v SC Volksbank România SA C-143/13 [2015] 1 WLR 2385 ....................................................................................................... 7.4.6, 7.4.7.1 Bond v British Telecommunications plc, a decision of the Walsall County Court, 28 March 2008 ............................................................................................................. 7.4.6 Boomsam v Clark and Rose Ltd (1983) SLT 67 ........................................................... 6.5.23.8 Bottin (International) Investments Ltd v Venson Group plc [2004] EWCA Civ 1368, [2004] All ER (D) 322 (Oct) ................................................................................. 5.11.1.2 Boufoy-Bastick v The University of the West Indies [2015] UKPC ............................. 8.3.1 BP Oil International Ltd v Target Shipping Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 196 .................... 6.5.21 Bradford Bingley v Rashid [2006] UKHL 37 ........................................................... 8.4.81 Bravo Maritime (Chartering) Est v Baroom, The Athinoula [1980] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 481 ................................................................................................................... 6.5.3, 6.5.16
 Table of Cases xxv British Fermentation Products Ltd v Compair Reavell Ltd [1999] 2 All ER (Comm) 389 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.23.8 British Sugar plc v NEI Projects Ltd (1997) 87 BLR 52 ............................................. 6.5.23.10 BSkyB Ltd v HP Enterprise Services UK Ltd [2010] EWHC 86 (TCC) ...................... 6.5.23.9 Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 1 WLR 711 ................................................... 8.4.75 Burchell v Raj Properties Ltd [2013] UKUT 0443 (LC), ............................................ 2.17 Burrows Investments Ltd v Ward Homes Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 1577 ....................... 6.5.18 C J Clark Ltd v Inland Revenue Comrs [1973] 2 All ER 513 ................................... 8.4.69 C Czarnikow Ltd v Centrala Handlu Zagranicznego Rolimpex [1979] AC 351 ........ 2.9 Cable Wireless plc v Valentine [2005] EWCA Civ 806 ............................................. 1.2.1 Caledonia North Sea Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc (Scotland) and Others [2002] UKHL 4 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Caledonia North Sea Ltd v London Bridge Engineering Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 249. ......................................................................................................................... 8.4.4 Caledonian Railway Co v North British Railway Co (1881) 6 App Cas 114 ................ 6.5.6.1 Cammell Laird Co Ltd v Manganese Bronze and Brass Co Ltd [1934] AC 402, [1934] All ER Rep 1 ............................................................................................... 6.5.23.2 Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R [1952] AC 192, PC .................................................. 6.5.23.3 Capita (Banstead 2011) Ltd and others v RFIB Group Ltd [2014] EWHC 2197 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.23.3 Cargill International Trading Pte Ltd v Uttam Galva Steels Ltd [2019] EWHC 476 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.1 Cartwright v MacCormack [1963] 1 WLR 18, CA ........................................................ 8.3.1 Casehub Limited v Wolf Cola Limited [2017] EWHC 1169 (Ch) ............................ 7.1, 7.4.6 Casson v Ostley PJ Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1013, [2001] All ER (D) 340 (Jun) .......... 6.5.23.3 Cavanagh and others v Secretary of State for Work and Pension [2016] EWHC 1136 (QB) ....................................................................................................................... 5.2 Cavendish Square Holding BV v El Makdessi, ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis [2015] UKSC 67 ..................................................................................................................... 1.2.3, 8.4.56 Chamber Colliery Co v Hopwood (1886) 32 Ch D 549, CA ....................................... 6.5.14.1 Chandris v Isbrandsten-Moller Co Inc [1951] 1 KB 240 ............................................. 6.5.18 Charles Rickards Ltd v Oppenheim [1950] 1 KB 616, [1950] 1 All ER 420 .............. 8.4.75 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38 ....................... 3.13.2, 5.6, 6.4.1, 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.7, 6.5.12 Charter Reinsurance Co Ltd (in liq) v Fagan [1996] 1 All ER 406 ............................ 6.4.2 Chatenay v Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Co [1891] 1 QB 79, CA ......................... 3.1.1 Chatsworth Investments Ltd v Cussins (Contractors) Ltd [1969] 1 All ER 143 ......... 8.4.4 Cheall v Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff [1983] 2 AC 180, HL .......................................................................................................... 6.5.20 Cherry Tree Investments Ltd v Landmain Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 736 ....................... 6.5.2.2 Cheverney Consulting v Whitehead Mann [2007] All ER (D) 103 (Dec) ................. 6.5.23.9 Christopher Brown Ltd v Genossenschaft Oesterreichischer Waldbesitzer Holzwirtschaftsbertriebe Registrierte Genossenschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung [1953] 2 All ER 1039. ............................................................................. 8.4.27 City Alliance Ltd v Oxford Forecasting Services Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 233 . 6.5.8 City Inn (Jersey) Ltd v Ten Trinity Square Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 156 ...................... 6.5.12 Clerical Medical and General Life Assurance Society v Fanfare Properties Ltd (1981, unreported) ................................................................................................ 8.4.72 Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [1995] 1 EGLR 97 ................................................................................................................. 6.5.8 Coca-Cola Financial Corpn v Finsat International Ltd [1996] 3 WLR 849, CA ......... 8.4.65 Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41. ...................................................... 8.4.14 Cohen v Nessdale [1982] 2 All ER 97 ........................................................................... 8.4.70
 Table of Cases xxvi Colquhoun v Brooks (1888) 21 QBD 52 ...................................................................... 6.5.17.1 Confetti Records (a firm) v Warner Music UK Ltd (t/a East West Records) [2003] EWHC 1274 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 61 (Jun) ............................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11, 8.4.70 Cornfoot v Royal Exchange Assurance Corpn [1904] 1 KB 40, CA ........................... 8.3.1 Cosmetic Warriors Ltd and another v Gerrie and another [2015] EWHC 3718 (Ch) ........................................................................................................................ 8.4.57 Cosmos Holidays plc v Dhanjal Investments Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 316 ................... 6.4.1 Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HL Cas 673 ...................................................................... 1.2.3 Crawford v Toogood (1879) 13 ChD 153 ..................................................................... 8.4.75 Cream Holdings Ltd v Davenport [2008] EWCA Civ 1363 ......................................... 3.1.1 Credico Marketing Ltd and another v Lambert and others [2021] EWHC 1504 (QB) ..8.4.4 Credit Suisse International v Stichting Vestia Groep [2014] EWHC 3103 (Comm) .1.2.1 Crediton Gas Co v Crediton Urban District Council [1928] Ch 174 ......................... 5.3 Crema v Cenkos Securities plc [2010] EWCA Civ 1444 .............................................. 6.5.21 Crowther v Arbuthnot Latham Co Ltd [2018] EWHC 504 (Comm) ..................... 8.4.72 Cryer v Scott Bros (Sudbury) Ltd (1986) 55 P CR 183 ............................................ 8.4.72 CS Associates UK Ltd v Enterprise Insurance Com plc [2015] EWHC 3757 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 1.11 Cusack v London Borough of Harrow [2013] UKSC 40 ............................................. 6.5.13.2 Cutlan v Dawson (1897) 14 RPC 249, CA ..................................................................... 5.10.2 Cutts v Head [1984] Ch 290 .......................................................................................... 8.4.81 D v M [1996] IRLR 192 ................................................................................................. 6.5.20 Dalkia Utilities Services plc v Celltech International Ltd [2006] EWHC 63 (Comm), [2006] All ER (D) 203 (Jan) ................................................................................. 8.4.47 Dalmare SpA v Union Maritime Ltd [2012] EWHC 3537 (Comm) ........................... 6.5.23.2 Damon Cia Naviera SA v Hapag-Lloyd International SA, The Blankenstein, The Bartenstein, The Birkenstein [1985] 1 All ER 475, [1985] 1 WLR 435, CA ......6.5.23.6, 8.4.4 David Rocker v Full Circle Asset Management [2017] EWHC 2999 (QB) ................ 6.5.10 Dawson International plc v Coates aPtons plc [1990] BCLC 560 ............................... 5.5.2 Days Medical Aids Ltd v Pihsiang Machinery Manufacturing Co Ltd [2004] EWHC 44 (Comm), [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) ................................................................. 5.5.2 DB Rare Books Ltd v Antiqbooks (a limited partnership) [1995] 2 BCLC 306, CA .8.4.47 Decoma UK Ltd v Haden Drysys International Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 723 ............... 6.5.20 Deepak Fertilisers Ltd v ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd [1994] Lloyd’s Rep 387 .. 6.5.23.10 Dhanani v Crasnianski [2011] EWHC 926 (Comm) ................................................... 1.2.1 Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc [2001] UKHL 52, [2002] 1 AC 481 ...................................................................................7.1.1, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.6, 8.4.32 DMA Financial Solutions Ltd v BaaN UK Ltd [2000] All ER (D) 411 .............. 1.3.3.3, 8.4.70 Dodds v Walker [1981] 2 All ER 609 ..................................................................... 5.10.5, 8.3.1 Dolphin Maritime Aviation Services Ltd v Sveriges Angartygs Assurans Forening [2009] EWHC 716 (Comm) .............................................................................. 5.2, 5.11.5 Dominion Corporate Trustees Ltd v Debenhams Properties Ltd [2010] EWHC 1193 (Ch) ............................................................................................................... 8.4.47 Don King Productions v Warren [1999] 2 All ER 218 ................................................. 8.4.4 Dorchester Project Management Ltd v BNP Paribas Real Estate Advisory Property Management UK Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 176 ................................................ 2.6.2, 8.4.49 Dorset County Council v Southern Felt Roofing Co Ltd (1989) 48 BLR 96, CA ...... 6.5.23.4 DPP v Schildkamp [1971] AC 1, HL ............................................................................. 8.4.43 Du Plessis v Fontgary Leisure Parks Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 409 ................................. 7.4.7.1 Dumitru Tarcãu, Ileana Tarcãu v Banca Comercialã Intesa Sanpaolo România SA and Others C-74/15, EU:C:2015:772 .................................................................... 7.4.3 Duncan v Topham (1849) 8 CB 225 ............................................................................. 8.3.2
 Table of Cases xxvii Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC 79, HL ....1.2.3, 8.4.56 Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 ............. 1.2.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.11 Duval v 11-13 Randolph Crescent Ltd [2020] UKSC 18 .............................................. 6.5.15 DWR Cymru Cyfyngedig v Corus UK Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 285 ............................... 6.5.15 E Scott (Plant Hire) Ltd v British Waterways Board (20 December 1982, unreported), CA ........................................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Earl of Jersey v Neath Poor Law Union Guardians (1889) 22 QBD 555 .................... 6.5.18 East v Pantiles (Plant Hire) Ltd [1982] 2 EGLR 111, CA ............................................ 8.3.1 Eastham v Leigh, London and Provincial Properties Ltd [1971] Ch 871 .................. 2.9 EDI Central Limited v National Car Parks Limited [2010] CSOH 141 ...................... 5.5.3 Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494 ................................................................. 1.2.1 EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co Europe [1993] All ER 173 .................... 6.5.6.1, 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.3 EE Ltd v Mundio Mobile Ltd [2016] EWHC 531 (TCC) ............................................ 6.5.14.1 Elphick v Church Comrs [1974] AC 562 ...................................................................... 8.4.17 Emson Eastern Ltd (in receivership) v E M E Developments (1991) 55 BLR 114 .... 8.4.12 Encia Remediations Ltd v Canopius Managing Agents Ltd [2007] SGCA 36 ........... 6.5.2.2 ENE Kos 1 Ltd v Petroleo Brasileiro SA (No 2) [2012] UKSC 17 ............................... 6.5.23.4 Ener-G Holdings plc v Hormell [2012] EWCA Civ 1059 ............................................. 6.5.15 Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman [2000] UKHL 39 ..................................... 6.5.17.2 Etihad Airways PJSC v Flöther [2019] EWHC 3107 (Comm) ..................................... 1.3.3.5 Eurico SpA v Philipp Bros, The Epaphus [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 215 .......................... 6.5.20.1 Europa Plus SCA SIF v Anthracite Investments (Ireland) Plc [2016] EWHC 437 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.12 European Commission v Sweden C-478/99 [2002] All ER (D) 73 (May) ................. 7.2 Farrar and another v Miller [2022] EWCA Civ 295 ..................................................... 1.2.2 Farstad Supply AS v Enviroco Ltd [2011] 1 WLR 921 ................................................. 2.14 Fastframe Ltd v Lohinski (3 March 1993, unreported), CA ....................................... 8.4.65 Faussett v Carpenter (1831) 2 Dow Cl 232 ............................................................... 6.5.20.1 Federal Commissioner of Taxation v United Aircraft Corpn (1943) 68 CLR 525 ..... 8.4.46 Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2019] EWHC 347 .......... 6.5.19 Figgis, Roberts v MacLaren, Re [1969] 1 Ch 123 ......................................................... 8.3.1 Fillite (Runcorn) Ltd v APV Pasilac Ltd (1995) The Buyer, July ............... 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 Financial Services Authority v Asset L I Inc (t/a Land Investment Inc) [2013] EWHC 178 (Ch) ............................................................................................... 7.2, 7.2.2.3 First Tower Trustees Ltd and another v CDS (Superstores International) Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1396 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1 Floor v Davis (Inspector of Taxes) [1980] AC 695, HL ............................................... 8.4.43 Force India Formula One Team Ltd v Etihad Airways PJSC [2010] EWCA Civ 1051 ...8.4.78 Frans Maas (UK) Ltd v Samsung Electronics (UK) Ltd [2004] EWHC 1502 (Comm) ................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.5 Fraser Turner Ltd v Pricewaterhousecoopers LLP Ors [2019] EWCA Civ 1290 .... 6.5.17.2 Freeman and Lockyer (a firm) v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal Ltd) [1964] 2 QB 480, CA ............................................................................................................. 2.12.1 Friends Life Ltd v Siemens Hearing Instruments Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 382 ........... 5.11.1.1 Fujitsu Services Ltd v IBM United Kingdom Ltd [2014] EWHC 752 (TCC) ........... 6.5.23.10 G Percy Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 25 ...................... 1.3.3.6 Galaxy Energy International v Assuranceforeningen Skuld [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 249 ...6.4.1 Gama Aviation (UK) Ltd and Another v MWWMMWM Ltd [2022] EWHC 1191 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.72
 Table of Cases xxviii Generali Italia SpA Ors v Pelagic Fisheries Corporation Anor [2020] EWHC 1228 (Comm) ......................................................................................................... 6.5.16 Generator Developments Ltd v Lidl UK GmbH [2018] EWCA Civ 396 .......... 1.3.3.3, 8.4.70 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] QB 284 ........... 6.5.23.1 Geys v Societe Generale, London Branch [2012] UKSC 63 ....................................... 6.5.23.3 Gibaud v Great Eastern Rly Co [1921] 2 KB 426, CA .................................................. 6.5.23.3 Gilbert-Ash (Northern Ltd) v Modern Engineering (Bristol) Ltd [1974] AC 689, HL ........................................................................................................................... 8.4.65 Gillespie Bros Co Ltd v Roy Bowles Transport Ltd [1973] QB 400, CA ................. 6.5.23.3 Global Container Lines Ltd v Black Sea Shipping Co [1997] CLY 4535 ................... 8.4.32 Globe Motors Inc v TRW Lucas Varity Electric Steering Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 396 ...6.5.2.2 Golden Ocean Group Ltd v Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 265 ............................................................................................................. 1.4, 1.11, 8.4.67 Goldsack v Shore [1950] 1 KB 708, CA ........................................................................ 8.4.1 Goodlife Foods Ltd v Hall Fire Protection Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1371. ................. 6.5.23.10 Goodman v J Eban Ltd [1954] 1 QB 550 ..................................................................... 1.11 Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 ......................................................................... 1.2.1 Granville Oil and Chemicals Ltd v Davies Turner and Co Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 570, [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 819 .............................................................................. 6.5.23.10 Great Elephant Corpn v Trafigura Beheer BV [2013] EWCA Civ 905 ....................... 6.5.20 Great Estates Group Ltd v Digby [2011] EWCA Civ 1120 ........................................... 6.5.20.1 Greatship (India) Ltd v Oceanografia SA de CV [2012] EWHC 3468 (Comm) ....... 6.5.21 Green (Liquidator of Stealth Construction Ltd) v Ireland [2011] EWHC 1205 (Ch) ....1.11, 8.4.67 Green v Sevin (1879) 13 ChD 589 ................................................................................ 8.4.75 Gruber v Bay Wa AG C-464/01 [2006] 2 WLR 205 ...................................................... 7.4.2 Guinness plc v Saunders [1990] 2 AC 663, HL ............................................................ 8.4.77 Gurney v Grimmer (1932) 38 Com Cas 7 ..................................................................... 8.4.2 Guyot v Thomson [1894] 3 Ch 388, CA ....................................................................... 5.10.2 Hagee (London) Ltd v Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd (1991) 63 P CR 362 .8.4.17 Hammond v Haigh Castle Co Ltd [1973] 2 All ER 289 ........................................... 8.3.1 Hammonds (a firm) v Danilunas [2009] EWHC 216 (Ch) ......................................... 6.5.12 Harbinger UK Ltd v GEI Information Services Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 166 ... 5.3 Harding v Harding (1886) 17 QBD 442 ....................................................................... 1.4 Harlow v Artemis International Corporation Ltd [2008] EWHC 1126 (QB) ............ 6.5.5 Hart v Middleton (1845) 2 Car Kir 9 ........................................................................ 8.3.1 Hartley v Hyvmans [1920] 3 KB 475 ............................................................................. 8.4.75 Harvey v Dunbar Assets plc [2017] EWCA Civ 60 ....................................................... 7.4.3 Harvey v Strathclyde Regional Council 1989 SLT 612, HL ......................................... 8.4.17 Hayward v Norwich Union Insurance Ltd [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 545 .................. 6.5.20.1 Hector Whaling Ltd [1936] Ch 208 ............................................................................. 8.3.1 Heifer International Inc v Christiansen [2007] EWHC 3015 (TCC) ......................... 7.4.2 Heronslea (Mill Hill) Ltd v Kwik-Fit Properties Ltd [2009] EWHC 295 (QB) .......... 6.5.7 Higgins Co Lawyers Ltd v Evans [2019] EWHC 2809 (QB) .................................... 7.4.7.1 HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank [2003] UKHL 6, [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 349 ............................................................ 6.5.23.3, 6.5.23.5, 6.5.23.9 HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v New Hampshire Insurance Co [2001] All ER (D) 258 (May) ............................................................................................ 6.5.2.2 Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494; (1932) 147 LT 503 ......... 1.2.1, 6.5.20.1 Hillingdon London Borough Council v Cutler [1968] 1 QB 124, CA ....................... 8.3.2 Hinks v Fleet [1986] 2 EGLR 243 ................................................................................. 6.5.19 Hiscox Syndicates Ltd v The Pinnacle Ltd [2008] EWHC 145 (Ch); ......................... 5.5.3 Historic Houses Ltd v Cadogan Estates [1993] 2 EGLR 151 ...................................... 6.5.1.2
 Table of Cases xxix Holding Barnes plc v House Hamond Ltd (No 1) [2002] LTR 7, CA ................ 6.5.1.3 Hombourg Houtimport BV v Agrosin Private Ltd, The Starsin [2003] UKHL 12 .........6.5.3, 6.5.16 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corpn v Kloeckner Co AG [1990] 2 QB 514 .. 8.4.65 Hopkinson and others v Towergate Financial (Group) Ltd and other companies [2018] EWCA Civ 2744 ............................................................................ 2.8, 2.8.2, 10.5.4 Horne (a bankrupt), Re [2000] 4 All ER 550, CA ....................................................... 8.4.67 Howe v Botwood [1913] 2 KB 387, DC ........................................................................ 6.5.14.2 HSBC Bank Plc v 5th Avenue Partners Ltd Ors [2007] EWHC 2819 (Comm) ..... 6.5.5 Hughes (Inspector of Taxes) v Viner [1985] 3 All ER 40 ............................................ 8.3.2 Hume v Rundell (1824) 2 Sim St 17 ......................................................................... 6.5.14.2 The Hut Group Ltd v Nobahar-Cookson and another [2016] EWCA Civ 128 .......... 6.5.19 Hydraulic Engineering Co Ltd v McHaffie Goslett Co (1878) 4 QBD 670 ............ 8.3.2 IBM United Kingdom Ltd v Rockware Glass Ltd [1980] FSR 335, CA ....................... 5.5.2 ICICI Bank UK Plc v Assam Oil Co Ltd Ors [2019] EWHC 750 (Comm) ............. 6.5.9 IFE Fund SA v Goldman Sachs International [2006] EWHC 2887 (Comm) .......... 6.5.23.8.2 Ilkerler Otomotiv Anor v Perkins Engines Company Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 183 .. 6.5.16 Imasa Ltd v Technic Inc [1981] FSR 554 ..................................................................... 5.5.2 Immingham Storage Co Ltd v Clear plc [2011] EWCA Civ 89 ........................ 1.3.3.4, 1.3.3.6 India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Ltd v Chapman (1926) 20 BWCC 184, CA ................................................................................................................... 8.4.81 Infiniteland Ltd and another v Artisan Contracting Limited and another [2005] EWCA Civ 758 ........................................................................................................ 6.5.9 Inntrepreneur Pub Co v East Crown Ltd [2000] 3 EGLR 31 ...................................... 5.11.3 Interactive E-Solutions JLT and another v O3B Africa Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 62 ..... 6.5.23.1 Interactive Investor Trading Ltd v City Index Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 837 ................. 6.5.14.2 Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] 1 QB 433 ... 7.4.7.2 Internet Broadcasting Corpn Ltd (t/a NETTV) v MAR LLC (t/a MARHedge) [2009] EWHC 844 (Ch) ........................................................................................ 6.5.23.6 Investec Bank (UK) Ltd v Zulman [2010] EWCA Civ 536 .......................................... 1.3.3.4 Investors’ Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 All ER 98, HL .................................................................................................. 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8, 6.5.23.1, 6.6 IRC v Williams [1969] 1WLR 1197 ............................................................................... 6.5.9 Itoh (C) Co Ltd v Republica Federativa do Brasil, The Rio Assu (No 2) [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 115, CA ............................................................................................... 6.5.2.2 J Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (see Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes SA) .................................................................................................. 1.11, 8.4.67 Jacobs v Batavia and General Plantations Ltd [1924] 1 Ch 287. ................................. 6.5.5 Jani-King (GB) Ltd v Pula Enterprises Ltd and others [2007] EWHC 2433 (QBD) .5.3 Jennings v Kelly [1940] AC 206 ..................................................................................... 8.4.60 Jet2.com Ltd v Blackpool Airport Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 417 ................................ 5.5.3, 5.5.4 John Crowther Group plc v Carpets International plc [1990] BCLC 460 ................. 5.5.2 Johnsey Estates Ltd v Lewis Manley (Engineering) Ltd (1987) 54 P CR 296 ......... 1.5 Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333, CA ................................. 6.5.17.2 Joint Administrators of Lehman Brothers International (Europe) v Lehman Brothers Finance SA; In the matter of Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (in admin) [2013] EWCA Civ 188 ....................................................... 6.5.6.1 JP Morgan Chase Bank v Springwell Navigation Corpn [2008] EWHC 1186 (Comm) ................................................................................................... 6.5.10, 6.5.23.8.2 Jumbo King Ltd v Faithful Properties Ltd (1999) HKCFAR 279. ............................... 6.4.1
 Table of Cases xxx K/S Victoria Street v House of Fraser (Stores Management) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 904 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Kathryn Bassano v Alfred Toft and others [2014] EWHC 37 (QB) ............................ 8.4.67 Kazakhstan v The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, London Branch [2018] EWCA Civ 1390 .................................................................................................................. 6.5.6.1 Kazakstan Wool Processors (Europe) Ltd v Nederlandsche Credietverzekering Maatschappij NV [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 708 .................................................. 6.5.8 Kellogg Brown Root Inc v Concordia Maritime AG and others [2006] EWHC 3358 (Comm) ......................................................................................................... 6.5.10 Kent Coalfields Syndicate, Re (1898) 67 LJQB 503. .................................................... 8.3.4 KG Bominflot Bunkergesellschaft für Mineralole mbH Co v Petroplus Marketing AG (The Mercini Lady) [2010] EWCA Civ 1145, [2011] 2 All ER (Comm) ..... 6.5.23.2 Khatun v London Borough of Newham [2004] EWCA Civ 55 ................................... 7.4.1 Khurana and another v Webster Construction Ltd [2015] EWHC 758 (TCC) ......... 7.4.7.1 Kingscroft Insurance Co Ltd v Nissan Fire and Marine Insurance Co Ltd [2000] 1 All E.R. (Comm) 272 ............................................................................................. 6.5.10 Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Malaysia Mining Corpn Bhd [1989] 1 All ER 785 ............... 8.4.10 Koenigsblatt v Sweet [1923] 2 Ch 314, [1923] All ER Rep Ext 758 ............................ 1.10 KPMG LLP v Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 363, [2007] All ER (D) 245 (Apr) ........................................................................................................ 6.5.2.2 Kwei Tek Chao (t/a Zung Fu Co) v British Traders and Shippers Ltd [1954] 2 QB 459 .......................................................................................................................... 8.4.20 Kyprianou v Cyprus Textiles Ltd [1958] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 60 .......................................... 2.9 L Batley Pet Products Ltd v North Lanarkshire Council [2014] UKSC 27 ................. 6.5.6.1 Ladbroke Group plc v Bristol City Council [1988] 1 EGLR 126 ................................ 6.5.2.2 Ladybird v Wirral Estates [1968] 2 All ER 197 ............................................................. 8.3.1 Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v Artis [2005] EWCA Civ 519, [2005] 2 All ER (Comm) 167 ..................................................................................................... 5.11.5 Lambert v HTV Cymru (Wales) Ltd [1998] FSR 874 .................................................. 5.5.2 Lambeth LBC v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2019] UKSC 33 ................................................................................................................. 6.5.6.1 Lamport and Holt Lines Ltd v Coubro and Scrutton (M and I) Ltd, The Raphael [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 42, CA ................................................................................. 6.5.23.3 Lancecrest Ltd v Asiwaju [2005] EWCA Civ 117, [2005] 1 EGLR 40 ......................... 8.4.75 Landlord Protect Ltd v St Anselm Development Co Ltd [2008] EWHC 1582 (Ch) .6.5.20.1 LB Holdings Intermediate 2 Ltd, The Joint Administrators of v Lehman Brothers International (Europe), The Joint Administrators of Ors [2017] UKSC 38 .. 6.5.6.1 Lee-Parker v Izett (No 2) [1972] 2 All ER 800 ............................................................. 2.9 Lemenda Trading Co Ltd v African Middle East Petroleum Co Ltd [1988] QB 448 .1.2.2 Leonie’s Travel Pty Ltd v International Air Transport Association [2009] FCA 280 .6.5.16 L’Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 395 ........................................................................ 6.5.1 Lictor Anstalt v MIR Steel UK Ltd; MIR Steel UK Ltd v Morris [2012] EWCA Civ 1397 ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.23.3 Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85 ...... 5.11.4, 8.4.4, 8.4.65 Lindsay (WN) Co Ltd v European Grain Shipping Agency Ltd [1963] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 437 ................................................................................................................... 6.5.14.2 Lindsay v O’Loughnane [2010] EWHC 529 (QB) ................................................ 1.11, 8.4.67 Little v Courage (1995) 70 P CR 469, CA ........................................................ 6.5.20, 8.4.32 Living Design (Home Improvements) Ltd v Davidson [1994] IRLR 69 .................... 6.5.20 Lloyd v Lloyd (1837) 2 My Cr 192 ............................................................................. 6.5.12 Lloyds TSB Bank plc v Clarke [2002] UKPC 27 .......................................................... 6.5.10 Lola Cars International Ltd v Dunn [2004] EWHC 2616 (Ch), [2004] All ER (D) 247 (Nov) ............................................................................................................... 6.5.2.1
 Table of Cases xxxi Lombard North Central plc v European Skyjets Ltd (in liquidation) and another [2020] EWHC 679 (QB) ....................................................................................... 8.4.75 London and Regional Investments Ltd v TBI plc [2002] EWCA Civ 355, [2002] All ER (D) 360 (Mar) .................................................................................................. 8.4.32 London Regional Transport v Wimpey Group Services Ltd [1986] 2 EGLR 41 ........ 3.13.3 Lord Forres v Scottish Flat Co Ltd [1943] 2 All ER 366 .............................................. 6.5.7 Lord v Midland Rly Co (1867) LR 2 CP 339 ................................................................ 8.4.33 Lowe v National Insurance Bank of Jamaica [2008] UKPC 26 ................................... 6.5.9 Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd v Cooper [1941] AC 108 ...................................................... 6.5.21 McArdle, Re [1951] Ch 669 .......................................................................................... 1.5 McCrone v Boots Farm Sales Ltd 1981 SLT 103 ........................................................ 6.5.23.10 McGeown v Direct Travel Insurance [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 609 ........................... 6.5.19 Macgowan, Re [1891] 1 Ch 105. ................................................................................... 8.4.51 Macher v Foundling Hospital (1813) 1 Ves B 188 ................................................... 8.4.15 Macquarie Internationale Investments Ltd v Glencore UK Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 697 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.15 Mactaggart Mickel Homes Limited v Charles Andrew Moore Hunter and Sandra Elizabeth Hunter [2010] CSOH 130 .................................................................... 5.5.2 Mamidoil-Jetoil Greek Petroleum Co SA v Okta Crude Oil Refinery AD [2001] EWCA Civ 406, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 193 .............................................. 1.2.4, 8.4.32 Mann v Cornella (1980) 254 EG 403, CA ..................................................................... 8.4.47 Mannai Investment Co Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co Ltd [1997] AC 749, [1997] 3 All ER 352 ..........................................................5.11.1.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8, 6.6 Maple Leaf Macro Volatility Master Fund and another v Rouvroy and another [2009] EWHC 257 (Comm) .................................................................................. 7.4.2 Maritime et Commerciale of Geneva SA v Anglo-Iranian Oil Co Ltd [1954] 1 WLR 492, CA ................................................................................................................... 6.5.14.2 Marks and Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Co (Jersey) Ltd [2015] UKSC 72 ..................................................................................................... 6.5.21 Martin-Baker Aircraft Co Ltd v Canadian Flight Equipment Ltd [1955] 2 QB 556 .. 5.3 Martin v London County Council [1947] KB 628 ....................................................... 8.4.33 Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes SA [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (see J Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta) ...................................................................................................... 1.11, 8.4.67 Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd (FKA Blackstone (South Wales) Ltd) v Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council [2019] EWCA Civ 526 ................................................ 6.5.15 Meux v Jacobs (1875) LR 7 (HL) 481 ............................................................ 2.8, 2.8.2, 8.4.77 Michaels v Harley House (Marylebone) Ltd [2000] Ch 104 ....................................... 2.9 Micklefield v SAC Technology Ltd [1991] 1 All ER 275 .............................................. 6.5.20 Microbeads AC v Vinhurst Road Markings Ltd [1975] 1 All ER 529 ....................... 6.5.22.1.1 Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Green [1981] AC 513, HL ........................................... 8.4.52 Migotti v Colvill (1879) 4 CPD 233 ............................................................................... 8.3.1 Miles-Martin Pen Co v Selsdon Fountain Pen Co Ltd, Ralf Selsdon and Rebecca Selsdon (No 2) (1950) 67 RPC 64, CA ................................................................. 1.2.1 Mills v United Counties Bank Ltd [1912] 1 Ch 231 .................................................... 6.5.17.2 Milton Furniture Ltd v Brit Insurance Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 671 ............................. 6.5.3 Milton Furniture Ltd v Brit Insurance Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 671 ............................. 6.5.3 Mitsui Construction Co Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong (1986) 33 BLR 1, PC .................... 6.5.7 Momm (t/a Delbrueck Co) v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1977] QB 790 .... 8.3.1 Moon, ex p Dawes, Re (1886) 17 QBD 275 (CA) ........................................................ 2.6.2 Mopani Copper Mines plc v Millennium Underwriting Ltd [2008] EWHC 1331 (Comm) .......................................................................................................... 6.5.2.2, 6.5.4 Moriarty v Evans Medical Supplies [1958] 1 WLR 66 .................................................. 8.4.42 Mott MacDonald Ltd v Trant Engineering Ltd [2021] EWHC 754 (TCC) ................6.5.23.6, 6.5.23.10
 Table of Cases xxxii Msas Global Logistics v Power Packaging Inc [2003] EWHC 1393 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 211 (Jun) ................................................................................................... 8.4.75 Multiplex Construction European Ltd v Dunne [2017] EWHC 3073 (TCC) ........... 6.5.19 Munton v Greater London Council [1976] 1 WLR 649 .............................................. 8.4.70 Napier Park European Credit Opportunities Fund Ltd v Harbourmaster Pro-Rata Clo 2 BV [2014] EWCA Civ 984 ............................................................................ 6.4.1 Narandas-Girdhar and Anr v Bradstock [2016] EWCA Civ 88 ........................... 6.5.2.2, 6.5.4 National Bank of Australasia v Falkingham Sons [1902] AC 585 ............................ 6.5.2.1 National Bank of Saudi Arabia v Skab (23 November 1995, unreported) ................. 8.4.65 National Grid Co plc v Mayes [2001] UKHL 20 .......................................................... 6.5.17.1 National Westminster Bank v Utrecht-America Finance Co [2001] EWCA Civ 658, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 7 .................................................................................... 6.5.23.9 Navigators and General Insurance Co v Ringrose [1962] 1 All ER 97, CA ................ 8.4.74 Nelson Developments Ltd v Taboada (1994) 24 HLR 462, CA .................................. 8.4.47 Nemzeti Fogyasztóvédelmi Hatóság v Invitel Távközlési Zrt C-472/10 [2012] 3 CMLR 1 .................................................................................................................. 7.4.6 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB) ...... 1.2.1, 1.3.3.1, 1.5, 4.5 Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v Haywood [2018] UKSC 22 .5.11.1.2 Newfoundland Government v Newfoundland Rly Co (1888) 13 App Cas 199 .......... 8.4.65 NHS Commissioning Board v Vasant and others [2019] EWCA Civ 1245 ................. 6.5.12 Niblett Ltd v Confectioners’ Materials Co Ltd [1921] 3 KB 387, CA ...................... 6.5.22.1.1 Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves Cleaves Co Ltd [2003] EWHC 2602 (Comm), [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 481 ................................................................................ 5.11.5 Nobahar-Cookson Ors v The Hut Group Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 128 ..................... 6.5.23.1 Ocean Chemical Transport Inc v Exnor Craggs Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 519 .. 6.5.23.8 Oceanbulk Shipping and Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd [2010] UKSC 44, [2011] 1 All ER (Comm) 1 ......................................................................................................... 8.4.81 Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc [2009] EWCA Civ 116 ........................... 7.4.6 Office of Fair Trading v Ashbourne Management Services Ltd [2011] EWHC 1237 (Ch) ........................................................................................................................ 7.4.7.2 Office of Fair Trading v Foxtons Ltd [2009] EWHC 1681 (Ch) ................................. 7.4.6 Ofulue v Bossert [2009] UKHL 16, [2009] AC 990 ..................................................... 8.4.81 Okolo v Secretary of State for the Environment [1997] 4 All ER 242 ........................ 8.3.1 Orton v Collins [2007] EWHC 803 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 2953 ............................. 1.11, 8.4.67 Osmium Shipping Corp v Cargill International SA [2012] EWHC 571 (Comm) ..... 6.5.6.1 Overseas Medical Supplies Ltd v Orient Transport Services Ltd [1999] CLC 1243 .. 6.5.23.8.1, 6.5.23.10 Oxonica Energy Ltd v Neuftec Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 668, [2009] All ER (D) 13 (Sep) ...................................................................................................... 2.8.2, 6.5.7, 8.4.77 P14 Medical Ltd v Edward Mahon [2020] EWHC 1823 (QB) .................................... 8.4.4 Palser v Grinling [1948] 1 All ER 1, HL. ...................................................................... 8.4.47 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614, PC ................................................................. 1.2.2 Patel v Brent London Borough Council [2004] All ER (D) 121 (Apr) ...................... 5.5.2 Patrice di Pinto C-361/89 [1993] 1 CMLR 399 ........................................................... 7.4.2 Peacock v Custins [2001] 2 All ER 827 ......................................................................... 6.5.1.3 Peekay Intermark Ltd and another v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 386 ..................................................................................... 6.5.1 Pegler Ltd v Wang (UK) Ltd [2000] All ER (D) 260 ................................................... 6.5.23.8 Pentecost v London District Auditors [1951] 2 KB 759 .............................................. 8.4.33 Persimmon Homes (South Coast) Ltd v Hall Aggregates (South Coast) Ltd [2008] EWHC 2379 (TCC) ................................................................................................ 6.5.14.1
 Table of Cases xxxiii Persimmon Homes v Ove Arup Partners Ltd and another [2017] EWCA Civ 373 ..6.5.19, 6.5.23.1 Petroplus Marketing AG v Shell Trading International Ltd [2009] EWHC 1024 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.20 Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.21 Phoenix Life Assurance Ltd v Financial Services Authority [2013] EWHC 60 (Comm) .6.5.14.1 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827 .............................. 6.5.23.1 Pink Floyd Music Ltd v EMI Records Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 1429 ............................. 6.4.1 Pitt v PHH Asset Management Ltd [1993] 4 All ER 961, CA ...................................... 8.4.32 Port Louis Corpn v A-G of Mauritius [1965] AC 1111 ................................................. 8.4.17 Porton Capital Technology Funds v 3M UK Holdings Ltd [2011] EWHC 2895 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.72 Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 3 All ER 237, [1971] 1 WLR 1381 ........................ 6.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.6 Prestcold (Central) Ltd v Minister of Labour [1969] 1 WLR 89, CA ......................... 6.5.14.2 Price v Bouch (1986) 53 PCR 254 .............................................................................. 8.4.72 Priest v Last [1903] 2 KB 148, CA .............................................................................. 6.5.22.1.3 ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd (see Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd) [2006] EWCA Civ 69, [2006] All ER (D) 247 ................................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11.1 ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd (see Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd) [2005] EWHC 70 (QB), [2005] All ER (D) 22 (Feb) ................................. 1.3.3.3 Prudential Assurance v Ayres [2007] EWHC 775 (Ch) ............................................... 5.2 PSG Franchising Ltd v Lydia Darby Ltd [2012] EWHC 3707 (QB) ........................... 6.5.20.1 Punjab National Bank v de Boinville [1992] 1 WLR 1138 .......................................... 6.5.4 Q-Park v HX Investments Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 708 ..........................................6.4.1, 6.5.2.2 R (on the application of Capenhurst) v Leicester City Council [2004] EWHC 2124, [2004] All ER (D) 93 (Sep) ................................................................................... 8.4.17 R (on the application of Mercury Tax Group) v HMRC [2008] EWHC 2721 (Admin), [2008] All ER (D) 129 (Nov) .................................................. 1.2.1, 1.10, 1.11 R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice and others [2014] EWHC 1662 (Admin) ............................................................. 8.4.17 R v Board of Visitors of Dartmoor Prison, ex p Smith [1986] 2 All ER 651 at 662, CA ........................................................................................................................... 8.3.2 R v Inspector of Taxes, ex p Clarke [1974] QB 220, CA ............................................. 8.3.2 R v Islington London Borough Council, ex p East [1996] ELR 74 ............................ 8.4.17 R v Kent Justices (1873) LR 8 QB 305. ......................................................................... 8.4.67 R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan [2001] QB 213 ........... 8.4.17 R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association of Metropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 All ER 164 ............................................................................ 8.4.17 R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Child Poverty Action Group [1990] 2 QB 540, CA ............................................................................................................. 8.3.2 R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Brent London Borough Council [1983] 3 All ER 321 ............................................................................................... 8.4.17 Rackham v Peek Foods Ltd [1990] BCLC 89 ............................................................... 5.5.2 Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2010] EWCA Civ 582................................................. 3.6.1 Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin [2011] UKSC 50 ...................................................... 3.6.1, 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.8, 6.5.12, 6.5.20.1, 8.4.71 Rank Xerox Ltd v Lane (Inspector of Taxes) [1979] 3 All ER 657 ............................ 8.4.17 Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Hansen-Tangen, Hansen-Tangen v Sanko Steamship Co [1976] 3 All ER 570, [1976] 1 WLR 989 ...................................................... 6.1, 6.4.2, 6.6 Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1963] AC 691, HL ................................................................................................................... 8.3.1
 Table of Cases xxxiv Register of Companies v Radio-Tech Engineering Ltd [2004] BCC 277 ................... 8.3.1 Reilly v National Insurance Guarantee Corpn Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 1460 .......... 6.5.7 Reilly v National Insurance and Guarantee Corpn Ltd [2008] EWHC 722 (Comm), [2008] 2 All ER (Comm) 612 ................................................................................ 6.5.18 Reveille Independent LLC v Anotech International UK Ltd [2015] EWHC (Comm) 165, [2015] All ER (D) 237 (Mar) ........................................................................ 1.2.1 Rhodia International Holdings Ltd v Huntsman International LLC [2007] EWHC 292 (Comm) ...................................................................................................... 5.5.2, 5.5.3 Rice v Great Yarmouth Borough Council [2000] All ER (D) 902 .............................. 8.4.47 Richards v Pryse [1927] 2 KB 76. .................................................................................. 8.4.12 Richco International v Alfred C. Toepfer International [1991] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 136 ... 6.5.20 RJB Mining (UK) Ltd v NUM [1995] IRLR 556, CA ................................................... 8.3.1 Robertson v French (1803) 4 East 130 .................................................................. 6.5.7, 6.5.16 Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24 ...... 6.5.5 Rolls-Royce Holdings plc v Goodrich Corp [2022] EWHC 745 (Comm) .................. 8.4.4 Rolls-Royce v Jeffrey; Rolls-Royce v IRC [1962] 1 All ER 801, HL .............................. 8.4.42 Romana Ang v Reliantco Investments Limited [2019] EWHC 879 (Comm) ............ 7.4.2 Ross v Bank of Commercial (Saint Kitts Nevis) Trust and Savings Association Ltd [2012] UKPC 3 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.20.1 Roundlistic Limited v Jones and another [2018] EWCA Civ 2284 ............................. 7.4.5 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Michael Patrick McCarthy [2015] EWHC 3626 (QB) .5.11.5 RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH Co KG [2010] UKSC 14 ........................................................................................................ 1.2.1, 1.3.3.4, 8.4.70 Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd (see ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd) [2006] EWCA Civ 69, [2006] All ER (D) 247 ................................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11.1 Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd (see ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd) [2005] EWHC 70 (QB), [2005] All ER (D) 22 (Feb) ................................. 1.3.3.3 Rush Tompkins Ltd v Greater London Council [1989] 1 AC 1280 ........................ 8.4.81 RWE Vertrieb AG v Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV C-92/11 [2013] 3 CMLR 10 ................................................................................................................ 7.4.7.1 Ryanair Ltd v SR Technics Ireland Ltd [2007] EWHC 3089 (QB), [2007] All ER (D) 345 (Dec) ............................................................................................................... 6.5.23.9 Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd v Bristol Rovers (1883) Ltd [2015] EWHC 2002 (Ch) .6.5.20 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 481, CA ..................................................................................................... 6.5.2.1, 6.5.17.2, 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd [1995] FSR 686, QBD ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.23.9 Saint Line v Richardsons Westgarth Co Ltd [1940] 2 KB 49 ................................ 6.5.23.10 Salvage Association v CAP Financial Services Ltd [1995] FSR 654 ............ 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 SAM Business Systems Ltd v Hedley Co [2002] EWHC 2733 (TCC) .................. 6.5.23.8.1 Samarenko v Dawn Hill House Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1445, [2013] Ch. 36 ............. 8.4.75 Sameen v Abeyewickrema [1963] AC 597, PC ............................................................. 8.3.2 Samuel Properties (Developments) Ltd v Hayek [1972] 1 WLR 1296, CA ................ 8.3.1 Sasson, Re [1933] 1 Ch 858 ........................................................................................... 6.5.12 Satyam Computer Services Ltd v Upaid Systems Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 487 ............. 6.5.23.9 Scammell (G) and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941]1 All ER 14 ..................................... 1.2.1 Schrems v Facebook Ireland Limited C-498/16 [2018] 1 WLR 4343.......................... 7.4.2 Schuler (L) AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235 ................ 6.5.8, 6.5.20.1 Scottish Widows Fund and Life Assurance Society v BGC International [2012] EWCA Civ 607 ................................................................................................ 6.4.1, 6.5.1.2 Seakom Limited v Knowledgepool Group Limited [2013] EWHC 4007 (Ch) .......... 8.4.4 Secretary of State for Defence v Turner Estate Solutions Ltd [2015] EWHC 1150 (TCC) ..................................................................................................................... 6.5.15
 Table of Cases xxxv Sequent Nominees Ltd (formerly Rotrust Nominees Ltd) v Hautford Ltd [2019] UKSC 47 ................................................................................................................. 8.4.72 Sheffield District Rly v Great Central Rly (1911) 14 Ry Can Tr Cas 299 ................. 5.5.2 Shell UK Ltd v Total UK Ltd [2010] 3 All ER 793 ....................................................... 6.5.14.2 Shirlaw v Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206 ....................................... 6.5.21 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2004] 1 AC 919 ......................................................... 6.5.5 Siba v Devëna C-537/13 [2015] Bus LR 291 ................................................................ 7.4.1 Sigma Finance Corpn, Re [2009] UKSC 2 ................................................................... 6.4.1 Silver Queen Maritime Ltd v Persia Petroleum Services plc [2010] EWHC 2867 (QB) ....................................................................................................................... 1.8 Sindall (William) plc v Cambridgeshire County Council [1994] 3 All ER 932 .......... 5.7 Singapore Airlines Ltd v Buck Consultants Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1542 ................... 3.9.1 Singer (UK) Ltd v Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority [1988] 2 Ll Rep 164 ...............6.5.19, 6.5.23.10 Sinochem International Oil (London) Co Ltd v Mobil Sales and Supply Corpn [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 474 ................................................................................ 6.5.19 Situ Ventures Ltd v Bonham-Carter [2013] EWCA Civ 47 .......................................... 8.4.2 Slough Estates plc v Welwyn Hatfield District Council [1996] 2 PLR 50 ................... 8.4.17 Smith v Chadwick (1882) 20 Ch D 27 ............................................................... 6.5.1.3, 6.5.2.2 Smith v Wilson (1832) 3 B Ad 728 ............................................................................ 6.5.11 Société United Docks v Government of Mauritius [1985] AC 585, PC ...................... 8.4.57 Society of Lloyd’s v Robinson [1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 545 ...................................... 6.5.8 Southern Water Authority v Carey [1985] 2 All ER 1077 ............................................ 1.6 Square Mile Partnership Ltd v Fitzmaurice McCall Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1690 ...... 2.6.2 Stamp Duties Comr v Atwill [1973] AC 558, PC .......................................................... 8.4.60 Standard Bank London Ltd v Apostolakis (No 1) [2002] CLC 933 ........................... 7.4.2 Standard Life Assurance Ltd v Oak Dedicated Ltd [2008] EWHC 222 (Comm) ...... 6.5.2.2 Standrin v Yenton Minster Homes Ltd (1991) Times, 22 July, CA ............................. 8.4.81 Stanton v Richardson 45 LJCP 82 ................................................................................. 8.4.2 Star Polaris LLC v HHIC-Phil Inc [2016] EWHC 2941 (Comm) .............................. 6.5.23.10 Starlight Shipping Co v Allianz Marine And Aviation Versicherungs AG [2014] EWHC 3068 (Comm) ............................................................................................ 6.5.12 Staunton v Woods (1851) 16 QB 638 ........................................................................... 8.3.2 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer Co Ltd [1992] 2 All ER 257 ................... 6.5.23.8.1, 8.4.65 Stobart Group Ltd and another company v Stobart and another [2019] EWCA Civ 1376 ........................................................................................................................ 5.11.1.1 Stocznia Gdynia SA v Gearbulk Holdings Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 75, [2009] 2 All ER (Comm) 1129 ......................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1 Stonham, Lloyds Bank Ltd v Maynard [1963] 1 WLR 238 .......................................... 8.4.8 Strand Music Hall Co Ltd, Re (1865) 35 Beav 153 ...................................................... 6.5.15 Strategic Value Master Fund Ltd v Ideal Standard International Acquisition S.A.R.L [2011] EWHC 171 (Ch) ........................................................................................ 8.4.78 Street v Mountford [1985] AC 809 ............................................................................... 8.4.46 Styles v Wardle (1825) 4 B C 908 .............................................................................. 8.3.1 Suisse Atlantique Société d’Armement Maritime SA v Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale NV [1967] 1 AC 361, HL ......................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.4 Sunport Shipping Limited and others v Tryg-Baltica International (UK) Ltd and others [2003] EWCA Civ 12 ............................................................................. 6.5.7, 6.5.9 Superior Overseas Development Corpn and Phillips Petroleum (UK) Co v British Gas Corpn [1982] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 262 .................................................................... 8.4.47 Sussex Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1998] PLCR 172 6.5.10 Sutton Housing Partnership Ltd v Rydon Maintenance Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 359 .3.13.3 Swift v Diarywise Forms Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 145, [2003] 2 All ER 304n ................ 8.4.4 Symon, Public Trustees v Symon, Re [1944] SASR 102 ............................................... 8.4.1
 Table of Cases xxxvi Taberna Europe CDO II plc v Selskabet af 1 September 2008 A/S (formerly Roskilde Bank A/S) [2016] EWCA Civ 1262 ....................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited v Fougera Sweden Holding 2 AB [2017] EWHC 1995 (Ch) .................................................................................................. 8.4.31 Tarkin AG v Thames Steel UK Ltd [2010] EWHC 207 (Comm) ................................ 8.3.2 Tea Trade Properties Ltd v CIN Properties Ltd [1990] 1 EGLR 15 ............................ 6.5.15 Ted Baker Plc and No Ordinary Designer Label Limited v Axa Insurance Uk Plc, Fusion Insurance Services Limited and Tokio Marine Europe Insurance Limited [2012] EWHC 1406 (Comm) ................................................................. 6.5.4 Tekdata Intern Connections v Amphenol [2009] EWCA Civ 1209, [2010] 2 All ER (Comm) 302 ........................................................................................................... 1.2.1 Tele2 International Card Co SA v Post Office Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 9 ..................... 8.4.78 Telewest Communications plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners [2005] EWCA Civ 102, [2005] All ER (D) 143 (Feb) ........................................................... 5.11.4, 8.4.4 Temple Legal Protection Ltd v QBE Insurance (Europe) Ltd [2008] EWHC 843 (Comm) ....................................................................................................... 6.5.1.3, 6.5.2.2 Terrell v Mabie Todd Co Ltd (1952) 69 RPC 234 .................................................... 5.5.2 Terry’s Motors Ltd v Rinder [1948] SASR 167 ............................................................. 8.4.47 Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries [1996] 2 All ER 573 .......................................... 6.5.23.9 Thompson v Dibdin [1912] AC 533, HL ...................................................................... 8.4.60 TL Sugars Ltd v Tate Lyle Industries [2014] EWHC 1066 .................................... 6.5.9 TN Ltd (in administration) v Royal Sun Alliance plc [2003] EWHC 1016 (Ch), ..6.5.12 Tradigrain SA v Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 154 .6.5.23.1 Trafigura Maritime Logistics Pte Ltd v Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd; Clearlake Chartering USA Inc. and another company v Petroleo Brasileiro SA [2020] EWHC 995 (Comm) .............................................................................................. 8.3.2 Transfield Pty Ltd v Arlo International Ltd [1981] RPC 141 ...................................... 5.5.2 Transocean Drilling UK Ltd v Providence Resources plc; The GSF Arctic III [2016] EWCA Civ 372 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.23.10 Trident Turboprop (Dublin) Ltd v First Flight Couriers Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 290 . 6.5.23.8 Tropwood AG v Jade Enterprises Ltd, The Tropwind [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 397 ...... 6.5.17.1 Trow v Ind Coope (West Midlands) Ltd [1967] 2 All ER 990, CA .............................. 8.3.1 Trustees of Ampleforth Abbey Trust v Turner Townsend Project Management Ltd [2012] EWHC 2137 (TCC) ................................................................................ 6.5.23.8.1 Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 393 ....................................................................... 1.5 2 Entertain Video Ltd and other companies v Sony DADC Europe Ltd [2020] EWHC 972 (TCC). ............................................................................................... 6.5.23.10 UBH (Mechanical Services) Ltd v Standard Life Assurance Co (1986) Times, 13 November ............................................................................................................... 5.5.2 Unilever plc v Procter Gamble Co [2001] 1 All ER 783, [2000] 1 WLR 2436 ....... 8.4.81 United Scientific Holdings v Burnley Borough Council [1978] AC 904 .................... 8.4.75 Unwin v Bond [2020] EWHC 1768 (Comm) ............................................................... 8.4.32 UR Power GmbH v Kuok Oils and Grains Pte Ltd [2009] EWHC 1940 (Comm) ..... 2.9 Venson Automotive Solutions Ltd v Morrison’s Facilities Services Ltd and Others [2019] EWHC 3089 (Comm) ................................................................................ 8.4.65 Walford v Miles [1992] 2 AC 128, HL ........................................................................... 8.4.32 Walker Crips Stockbrokers Ltd v Savill [2007] EWHC 2598 (QB) ............................. 8.4.4 Wallis, Son and Wells v Pratt and Haynes [1911] AC 394, [1911-13] All ER Rep 989, HL ........................................................................................................................... 6.5.23.2 Waterman v Boyle [2009] EWCA Civ 115 ..................................................................... 6.5.17.2 Watford Electronics v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 317, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 596 .......................................................................................... 6.5.23.9, 6.5.23.10
 Table of Cases xxxvii Watson v Mid Wales Rly Co (1867) LR 2 CP 593 ......................................................... 8.4.65 West Anor v Ian Finlay Associates (a firm) [2014] EWCA Civ 316 ..................... 6.5.6.1 Western Geophysical Co v Bolt Associates 200 USPQ 1 (2d Cir 1978) ....................... 5.5.2 Westerton, Re [1919] 2 Ch 104 ..................................................................................... 1.4 White v Tyndall (1888) 13 App Cas 263 ....................................................................... 2.5 Whitecap Leisure Ltd v John H. Rundle Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 429 .......................... 6.5.23.1 William Hare Ltd v Shepherd Construction Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 283, [2010] All ER (D) 168 (Mar) .................................................................................................. 8.4.3 Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24 ................................. 3.1.1, 6.1, 6.4.1 Woodward v Docherty [1974] 1 All ER 844, CA .......................................................... 8.4.47 WS Tankship II BV v Kwangju Bank Ltd and another [2011] EWHC 3103 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.67 Yates Building Company Ltd v RJ Pulleyn (York) Ltd [1976] 1 EGLR 157 ................ 5.11.1.1 Yewbelle Ltd v London Green Developments Ltd [2006] EWHC 3166 (Ch) ............ 5.5.2 Yoeman Credit Ltd v Latter [1961] 2 All ER 294 ......................................................... 1.4 Youell v Bland Welch Co Ltd [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 423 ................................ 6.5.1.1, 6.5.19 Zeus Tradition Marine v Bell [1999] All ER (D) 525 .................................................. 6.4.1 Zhoushan Jinhaiwan Shipyard Co Ltd v Golden Exquisite Inc [2014] EWHC 4050 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.18
Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson
1 Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract Key points • • All but the simplest agreement should be: o in writing; and o signed by, or on behalf of, all the parties to the agreement. • • There are no special requirements as to the format of most written commercial agreements made ‘under hand’ . • • For agreements made by a company, the simplest method of signing the agreement is normally for an authorised representative to do so ‘on behalf of’ the company. • • Iftherearedoubtsoverwhetherthepartiesareprovidingconsideration (something of value), consider executing the agreement as a deed. If the agreement is made as a deed, comply with the formalities for executing a deed. • • Do not date agreements and deeds prior to signature; if a deed is not to take effect immediately on signature, make this clear in the text of the deed (that it is not ‘delivered’ on signature or is delivered subject to conditions). • • If the agreement has an informal format, or is described as a Heads of Agreement (or similar), consider including wording as to whether it is to be legally binding. If not to be legally binding, at a minimum, state that it is ‘subject to contract’ . • • Consider or take legal advice on whether the agreement meets all the requirements for a legally-binding contract, particularly in relation to the basic contract law issues listed later in this chapter. • • If the signature page of the agreement is circulated, or signed, before the provisions of the agreement are finalised, obtain the agreement of all the parties and document that agreement. For transactions involving land or for an agreement which the parties are to sign as a deed never circulate the signature page (whether before or after signature) separately to the other pages.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 2 1.1 Introduction Before discussing the usual structure and wording of a commercial agreement (see Chapter 2), this chapter deals with: (1) some of the formal legal requirements for creating a legally-binding contract; and (2) common situations when it is necessary to use writing for, or to comply with particular formalities concerning, contracts (and other documents normally encountered in commercial situations). The points made here are for contracts made under English law. The requirements for contracts made under other countries’ laws can be significantly different (and are beyond the scope of this book). The requirements to make or enter into a contract under English law are fairly lax. For most commercial contracts there are no particular formalities, such as: • • that it needs to be in writing; • • that all the provisions of the contract are expressed in one document; • • whether it is necessary to use any particular words; • • who (on behalf of an organisation) can validly agree to enter into the contract; • • whether signatures are required; and so on. English courts look to the intention behind the actions of the parties at the time they are carried out as being determinative of whether the parties have entered a contract, rather than whether any of the above are absent or present. This chapter deals with the following matters: • • What makes (and does not make) a contract o A checklist of items that are necessary for creating a binding contract o A checklist of items that makes a contract invalid (or void) o A checklist of items which can make a contract (or contract provision) unenforceable o Examples of when a contract will be or will not be found to exist o Pre-contractual documents: * Terminology * Heads terms etc and other non-contractual terms and their meanings
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 3 * Moving from non-contractual to contractual status without explicit agreement – the dangers • • Formal requirements o Must the contract be in writing? o When is it necessary to use a written document o Must the contract be signed? o No formalities for signing (most) contracts o When a contract is signed – how to do it * For individuals * For companies * For foreign companies o When it is necessary to use a deed o When it is an advantage to use a deed o When a contract is signed as a deed – how to do it * For individuals * For companies * For foreign companies o Signing and circulating in the electronic age – practical issues * Different ways it is possible to sign contracts * Problems where documents are circulated for signature * How to deal with contracts which are deeds or are the sale or disposition of an interest in land * How to deal with contracts which are not deeds (or for the sale or disposition of an interest in land 1.2 Checklists for legally binding contracts This book is not a text on English contract law. Despite the relatively lax system of formalities for creating a contract, the fundamentals to form a valid contract are the same whether the parties use a written agreement which is signed, is not signed or where there is no written agreement at all1 . The following checklists provide (in summary form) some of the contract law issues as to: 1 Not signing a written agreement, or worse still not having a written agreement at all are never recommended where commercial contracts are concerned.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 4 • • what is necessary to form a contract; • • what will make a contract invalid or void; • • what situations lead or do not lead to the existence of a contract; and which a contract drafter should take into account when preparing or negotiating an agreement. In appropriate cases, further research or obtaining specialist advice will be necessary on these topics2 . 1.2.1 Checklist for formation of the contract For a legally binding contract to come into existence, it is necessary to establish objectively (rather than on the subjective intentions of the parties)3 that the following elements must normally be present4 : • • Intention to create legal relations. There will normally be no problem finding such an intention in the case of a conventionally drafted written agreement between, and signed by, commercial parties5 . Although an intention to create legal relations is an important element it is not enough to bring a contract into being, and among the other factors listed in this checklist key is that there is certainty of provisions (see further below). However, it is possible to make an assessment as to whether the parties have an intention to create legal relations from a document itself or the surrounding circumstances. Factors which can indicate such an intention include6 : 2 Where an in-depth understanding is necessary, see Chitty on Contracts (33rd edn, 2018, Sweet and Maxwell). 3 See eg RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH Co KG [2010] UKSC 14, [45]: ‘The general principles are not in doubt. Whether there is a binding contract between the parties and, if so, upon what terms depends upon what they have agreed. It depends not upon their subjective state of mind, but upon a consideration of what was communicated between them by words or conduct, and whether that leads objectively to a conclusion that they intended to create legal relations and had agreed upon all the terms which they regarded or the law requires as essential for the formation of legally binding relations. Even if certain terms of economic or other significance to the parties have not been finalised, an objective appraisal of their words and conduct may lead to the conclusion that they did not intend agreement of such terms to be a pre-condition to a concluded and legally binding agreement’. See also to the same effect New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [99]. 4 In addition to the requirements (when necessary) that: (i) certain contracts must in writing, or (ii) one or more of the parties must use the form of a deed. 5 And it is likely that in the commercial or business context, that the burden will be on the party who wishes to deny that the parties intended to create legal relations between them, and it will be difficult for that to party to make that case: Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494, 500. See also Attrill v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 394, [79] to [81]; New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [100]. 6 See eg Dhanani v Crasnianski [2011] EWHC 926 (Comm) at 76; Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37].
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 5 o whether the document is signed by the parties; o whether it was drafted by lawyers; o whether the language of the document is ‘the language of legal relations’7 ; o whether any obligations are stated in unqualified terms8 ; o whether the document contains the usual type of provisions found in a contract (such as provisions concerning law and jurisdiction or contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999)9 ; o where the parties clearly make part of the document legally binding10 ; o where the document in question forms part of a series of package of agreements or contracts all concerning the same subject matter. • • However: o where there is a less formal type of document (such as a ‘heads of agreement’, ‘term sheet’, ‘comfort’ letter, ‘side letter’); o where there is no single document amounting to a written agreement in the conventional sense; or o where there is no written agreement at all; the position can sometimes be less certain11 . Much will depend on the context, so that the absence of or lack of ‘conventional’ documentation 7 In Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37] the court gave an example from the document which was in dispute of the type wording which is meant: ‘In consideration for you agreeing to enter into’ and in New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [74], [105], the court indicated as examples wording which stated that ‘At any time following the date of this term sheet [X] has the right, upon his own discretion, to require the Company share redemption for the price of 333 333 …’ and the number of times that the verb ‘shall’ appears in the provisions of the term sheet. 8 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [73], [105], where several provisions in a term sheet were stated in the obligatory or imperative, eg, ‘to be valid, notice of redemption … shall be forwarded’, ‘[the claimant] … shall transfer the Company share to [the defendant]’, ‘The Term Sheet shall be governed by English law and shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in England’. 9 But not all the ‘normal’ provisions seen in a binding contract need be present in the document itself. See New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [106] and fn 12 below. 10 In Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37] where the court held ‘the parties clearly intended that the confidentiality agreement in the letter would be contractually enforceable between them, whatever might be the status of other parts of the letter.’ 11 See further the discussion of contractual and pre-contractual documents, later in this chapter at 1.3.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 6 may not be enough to negate an intention to create legal relations if the parties are experienced business people12 . Suggestion: if in doubt, the parties should state specifically that they intend their agreement to be legally binding. Alternatively, if there is no definitive agreement signed by the parties, then one of the parties should 12 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [102]–[106] provides an interesting example as to how a judge was able to find that the parties intended to create legal relations. In this case G (who later assigned his rights to the claimant) and the defendant were investors and shareholders in a company. They were involved in a network of other contracts and companies in multiple jurisdictions. During their investment in the company, it became necessary for both parties to make loans to it. G was also unhappy with the management of the company. As a condition of G making a loan, he wished to have the right for the defendant to redeem G’s shares in the company as well as G having certain corporate governance rights to protect G’s position as a minority shareholder. Resulting from discussions between G and the defendant they signed a document labelled a ‘Term Sheet’. At a later date G issued a notice (as provided for under the Term Sheet) requiring the defendant to redeem G’s shares. This did not occur. The defendant advanced several arguments as to why the Term Sheet was not binding. These included: (i) the use of the label ‘Term Sheet’, (ii) that it described only the ‘principal terms and conditions’, (iii) that the preparation of the document was carried in an informal and casual way, (iv) that other shareholders (who had pre-emption rights) were not parties to the Term Sheet, (v) that G was not a registered shareholder of the company (the shares were held by a third party company) and he did not have the percentage of shares stated in the Term Sheet at the date it was signed and would not be able to immediately redeem the shares. The judge, taking an objective view, rejected all of these factors as leading to a conclusion that the parties did not intend to create a legal relationship. The judge accepted a Term Sheet ‘is often used in a commercial context to describe a framework agreement or template to be used to develop a more detailed legal document’ but ‘there is no absolute rule that documents described as “term sheets” are framework documents and cannot be contractual’. The judge also noted that when G and the defendant reached agreement that the Term Sheet was drafted by their lawyers, that both of them were ‘both experienced, sophisticated businessmen’, that they both signed it, it contained ‘clear, express terms’, that ‘the language used in the Term Sheet is consistent with a legally binding agreement and not merely a document that was aspirational’. Also ‘[an] objective appraisal of the words and conduct of these two experienced businessmen leads to the conclusion that they did not intend agreement of any additional terms to be a precondition to a legally binding agreement’ and the ‘Term Sheet also contains detailed provision for service of the notice of redemption, including emails and addresses, which would have served little or no practical function if the agreement was aspirational only’. Also, the law and jurisdiction clause applied to all of the Term Sheet so that ‘[it] is difficult to see what purpose such a clause was intended to serve absent an intention to create a legally binding agreement’. The parties had (through their corporate vehicles) existing contractual relationships as well as entering antecedent agreements which they acknowledged as legally binding. Although the Term Sheet indicated that no consideration moved from G (the defendant received nothing for granting G the right to redeem his shares), ‘in the context of parties who had previously reached package agreements, part written, part oral, the absence of any reference to consideration is equally consistent with an intention that this was a package agreement, with the loan agreement reached orally, and anticipated to require separate further agreement’. The judge accepted G’s evidence that the consideration for G entering into the Term Sheet was his promise to provide further funds and to forebear from pursuing any investigation into the management of the company. So what was intended, taking an objective view, was an intention to create legal relations.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 7 make a definitive statement that the parties have entered a contract at a particular date13 . • • Capacity to enter into the contract. Contracts that certain types of persons enter are not enforceable, because they do not have the legal capacity to do so. The principal types of person are: o minors14 ; o those suffering from a mental incapacity; and o drunks (with some exceptions, eg for ‘necessaries’15 such as food). In most commercial situations it is unlikely that a party will encounter these types of persons. A person or company entering a contract can normally assume that the other party (whether they are a person or company) has the capacity to enter into the contract. But in cases of doubt specialist advice should be obtained. • • Authority to represent a company or organisation. A separate issue to capacity is whether the person signing a contract on behalf of a company (or otherwise agreeing to enter into a contract) has the authority to do so. Where companies are incorporated or regulated by the Companies Act 2006 anyone who has express or implied authority to enter into a contract on behalf of the company can do so16 . Accordingly, it will be difficult for a company to argue that a director or senior manager did not have authority to sign a contract on the company’s behalf. A company can also itself enter into a contract17 . However, it is important to note that the default articles provided by the Companies Act 2006 give to the directors the authority to manage all the 13 If the parties have conducted negotiations through emails and telephone calls, and the emails contain the main terms of what is agreed and then subsequently in a telephone call or video meeting the parties agree to enter into a contract, then one party can send a short email confirming that the parties have entered a contract. For example: ‘Dear X, following our call this afternoon via [Zoom] this email confirms that we have now entered into a contract. The [main] are set out in [the trail emails below] or [in my email of [date and time] to you’. 14 Persons under 18 years old: Family Law Reform Act 1969, s 1(1). 15 The requirement for those suffering from a mental incapacity having to pay a reasonable amount for goods delivered to them is likely to be removed following the passing of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, s 67(1) and Sch 6, para 24. This provision removes the obligation on those suffering from a mental incapacity to pay for ‘necessaries’. It has not yet been brought into force. 16 Companies Act 2006, s 43(1)(b). 17 Companies Act 2006, ss 40, 43(1)(a). How a company itself executes a document is set out in Companies Act 2006, s 44 (and s 46, if the document is a deed). See 1.8 below.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 8 powers of a company (note, not a single director)18 , but they can delegate some or all of their powers19 . However, to avoid situations where a company could act beyond its powers or a director beyond her/his authority, some protections are built into the Companies Act 2006 for persons who deal with a company. There is a limited protection ‘in favour of a person dealing with a company in good faith’ that any limitation in the company’s articles of association will not affect the power of the directors to bind the company (or their power to authorise others to bind the company). This protection only applies where the person in whose favour it applies is a party to a transaction or other act to which the company is a party20 . Also the validity of an action carried out by the company cannot ‘be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity by reason of anything in the company’s constitution’21 . These provisions aim to prevent an act of the company or the powers of the directors being beyond the company’s powers22 . 18 Model Articles, art 3 (The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/3229, reg 2, Sch 1). 19 Model Articles, art 5 although there is a duty on directors to keep record of a decision for 10 years from the date decided, art 8 (The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/3229, reg 2, Sch 1). Schedule 1 provides model articles for private companies limited by shares. The other schedules to these regulations provide default articles for other types of companies incorporated or registered under the Companies Act 2006: public companies and private companies limited by guarantee. 20 Companies Act 2006, s 40. 21 Companies Act 2006, s 39(1). 22 These provisions have the intention to overcome the common-law (non-statutory) concept of ‘ultra vires’. However, these statutory provisions apply only to companies formed or registered under the Companies Act 2006, s 1. For companies formed or registered under the Act but who are charities, Companies Act 2006, ss 39 and 40 only apply in favour of a person: (i) who at the time an act is done did not know that the company was a charity, or (ii) gave full consideration (money or money’s worth) in relation to the act and did not know that the act was not permitted by the company’s constitution or was beyond the powers of the directors (see Companies Act 2006, s 42). For example, a person who knows that the organisation is a charity, will not be able to rely on these statutory protections. Some charities are now substantial organisations entering into a variety of contracts (as well as some universities who are incorporated as private companies limited by guarantee). Persons can also obtain similar protection where they deal with industrial and provident societies registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 (ss 7A, 7B) and building societies who are registered under the Building Societies Act 1986 (Sch 2, paras 16 and 17). However, it appears that protection afforded by Companies Act 2006, ss 39 and 40 do not apply to non-UK companies. See the comments in Credit Suisse International v Stichting Vestia Groep [2014] EWHC 3103 (Comm) at [254] to [262]. For organisations not formed or registered by the Companies Act 2006 the common-law concept of ‘ultra-vires’ will continue to apply. In such cases it will be necessary for a person entering into a contract with such an organisation to consider that the organisation has the power to do so (and which will include companies not incorporated in the UK).
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 9 For particularly valuable or important contracts, or with companies or organisations which are not incorporated or regulated by the Companies Act 2006; legal advice should also be obtained on this issue23 . Suggestion: If in doubt, carry out (some old-fashioned) checks on the other party. For example, if a party has not met or spoken with the other party, the first party could telephone the person representing the other party. Other steps include (one or more of the following): o searching the Registrar of Companies’ website (in the UK or the equivalent registry in another if the company is incorporated in that country); o obtaining a report from a credit reference agency; o requiring the company to provide a board resolution indicating that the company is willing to enter into the transaction and authorising a director or another person to sign contracts and other documents to effect the transaction. • • Consideration. Both parties need to provide something of value (consideration) in a normal two-party agreement if the agreement is to be legally binding24 . The ‘something of value’ can be a party doing something or not doing something (or the promise to do the thing or not doing it); that is it does not have to be the payment of a sum of money. Normally, there will be no problem finding such consideration where goods or services are provided in return for payment of a sum of money. To avoid any doubt as to whether a party is giving consideration, in some types of agreement (eg confidentiality agreements), a nominal amount (eg £1) is stated in the agreement. There are detailed rules on the types of consideration that are acceptable, for example, ‘past consideration is no consideration’. Some other countries’ laws do not require consideration, or their rules on consideration differ significantly from those under English law. 23 With changes in technology, communications and methods of payment, many contracts which might have been signed in the past are no longer so (or there is no formal process of having one document to record what is agreed). For example, with the increasing sophistication of online purchase systems, it is entirely possible for even large purchases of standardised items to be bought online, with the online purchase system being able to calculate discounts for the quantity ordered or for the particular type of customer. The issue of whether the supplier is sure the person placing an order online is authorised to do so is lessened if payment has to be through the use of a credit card, PayPal, etc, because they will have received or able to obtain payment before supplying their product or service. Another area where technology has significantly changed how contracts are made is the use of emails. This flexible method permits easy exchange of written documentation (whether within the email or attached to it). However, with emails it is harder to know whether the person sending the email is the same as the name of the person who appears in the email, or whether they have the authority to enter into a contract on behalf of their company/organisation. 24 If it is not clear that something of value is being provided by one or more of the parties then to make the agreement legally binding it is possible to sign it as a deed.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 10 • • Offer and acceptance. Although there are exceptions, a contract will only come into existence when one party has offered to enter into a contract on specified terms and the other party has accepted that offer (by words or by conduct). A qualified acceptance (eg on slightly different terms to those offered), will generally be a counter offer, which in turn will need to be unconditionally accepted before the contract comes into existence25 . These problems are usually avoided where both parties sign a written agreement. Suggestion:Ifyouare‘accepting’anotherparty’soffer(ortheyareaccepting your offer), consider whether the ‘acceptance’ is (only) an agreement on particular points or provisions. If this is the case, further negotiations may be necessary, or there may need to be an explicit exchange where the parties agree they have entered into a binding agreement26 . Alternatively, if the acceptance is clear enough, there may be acceptance of an offer with the intention of entering into a binding contract. • • Complete agreement and certainty of provisions. If only some of the important provisions are agreed (eg the price a party is to pay or when it will deliver goods or services under a contract) but not others the agreement may not be legally enforceable as it is missing an essential element. Sometimes an agreement may include clauses stating that the parties will agree certain provisions at a later date. These are usually ‘agreements to agree’. They are not generally enforceable. A third category which may make an agreement not legally enforceable is if a 25 For example, Party A offers to supply six goods at £1 each within 30 days (offer). The other side purports to accept the offer but says it wants the goods within 14 days (rejection and counter-offer). The importance of carefully analysing whether a party is accepting or rejecting an offer is illustrated in Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 (where there was an exchange of emails between two parties). The decision when the case first reached the courts was that the last email was the acceptance of the first email, but on appeal, the Court of Appeal found that the emails in between the first and last email contained a rejection of the offer. A related issue is the ‘battle of the forms’. For example, Party A offers to sells goods, but subject to its terms and conditions. Party B accepts but in its written acceptance says its acceptance is subject to its terms and conditions. The traditional view is that the party that gets its terms and conditions in last is the party whose terms and conditions apply, and this view continues to be good law: see Tekdata Intern Connections v Amphenol [2009] EWCA Civ 1209, [2010] 2 All ER (Comm) 302. 26 This point illustrates one of the advantages of a written agreement which sets out all the provisions and which is signed by both parties. With other methods, such as where there is an exchange of emails (where there is not a clear indication of what is accepted or rejected and which consists of a combination of negotiation points, discussion, proposals of provisions to include or amendments to them) it may be difficult to decide what has been offered, rejected and finally agreed. The case of Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 is an illustration of the problem of using email and how the courts can come to different points of view as to what has occurred and has been agreed.
Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 11 provision is too vague or uncertain27 . The modern approach of the courts to help the parties, in effect, to create a legally binding agreement even if not expressed ideally or fully28 . To do so there will need to be some objective mechanism for determining what those provisions will be if the parties cannot agree or where the provision is vague or uncertain29 using a standard of reasonableness30 . The principal ways it is possible to establish the terms of a contract are: o for a court to ‘fill-in’ the gaps such as by examining the past dealings of the parties, or what is the ordinary commercial standard for the 27 See eg in Scammell (G) and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941]1 All ER 14 where there was an agreement for the purchase of a lorry, with part of the price being the part-exchange of an old lorry with ‘the balance of purchase price can be had on hire-purchase terms over a period of 2 years’. This phrase was interpreted as too vague as there were ‘numerous forms of hire- purchase transactions, and the multiplicity of terms and details which they involve’ so that the plaintiffs were ‘faced with what appears to…be a fatal alternative, – namely, either (i) this term of the alleged contract is quite uncertain as to its meaning, and prevents the existence of an enforceable contract, or (ii) the term leaves essential contractual provisions for further negotiation between the parties, with the same result’. See also Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485; Astor Management AG and another v Atalaya Mining plc and others [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm). 28 Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494, 503; Astor Management AG (formerly known as MRI Holding AG) v Atalaya Mining plc (formerly known as Emed Mining Public Ltd) [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm), [64]: ‘The role of the court in a commercial dispute is to give legal effect to what the parties have agreed, not to throw its hands in the air and refuse to do so because the parties have not made its task easy. To hold that a clause is too uncertain to be enforceable is a last resort…’. 29 See eg Blue v Ashley [2017] EWHC 1928 (Comm). In this case the claimant sought a payment of £15 million pounds if the claimant could raise the share price of the defendant’s company to £8.00 a share. The court held that there was no objective standard to determine the period by which the claimant would need to get the share price to £8, and it was ‘a matter which could only be decided by express agreement by the parties themselves’ and accordingly no contract was created as it lacked an essential term: ‘[The claimant failed] to prove that a particular period was agreed within which the share price had to reach £8. That gap is not one which the court can fill. There are many situations in which an agreement is silent about the time within which something must be done and the court can give content to it by implying a term that the obligation will be performed within a reasonable time. But that is only possible when a court can apply some yardstick of what is reasonable’ [from 136]. There were other grounds which contributed to this finding, including the way discussions were held (in a pub over drinks, and that there was no written record of the negotiations). 30 For example, in Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494 the phrase ‘fair specification’ in a provision calling for supply of ‘2,000 standards of softwood goods of fair specification over the season 1930’ was legally binding as the contract was made between persons closely involved in the timber trade so that it was possible to apply a standard of reasonableness and give an objective meaning (and determine the quality of the timber to be supplied) to the phrase ‘fair specification’. Much will depend on the wording used (and the context in which it is used). There is a difference between the parties to an agreement agreeing that one party would pay a ‘fair sum’ or a ‘fair share’ for something but not stating anything more and the different situation where the party would pay a ‘fair sum’ or a ‘fair share’ for something but the agreement going on to state that the parties would determine what the meaning of ‘fair’ meant. In the first instance ‘an agreement to pay a [fair sum or] fair share prescribed a purely objective standard or criterion. In the absence of agreement by the parties a court would be able to determine what that share should be by reference to this objective standard’ (Cable Wireless plc v Valentine [2005] EWCA Civ 806, [20]). In the latter situation there was ‘no unqualified commitment to pay’ (from [24]), and accordingly no objective way to get to the meaning of ‘fair’.
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The Silver-Mine Copaoba. Strange Birds. The Plant Yarammacarou. The Guara-tereba, with other strange Fish. The French under the Command of Captain Dourmigas, discover’d ninety years ago the Silver-Mine Copaoba, and for considerable time carry’d Silver and Brasile Wood from hence, till the Portuguese made themselves absolute Masters. Moreover, on the North-side of Parayba, the Salvages call’d Petiguars inhabit sixteen Villages. Amongst the Birds of prey which breed here, are the Ouyaourassou, twice as big as a Crane, with curious Feathers, and so bold and strong, that it devours not onely Sheep, but Deer and Men. The Bird Mayton is no way inferior in beauty to the Peacock, his whole Body being cover’d with white and black Feathers; on his Head grows a Tuft; the Flesh is also very pleasant to the taste. The Toucan, another Bird, resembles a Turtle-Dove in all parts, except the Bill and Breast; for the Belly is ten Inches long and three broad, the Breast of an Orange colour, mix’d with Crimson Spots; the remaining part is white, the Back red, and the Tail and Wings Coal- black. The Plant call’d Yarammacarou deserves also a peculiar observation, viz. It is thicker than a Man’s Thigh, grows twelve Foot high, with three Branches of equal length and thickness, which you may easily break; it is green without, white within, and without Leaves, leaving red Blossoms streak’d with blue, from whence grows a Fruit about the bigness of an Apple, crimson without and white within, and tasting like a Mulberry. The River Parayba produces amongst many other Fishes the Guara-tereba, which hath a thick Body, flat Head, crooked Back, split Tail, and triangular Scales, which laid in the Sun, shine like polish’d Gold. The Sea also hereabouts affords a strange Fish with a very long and thin Tail, the Females whereof Lay every day Eggs like Hens: they are full of poysonous Prickles, and divided into several sorts, amongst which the chiefest are accounted the Naainari and Jabebara.
Description of the Sea Coast of Brasile. T Strange Tree. he Sea-Coast of Brasile from St. Vincent to Spirito Santo appears as followeth: Before the Coast of St. Vincent lie the four little Isles Queimadas, and on one side the Alcatraces and Busios; East North- East from which bears the Island Sebastian: Before the Inlet Ubatuba lies the Isle Dos Porcos, close under a high Shore, where the Haven runs far up in the Countrey. Fourteen Leagues farther the Island Grande, stor’d with fresh Water, with Fish-ponds, Woods, and two good Havens. Before the Road of Garatuba appear several broken Isles, the chiefest whereof is Morambaya. The Ships Sailing along the Brasilian Coast view next the Mouth of the wide River Jenero, without fear of Rocks or Shoals. Moreover, a sandy Ground extends from the Western Point to Cape Frio, which rises out of the Sea like a Rock, with white Streaks, and crack’d on the top, between both which the high Island before Frio makes a safe Harbor. Nine Leagues beyond Frio to the Northward, St. Salvador opens a large Bay, hemm’d in on the South by divers nameless Isles. Lastly, the several Salt-pans along this Coast are very remarkable, as also the Promontory St.Thoma and Parayba, the Inlets Manangea and Itapemeri, and the River Guarapari, famous for the Mountain Pero Cam towards the North, and Guapel to the South. The Island Salvago, round and mountainous, lies before the Mouth of the River Guarapari, where the Main Coast grows uneven and Hilly. On the North-East Point of Spirito Santo a long ridge of Rocks appears above the Sea; and near the Inlet rises three black Hills on the South, and two Leagues up in the Countrey the broken Mountain Mestre Alvaro, which extends along the Sea-Coast. The River Des Reyos Magos encompasses three Mountains severally, and makes three Isles. The Coast on each side of the River Dolce is very plain and even, but Cricare hath a mixture of high and low Lands. In the Mouth of the River Maranipe lies a great company of white Shelves near together, appearing afar off as if all one. Parairepe is remarkable by the high Trees growing on it. The Mouth of the River Caruvelas lies full of Sand-plats. Near the Beacon Tauhaen rises a red Cliff from which a sandy Point reaches to the River Curubabo. Before Porto Seguro lie several dangerous Rocks in the Sea, to the Southward of which rises the High-land Cape Pasqual. Not far from hence Santa Cruiz a good Haven for small Vessels, from whence the
Coast extends North North-East, and South South-West, to Rio Grande, where the Shoals call’d Baxos de St. Antonio, making a dangerous Entry, force the Ships for the most part to keep three Leagues from the Shore. Beyond the Arm of Rio Grande appear three high Mountains cover’d with Trees; from whence to Ilheos is a safe Passage free from Shelves. Eight Leagues farther, the River Dos Contas runs between two broken Cliffs into the Sea: in the Mouth of it rises a Rock resembling a high Island. Between Ilheos and Contas the Coast rises also, but falls low again in a Bay, where white Sugar- Mills, formerly belonging to Lucas Giraldes, are seen at a great distance. The Countrey on each side of the River Camanu is plain; the Stream it self hath a wide Mouth, and respects with its Northern Shore the Isle Cayepa, dangerous for the many Shelves which are about the same. The River Tinhare is known by the Mountain Morro de Santo Paulo, which rises like a Galley on the Southern Shore. Twelve Leagues farther opens the Bay of Todos los Sanctos, on whose Eastern Point stands the Castle Antonio, and before the Northern Shore the Island Topoam, to the East and South-East low and strong. The River Das Pedras falls with a wide Mouth into the Ocean. Next you pass by the Streams Tapicuru, Real Vasabaris and Francisco, known by a low Promontory. The Rivers Miguel, Antonio, Camaragili, Porto Calvo, Formoso, and Serinhaem, disembogue also into the Sea. Next the Stream Das Pedras rises the Promontory St. Augustine, all overgrown with Bushes and Brambles. Five Leagues Southward lies the small Isle Alexo. The Coast from St. Augustine to Pernambuco extends North and by East, and South and by West. The Island Tamaraca lies in the Mouth of the Stream Gajana; and fifteen Leagues farther appears Parayba; between which two the Shelf Pedra Furada extends three Leagues along the Coast, and another from the Shore of the Promontory Blanco, where the Road Porto de Franeses affords Seamen secure Anchorage for Shipping. Next to Parayba follow the Havens Treicaon, Pipa, and Basios, the Stream Siara and Maragnan, which washes the Western part of Brasile, and is taken for the Boundary between the Spanish Indies and the Portuguese, according to the Division by Pope Alexander the Sixth, Anno 1502. Lastly, there belongs to Brasile the Island Fernando de Noronho, in three Degrees of Southern Latitude. The Capuchin, Claude de Abbeville, going thither, found the same to be six Leagues in circumference, and extraordinary fruitful; besides
Situation. M good fresh Water, Pease, Beans, Maiz, Potato’s, Melons, Cotton, Cattel, wild Goats, and all sorts of Poultrey, which this Island affords; but it chiefly abounds with great variety of a sort of Birds which suffer themselves to be caught with the Hand. There grows likewise a nameless Tree, not unlike the Laurel, being of a strange Nature, for who e’re touches the Leaves, and afterwards rubs his Eyes, loses his Sight for four hours, with exceeding pain; which pain nevertheless another Tree growing in the same Island cures immediately. The French, who Landed on Noronho Anno 1613. found a Portuguese there, with eighteen Brasilians, Men, Women, and Children, banish’d thither from Pernambuco, whom Baptizing, they carry’d to Maragnan. Near Noronho lies the Isle De Feu. Sect. X. Maragnan. aragnan, forty five Leagues in circumference, lies in two Degrees of Southern Latitude, and a considerable distance from the Bay, which appears between the Rivers Aperegha and Comajamu. The Eastern Entrance into this Bay hath before the Promontory Arbres Secs, the Isle St. Anna, by the Brasilians call’d Upaonmiri. Opposite to Maragnan, about half way from the said Inlet, fall three Rivers into the Sea, the most Easterly call’d Mounin, hath a Mouth a Mile wide, and discharges its Water into the Sea; the middlemost Taboucourou, is five hundred Leagues long, and ends with two Mouths, half a League distant one from the other; the most Westerly, call’d Miary, is about six Leagues broad, so falling into the Sea. The Stream Maracou falls into the Pinare, and thus united they joyn both with the Miary, which runs exceeding swift into the Sea. Between the Capes Arbres Secs and De la Tortue, the Coast lies full of sandy Banks, some of which extend a League into the Ocean. On the other side of the Promontory Tapoytapere near Maragnan, towards the River of Amazones, lie so many Isles along the Sea-shore, that no Ship is able to approach the same, because the Spaces between the Isles are overgrown with Trees call’d
Fruitful Soil and rich Coast of Maragnan. Apparituriers, whose Boughs shooting down and rooting in the Sea, produce other Trees, which grow so close together, that they seem one entire Tree with many Branches. Besides this Inconvenience there is abundance of drift Sand when the Wind sits from the Shore, which oftentimes swallows the Ships which lie upon the same. Beyond Maragnan lie two Roads, the first between the Promontory Arbres and the Isle St. Anna, but dangerous; the other, discover’d some years since, reaches to the Fort of Maragnan, and is as dangerous as the first. This Island hath twenty seven Villages, by the Natives call’d Oc or Tave, each Village consisting of four Houses made of great Stakes, and cover’d with Palm-tree Leaves against the Rain, each House being thirty Foot broad, and from two hundred to five hundred Paces long, according to the greater or lesser number of Inhabitants. The first Village, opposite to St. Anna, is call’d Timbohu; the second, well known for two eminent Fishing-places, is Itapara; but the two biggest are Juniparan and Eussaouap, each having about five or six hundred Inhabitants. This Island of Maragnan lies under a temperate Climate, being seldom troubled with excessive Colds, Droughts, pestilential Vapors, Wind, Hail, or Thunder, only it Lightens Morning and Evening in serene Weather. When the Sun returns from the Tropick of Capricorn to the North, then it Rains for six Weeks together; but when he declines from Cancer towards the Southern Solstice, the Trade-Wind, or Eastern Breezes rise at seven of the Clock in the Morning, but grow fainter towards Sun-setting. The Soil of Maragnan is exceeding fruitful, producing abundance of Brasile Wood, Sugar, Cotton, the red Colour Roucou, Tobacco, Balsam not inferior to the Arabian, Pepper, and all manner of Fruits. On the Coast is often found excellent Amber- greece and Jasper Stones, which the Inhabitants wore in their Lips. In some places along the Sea-shore appear Rocks of red and white Stone Diaphanous, like Crystal, which (some say) are as hard as Diamonds, and call’d Allencon. The Woods produce Timber, and the Shore Stones and Shells, of which they make Mortar. There are also several pleasant Fields and Hills, whose Feet are wash’d by delightful Brooks, along which they pass in Canoos from one Village to
Fruit-Trees. another. The Woods consist most of Palm-Trees, amongst which breed all sorts of Fowls and Beasts. The chiefest of the Fruit-Trees which grow here is the Accayou, which being much bigger than our Pomewaters, hath Leaves not unlike those of an Oak: and also a Nut resembling a Sheeps Kidney, cover’d with a hard Shell, which incloses an oylie Pith. Out of these the Islanders press a very wholsom and pleasant Liquor; as also out of the Pacoeira and Bannanas, both excellent Plants, which will grow in any Ground. This Plant they pluck up by the Roots wild as soon as it hath put forth three Leaves; which Leaves being rowl’d up hard together like a Twig, are again Set, and then sprout up each with ten green Leaves, which when mov’d by the Wind, rattle like Parchment, and tear very easily: the Stalk is an Inch thick, from which spread several lesser Branches; under the Leaves hang yellowish Flowers of a pleasant smell, at whose Stalks are lesser Leaves resembling little Scoups, full of Juice, in taste like Honey, and in colour like the White of an Egg: after the Flower follows the Fruit, very like a Cucumber, onely they are three square, and have a hardish Shell, which incloses a well tasted and wholsom Pulp, which commonly grows in Clusters. This Plant, when the Fruit is ripe, is pluck’d up, from whence another springs up immediately, which bears the like Fruit the next year; so that this Plant lives as it were by propagation continually. The Bannanas bear Leaves of a Fathom long and two Foot broad; the Fruit is very like that of the Pacoeira. The Mangaa is very like the Apricock both in taste and form. The Tree Jaracaha hath a spread Crown, leaves like those of a Fig- Tree, yellow Flowers, and Pears with Shells, and full of Kernels. The Ouaieroua is an exceeding sweet-smelling Tree, bears a Fruit much bigger than the greatest Melons. The Junipap, which is much taller, hath Apples, which whilest they are green are best, yielding a Juice which Dyes Coal-black, and therefore is us’d by the Natives to paint their Bodies with: The Apples when ripe are yellow within and without, very well tasted, and melting in the Mouth. Besides these fore-mention’d Fruit-Trees there are several others that grow on this Island, amongst which is the Vua-pirup, eminent
for its Blossom, which is yellow, blue, and red, and bears delicate Apples, which ripen best in the rainy Season. Lastly, the Pekey, which three Men cannot Fathom, bears a Fruit of two handfuls bigness, having a hard thick Shell, and within four Kidney-like Kernels, each concealing a prickly Stone, which hurts the Mouths of unwary Eaters. The Plant Carouata hath Leaves an Ell long, and two Inches broad; they are very thick and thistly from the middle, and about two Foot from the Ground grows an exceeding pleasant Fruit, yellow without and within, three square, a Finger long, and hanging oftentimes sixty in a Cluster. Vua, a sort of Melons, green without, and within full of white Pulp and black Kernels, and hath a pleasant Juice, dissolves to Water, if cut in the middle, sweeter than Sugar, and very refreshing. Manioch, a thick Root of the Plant Manicup, Leav’d like a Fig- Tree; being ground to Meal, it serves in stead of Bread. Besides these already mention’d, there are several other Plants, the most usual are the great flat Beans call’d Commanda-ouassou, and the long Pease Commanda-miry.
Strange Birds. Strange sorts of Fish. Here are variety of Birds of several sorts, especially of Parrots, which flye in great Companies, most beautiful to the Eye, and very docible to speak, and also good for Food. The Partridges Nanbououassou, in bigness no way inferior to a Capon, have blue Feathers, and also Lay blue Eggs. The Ourou, resembling a Partridge, hath a Combe like a Cock, but mix’d with three Colours, viz. red, black, and white. The Bats, nam’d Andheura, have a mournful Note in the Night, often biting those they find asleep, and suck their Blood so hard that it can hardly be stopt. The Ostriches here call’d Yandou, being as tall as a middle-siz’d Man, cannot flye, but run as swift as a Greyhound. Their Fowl call’d Falian, with long Bills and Cranes Legs, flies very low, but runs so swift that a Horse can scarce overtake them. The Ocean about Maragnan produces abundance of all sorts of Fish, and amongst others the Pyraon, six Foot long, thicker than a Barrel, and cover’d with black Scales of a hand-breadth. The Fish Camouroupouy differs not much from the Pyraon, onely in having fewer Scales. The Ougry, four Foot long, hath a broad Head, and two sharp Fins on the Back, which wound terribly. This Fish also swimming in the River, smells of Musk whilest it stays therein. The like length hath also the Camboury Ouassou, whose Hog-like Head, and yellow scal’d Tail, makes it seem like a Monster. The Yauebouyre is a Foot in thickness, in length two Fathom, and a Fathom in breadth, and hath a Tail of half a Fathom long, out of the middle of which flicks a sharp and great Bone, which makes such dangerous Wounds, that if any part of a Man’s Body be touch’d therewith, it must be cut off. The Narinnary, which is much lesser, wounds with its Sting very dangerously. The flat Fish Acaraiou hath the length of a Foot, a green Head, thick Scales, a yellow Back, and white Belly.
Divers kinds of strange Beasts. The Araououa hath a hard Skin, is eight times bigger than the Acaraiou and hath a three-pointed Sword, with which it kills other Fish. Another sort of Sword-fish is the Panapans, whose Sword is a Foot less than that of the Araououa. The Picamo and Caramourou resemble the Pilchard, and are taken in great abundance near the Rocks. The Rivers and Brooks on Maragnan are also very full of Fish, amongst which the Pourake, four Foot long, full of green, blue, red and white Specks and Streaks, the Skin so hard that no Sword can penetrate it; wherefore it regards not a blow, but if it moves, it causes such a pain on the Arm of him that strikes, that he falls down on the Ground. The Caurimata, which is very like a Carp, is the most delicious Fish that ever was tasted. The Pyrain, without Scales, colour’d red and yellow, hath sharp Teeth, which cut sloapingly; as also the Opean, Tarehure, Paraty, and Jerou. The red Crabs Oussa, with hairy Legs, breed about the Roots of the fore-mention’d Trees that grow in the Water. The white Crabs Aouara-oussa carry the Amber-greece, cast on the Shores to their Holes. They have also good Mussles, and well rellish’d Oysters sticking on the Boughs of the said Trees. During the rainy Season there are generally standing Pools, in which yearly breed many Fishes, which are taken up by the Inhabitants when the Pools begin to dry. Moreover, this Island feeds abundance of four-footed Beasts, amongst which their wild Deer, Rabbets and Hares, differ little from the European. They have also wild Swine call’d Taiassou, who seem to have Navels on their Backs, which cast a sweet Musky smell; besides another sort of Swine, not inferior to the former, but of a stranger shape, being Mouth’d like a Hare, with two long Tusks in their upper Jaws, and two beneath; their Ears like a Mans; the foremost Feet white, and hoof’d like an Ass; the hindermost part of their Body like a Bear, and full of Bristles, half white and half black, three handfuls long: when
they creep in their Holes their staring Bristles fall; they keep much amongst Brambles, feed on Apples and Roots; In the Winter Season they Stye themselves up in their Holes. Here are also Pismire-eaters, call’d Tamandua, with a Boars Head, Dogs Ears, sharp Snout, Horses Hair, and Ox Feet. The Tapiyre-ete differ little from wild Cows, onely they have shorter Legs and Tails, and wanting Horns, are Arm’d in stead thereof with Teeth; in their Heads are often found a Stone like the Bezoar Stone. Several sorts of Armadillo’s here differ much in form each from the other. The wild Cats Margaia are caught for their curious Skin. The Foxes Janovare, and Leopards Sovassovaran, both curiously mark’d, are very ravenous. Here is also a deform’d slow creeping Beast call’d Ai, whose Head is like a Mans, and cover’d with rough and grey Hair, on each Foot three Claws close together, and at least a Finger long, sharp Teeth, a smooth high black Nose, little drowsie Eyes, no Ears, a Tail small above and broad at the bottom, long Ash-colour’d Hair over all the Body; and being about the bigness of a Fox, it climbs slowly up the Trees, and comes not down before it hath eaten off all the Leaves; it feeds also on Earth, and sometimes sits on a high Bough without Meat twenty days together; it goes so softly, that it will hardly clear fifty Paces in twenty four hours. On this Island are likewise all sorts of Apes and Monkies, amongst which is one most remarkable, call’d The Zimme Cayon, hairy all over, with a long white Beard, an old Mans Face, bald Ears, black Eyes and long Tail, which they wind about a Bough, and so hanging, swing themselves from one Tree to another; they are very fierce as well as subtile, for being wounded with an Arrow, they set upon their Enemy without the least fear; when they climb up the Trees, they carry their Mouths and Hands full of Stones to throw at Travellers; and if any one of them chance to be wounded, all the rest that are near come to help him, and stop the Wound with Leaves, and the like; the young ones hang upon the Backs of their Dams, who run very swift with them, and leap from one Tree to another.
The Sagovin. The Boyete, and other sorts of Serpents. Juan Ardenois relates, That the Coyons play at certain Games with the Natives for Money, and spend what they win in publick Houses. Joseph de Acosta tells us, That one of these kind of Creatures being sent to a Tavern for Wine, would not part with his Money before his Pot was fill’d, which he defended from the Boys that offer’d to take it from him, by throwing Stones at them; and though it lov’d Wine very well, yet brought it always home without tasting. It is no less wonderful what Peter Martyr relates of one of these Creatures, viz. That observing one ready to fire a Gun at him, before he could discharge, it leap’d from the Tree and snatch’d up a Child, which he held as a Buckler before him. The Sagovin resembles a Lyon in the fore-part of the Body, with shaggy Hair; they are exceeding dainty and tender, yet so stubborn and sullen, that they take pet at the least affront, and often pine themselves away and die with hunger. The Serpent Boy-ete, two Fathoms long, without Legs, having a bright speckled Skin and four sharp Teeth, wounds also mortally with its Tail; but is the less dangerous, because at the end of the Tail grows a Bladder, which moving rattles as if there were Pease in it, which gives notice to the Traveller, though unwary, by which means he makes his escape.
The other Serpents call’d Jouboy, Tara-gouyboy, and Tarehuboy, serve the Natives for a great Delicacy; as also the great Toads or Frogs, call’d Tourourou. They have also a sort of Flies call’d Ton, which exceedingly molest them, against which their chiefest Medicine is Palm-tree Oyl, and the Roucou, with which they colour their Skins. The Natives of this Island of Maragnan, driven out of the pleasant Countrey Cayete by the Portuguese, are a sort of the Toupinambas, who Setled here about a hundred and fifty years ago. The time of their first coming hither us’d formerly to be solemniz’d with the great Feast call’d Caoven; but because a Woman boldly set upon a Commander in his Cups, there arose a great Tumult amongst them, and ever since the Island hath been divided, one Party calling the other Tobaiares, that is, We are Enemies: They are so inveterate against one another, that who e’re they take Prisoners they unmercifully devour: Both are of a middle Stature, have flat Noses, which the Midwives make at the Birth of the Child, they are generally a strong People, and many of them living a hundred years, without being grey, bald, or sick; they live temperate, and under a wholsom Climate: Some of their Women bear Children (as they say) till they are eighty years of age, which being born white, turn to be of a Tawny colour, by being anointed with Suet call’d Roucon, and Oyl; otherwise they are well proportion’d. The Men pluck out all the Hair of their Foreheads, but suffer it to hang pretty long over their Ears, and behind. The Women let their Hair hang down to their Middle, and wear woodden Ear-rings, but the Men hang green Beads in their Lips, and thrust little Bones through their Noses. They go all stark naked, their Legs are colour’d black with the Juice of the Herb Junipap, and upon the other parts of their Body appear Figures of several Representations. Those that will manifest their Valor, and be accounted hardy, gash their Bodies all over with Wounds, which they heal in such a manner, that the Scars may more plainly appear. They never come to their usual Feasts, but dress’d up in various colour’d Feathers; upon the Crown of their Heads they wear Caps stuck with Plumes, which they call Acangoap, or Coronets, call’d Acangerar; about their Necks, the Necklaces Aiouacava; over their Shoulders, the Mantles Assoyave; their Garters they call Tabacoura, at which they hang hollow Nutshells full of little Stones, which gingle and
The occasion of building the Fort Maragnan. A Colony of French sent over into the Island of Maragnan. rattle as they go, and about their Arms Armlets call’d Mapouyh- couaychovare; all which are curiously checker’d with various colour’d Feathers. The Maragnans live not much up in the Countrey, but rather on the Sea-Coast, because of their Fishing, removing every sixth year, calling the Village where they Settle, by the former Name. They take every Man as many Wives as he pleaseth, but the Women must stick each to one Man, unless she be Divorc’d from him, which often happens upon small occasions. Their Cotton Hammocks call’d Yu, on which they sleep, hang between two Stakes, in which they lie. Singular Friends and Relations Feast one another daily; but they are cruel and revengeful against their neighboring Enemies, whom, when they take any of them, they fatten, kill, and eat. The least affront done them, or injurious word spoken to them, or against their Predecessors, makes them take up Arms, which consist of Bowes and Arrows, which they call Ouyrapar and Oune. Here the French have built the Fort St. Lovis on an Island, from whence Westward may be seen the Cape Tapouytapere, which at High-water seems like an Island, and lies four Leagues from thence; at Low-water they can walk over the Sands from the same to the Main Land. This fruitful Countrey hath twenty populous Villages. Westward lies Comma, which gives Denomination to the chief Village, the River, and the rest of that Countrey, wherein are sixteen more handsom Villages, better built, and more populous than Maragnan or Tapouytapere. Concerning the building of the fore-mention’d Fort on Maragnan, it hapned as followeth:
Driven out by the Portuguese.
The French Captain Riffaut, upon the Advice of Ouyrapive, who bore a great sway amongst his Maragnan Subjects, fitted out three Ships; but because of a Contention between the Sea-men, and the loss of his chiefest Vessel, he was forc’d to Sail to France, and leave some of his Men on Maragnan, under the Command of a young Gentleman call’d De Vaux, who carry’d himself so discreetly amongst the Islanders, that they promis’d to embrace the Christian Religion, if new Supplies came from France to assist them against their Enemies; of which De Vaux advis’d the French King Henry the Fourth, who approv’d of it, and sent Monsieur De la Ravardiere to Maragnan, to make a farther Enquiry into the whole Matter, where he spent six Moneths; after which returning he found the King murder’d, wherefore the Business lay dead for a while; but at length Ravardiere took with him the Lord Rosilly, and the Baron of Sansi, desiring some Capuchins of the Queen-Mother, for the promulgating of the Christian Religion in Maragnan; which being granted, they set Sail with three Ships Anno 1612. with which arriving safely there, and Landing, he built next the chiefest Haven the Fort St. Lewis on a Hill, by whose foot two Rivers glide into the Ocean. After which this new Plantation went on for a considerable time, till the Portuguese overpowering them, drove them out of this their new Field, making themselves absolute Masters of the Fort, and also of the great Mountain Ibouyapap, four Leagues high, plain on the top, twenty
Description of the Lordship of Tamarica. T Description of the Lordship of Rio Grande. T Description of the Lordship of Siara. T four Leagues long, and little less in breadth. No Champain under the Sun is more pleasant and fruitful than this; for in some places it is shaded with Trees, in others hath brave Pastures, lies under a wholsom Climate, and abounds with fresh Springs, from whence are deriv’d store of Brooks, and Rivulets full of Fish. Sect. XI. The Lordships Tamarica, Rio Grande, Siara, and Para. he Præfecture of Tamarica, not above three Leagues in length and two in breadth, so call’d from a little Island lying before it, and part of its Precinct, is counted the first, that is, the most ancient Lordship of Brasile, having otherwise nothing in it that is very considerable, save onely a good Haven or Port, with a Castle for the Security or Command of it, held to be impregnable, and so found by the Dutch, who under Peter Heyn and Stein Callenfels in vain attempted the taking of it, as shall be mention’d hereafter more particularly, but made it useless to the Portuguese, by making a Bulwark at the Mouth of the Haven, and so blocking it up. This Capatania yielded formerly a Rent of thirty thousand Ducats to the Earls of Montesanto, whose Right it was. he Præfecture of Rio Grande, a small Precinct, so denominated, as lying on the South-side of that great River which the Portuguese call Rio Grande, and the Natives Potingi, where it falls into the Sea, was once possess’d by the French about the Year 1597. who were outed by the Portuguese, and the Place fortifi’d both against them and the Salvages, (of whom they slew and took Prisoners very great numbers) with a Castle, which the Dutch in the Year 1631. found an impregnable piece, and too hard for them to take. he Præfecture of Siara, so denominated from the Haven; it hath long been in the
Description of the Lordship of Para. L T A West-India Company erected by the United States. St. Salvador set upon by the Dutch possession of the Portuguese, but they have therein no Towns of note, onely a Castle, and some few Houses for those that attend the gathering of Cotton-Wool, and Manuring of the Sugar-Canes, which are here in great abundance, also the Countrey is said to afford some Crystal and other Precious Stones. astly, the Præfecture of Para is the most Northerly part of Brasile, bordering upon Guiana, so call’d from the River Para, which runneth through the midst of it, upon which, in a convenient place, and upon rais’d Ground, the Portuguese have built a very strong Castle, well Wall’d on all sides, save onely towards the River, where it is planted with Ordnance: It is built in a quadrangular form, and hath at least three hundred Persons of the Portuguese Nation (besides the Garrison Soldiers) belonging to it, who have all Employment enough about the Cotton-Wool, Sugar-Canes, and Tobacco, which the Countrey is said to afford in great plenty. A Relation of the Proceedings of the Netherland West- India Company in Brasile to the Year 1658. he chief Disturbers of the Portuguese in the possession of the Countrey of Brasile, were the United Netherlanders; for they having had good success with their first Fleet, under the Command of John Molenaer, John Dignumszoon, John Schelinger, Simon Mau, and the Merchants Cornelis Woodman, Gerard Beveningen, and Heinier van Hel, Anno 1595. in the East-Indies, where they got such footing, that they took whole Kingdoms, to the great enriching of the Eastern World, where they spread their Trade over the whole Countrey, were thereupon emboldned to venture also to the West, that thereby they might cut off the Sinews of the King of Spain’s Wars, he being continually supply’d with Treasures from America. The grand Promoters of this Design were the Company of Merchants, who hitherto had Traded to Guinee; and the rather, because Guinee brought them but little Profit. But to set upon the Spanish Power,
under Peterszoon and Willekens. St. Salvador taken by the Dutch. was a Business of no small Consequence; nevertheless they undertaking it, obtain’d Letters Patents from the States of the United Netherlands, Anno 1621. for erecting of a West-India Company, in which it was declar’d, That none without the said Companies leave should drive any Trade to Africa from the Northern Tropick, to the Cape Bonne Esperance; nor to America from Terre-Neuf to the Straights of Magellan, or Le Maire; nor in the South Sea to Anian; which if any attempted, they should forfeit Ship and Goods; besides several other Priviledges and Immunities granted towards the promoting and establishing of the said Company. After a long Consultation which way to steer their Course, it was concluded upon in the Council for the Affairs of the Company, to Invade St. Salvador in the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, whether they sent twenty Men of War and three Ketches, Commanded by Jacob Willekens, and Peter Peterszoon Hein; the Land Forces being under the Command of Colonel John van Dorth. In the beginning of the Year 1624. the Fleet set Sail out of the Texel and the Maes, and in five Moneths arriv’d at St. Salvador. As soon as the Portugueses discover’d the Dutch Fleet, they shot without ceasing from the Fort Philippo with three Brass Guns, as also from the Castle Tapagipe, with four Demi-Canons, but chiefly from the Battlement rais’d threesquare out of the Water before St. Salvador, from whence they play’d at them with twelve great Guns, whilest the Vice-Admiral ran within Musquet-shot of the said Battlement with three Ships, and found fifteen Portuguese Vessels lying near the Shore not far from the Castle Philippo, where there began a sharp Conflict, to the no small advantage of Peter Hein; who thereupon ventur’d with three Boats to Board the fifteen Ships: which resolute Attempt of the Dutch Seamen so amaz’d the Portuguese, that they set their biggest Ships on Fire, and fled ashore: Those Ships that escap’d, being in all ten, the Hollanders took and brought them to the Fleet. This flight of the Portuguese encouraging Peter Hein, he went with fourteen Boats, each Mann’d with two hundred Arm’d Men upon the very Mouths of the Cannons to the fore-mention’d Battlement and took the same, notwithstanding the Stone Wall rose eight Foot out of the Water, and above a hundred Portuguese defended it, whilest the Admiral Willekens sent twelve hundred Soldiers, and two hundred and forty Seamen ashore with Field-
Pieces. The Forlorn-Hope consisted of sixty Musquetteers, led by Captain Helmond, who was seconded by Lieutenant La Main, all the Seamen following with Spades and Pick-axes; the Reserve was brought up by Captain Kyf, Ysenach, and William Schouten; thus drawn out, they were led towards the City by the Guides Dirk Colver and Dirk de Ruiter, along a narrow Way, which the Portuguese might have guarded with a few Men, had they not been all struck with a pannick fear, and making use of the dark Night, fled into the Woods. The Dutch found in the City an incredible Booty, because the Governor Diego Mendoza de Furtado had forbid the carrying away of any Goods, that so the Citizens might be the easier perswaded to defend the City; which they might well have done, had they not been surpris’d with the suddenness of the Action; for when Willekens Anchor’d here, there were above sixteen hundred Soldiers, besides a considerable number of Arm’d Citizens in St. Salvador; besides, in the Forts about the City on the Walls lay twenty three Brass, and twenty six Iron Guns. This Victory was scarce obtain’d, when Colonel Dorth, who had lost the Fleet at Point Vincent, arriv’d here after all was done, and caus’d Edicts to be publish’d, in which the fled Citizens were promis’d greater Priviledges under the Netherlanders Protection, than ever they had under the King of Spain. Whereupon a few
Col. Dorth kill’d by an Ambuscade. Description of St. Salvador. Portuguese return’d to the City; but the greatest part of them, and those the most considerable, were partly kept back by Command of the Bishop Teixera, who laid the fault concerning the loss of the City on the Governor Furtado, and partly because they judg’d the Netherlanders unable to defend them against the Spanish Power. About the same time several rich laden Vessels arriv’d there from Lisbon, Janeiro, Spirito Santo, Angola and other Places, all ignorant of the Conquest of St. Salvador. Whilest Dorth and Willekens were ordering all things within the City, the outstaying Portuguese at last taking courage, Storm’d the City from Midnight till the next day in the Afternoon, but fearing they should be set upon behind unawares, Retreated; after which Dorth thinking he had been free from all fear of Enemies, and with a small Guard riding out of the City to take a view of the adjacent Countrey, was scarce got a Bowe-shot from the Walls, when a great Body of Brasilians rush’d forth unexpectedly from an Ambuscade, and wounded him so mortally, that he fell dead from his Horse, and had his Head suddenly chopt off, and his Body mangled very terribly. Allart Schouten being chosen Governor in Dorth’s stead, took no care to fortifie the City; and after his Decease his Brother William Schouten succeeding him, regarded it less, so that all things went to ruine, every one striving onely to enrich themselves. Amongst other Booties, they took the rich laden Vessel which Francisco de Sarmiento, Governor of Chili, brought to St. Salvador, with fifty eight thousand Guilders, and a much greater sum of Gold and Pearls, all which was imbezled away. This City St. Salvador, built by Thomas de Sosa along the Sea-side, runs up broad at the Suburb Carmo, hath four Market-places, into the biggest whereof, being of a long square, run nine Streets, the chief of which being very broad, hath many stately Houses. The second Market- place is of like form, onely it winds a little towards the Right, and at the Entrance stands a strong Prison. The Cloyster St. Francis, inhabited by Jesuits, stands in a Park near the Wall by which the Moat runs. Towards the Sea-side they have a second Structure, much statelier than the Franciscan Cloyster. Near the Prison stands the Armory, and somewhat farther the great Church, which Anno 1624.
A great Fleet set out by the King of Spain for the recovery of St. Salvador. St. Salvador re- taken by the Spaniards from the Hollanders. was not quite finish’d. The Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary appears with a high Spire near the Gate Bento, without which the great Cloyster Bento is built; but the chief Church is St. Salvador. On the utmost Point towards the South-West of the City lies the Fort Antonio, between which and the City stands a very neat Pleasure- house, belonging to the Bishop. Besides Antonio there are four other considerable Forts, viz. Diego, St. Maria, De Gracia, and Vittoria. About half way between Vittoria and the Cloyster Bento, stands the Castle with four Bulwarks; but on the North-side the City is guarded by the Forts St. Peter, Philippo, and Tapecipe. The Spanish King seeming exceedingly concern’d at the loss of so eminent a Place, fitted out a great Fleet for the recovery of what had been taken from him; but the Netherland West-India Company having notice of it, put themselves into a posture of Defence, and in a short time made ready eighteen Men of War and seven Ketches, Mann’d with a thousand six hundred and ninety Seamen, and a thousand three hundred and fifty Land- Soldiers, John Dirkszoon Lam being Admiral: But news coming day after day of the extraordinary Preparations in Spain, it was judg’d convenient to strengthen the Fleet with fourteen Ships and two Ketches more, carrying a thousand four hundred and thirty Seamen, and five hundred eighty Soldiers, under the Command of General Boudewyn Henrickszoon, and Admiral Andries Veron. Moreover, the West-India Company fitted out a third Fleet, consisting of four Frigats and three Ketches, Commanded by Henry Kat, with Orders to Cruise along the Spanish Coast. In the beginning of the Year 1625. Frederick de Toledo weighed Anchor from Cales with one and thirty Gallions, four Pinnaces, three Tartans, and a Carvel, all carrying seventy five hundred Men. The Soldiers were divided into three Regiments, Commanded by the Colonels Pedro Osorio, Juan Orellana, and the Marquess De Torreclusa. Near St. Jago at the African Cape Verde, Toledo joyn’d with the Portuguese Fleet, consisting of twenty one Gallions and fourteen Carvels and Barques, Mann’d with four thousand Seamen, two Regiments of Soldiers, Commanded by
Antonio Nunnez Barreio, and Francisco de Almeida; but the chief Commander of this Fleet was Emanuel Meneses. Which great Fleet being arriv’d at St. Salvador, Toledo himself Landed at the Fort Antonio, leaving the Command of the Fleet to Juan Fajardo: The first thing he did, was to set upon the Cloyster Bento; which having gain’d, he left Serjeant Troppani with two Regiments in the same, whilest he went and Storm’d the Carmelites Minster, and at last took it; but in the mean time four hundred Hollanders Sallying out, made a furious Onset upon the two Regiments, who had possession of the Cloyster Bento, where the Spaniards sustain’d considerable damage; for besides the wounding of three Captains, and the loss of a great number of Soldiers, there were slain the Commanders Emanuel Aquitara, Alonso de Gana, Pedro San Stevan, Diego Espinosa, and Colonel Pedro Osorio; But Toledo no whit dismay’d hereat, but taking fresh courage, brought twenty nine Demi-Culverins ashore, which fir’d so vehemently out of the Carmelites and Bento’s Cloysters, on the seventeen Dutch Ships that lay near the Shore, that several of them were sunk, and others shatter’d beyond hopes of ever being repair’d. After this the Spanish Army was divided into three several Parties, which continually fir’d on the City from three new rais’d Works; the chiefest Party, which was in the Carmelites Minster, had twenty three Brass Guns; the second, plac’d on the great Wall of the Cloyster Bento, fir’d Night and Day with eight Demy-Cannons on the City, in which all things were in a confusion, whilest the Governor William Schouten went unconcern’d from one Tavern to another railing at the Soldiers, who thereupon mutinying and deposing him, chose Serjeant Hans Ernst Kyf in his room, who, as he was calling a Council of War, receiv’d a Summons from Toledo to deliver up the City; at which Kyf being much surpris’d, sent a Drummer with a Letter to Toledo, desiring him to grant the Besieged three Weeks time to repair and make fit their batter’d Vessels to carry them back for Holland; and also that they might, according to Martial Custom, march out with lighted Matches, flying Colours, Bullets in their Mouths, and with Bag and Baggage. To which Toledo return’d Answer, That he was now in his own Countrey, and had gotten possession of four Fortifications about St. Salvador, on which he had planted thirty seven Cannons, and therefore saw no such necessity to grant the Besieged (who could not possibly expect any fresh Supplies) such advantageous and bold Demands; and onely
The City Porto Rico surpriz’d by Henrickszoon. Capt. Uzeel slain. promis’d them their Lives should be at his discretion. Yet at last William Stoop, Hugh Antoniszoon, and Francis du Chesne being sent to the Carmelites Cloyster, agreed with Toledo on these Conditions: That the Hollanders should surrender St. Salvador in the Condition it was then in, march out unarm’d, but with Baggage, and have a free Passage with Provisions and all things necessary allow’d them for their Transportation for Holland. Whereupon on the first of May the City was deliver’d up to the Spaniards in such disorder, that some of them had taken possession of the Gate Bento, before those on the other side of the City knew of any Agreement that was made between Toledo and Colonel Kyf. And thus the Place which had a whole year been under the Jurisdiction of the Netherlanders, fell again under the possession of the Spanish Crown, onely through the indiscreet management of the Commanders; for otherwise it was sufficiently strong, and well stor’d with Ammunition and Men, being able to make out two thousand. Moreover, the Ketch De Haes, was set out before from the Holland Fleet, and brought news of the Forces that were sent from the Netherland Havens to their assistance: But the Ships under Admiral Lam, as also those under Boudewyn Henriczoon, were stay’d a considerable time in their Harbors by contrary Winds, and at last reaching the Line were becalm’d, and through the excessive heat of the Climate many Men lost by raging and mortal Distempers, insomuch that they reach’d not the Bay Todos los Sanctos before the twenty sixth of May, on which they saw the Spanish Flag streaming from the Walls of St. Salvador, and fifty great Ships riding at an Anchor near the Shore. The Netherland Fleet, divided into four Squadrons, consisted of thirty four Sail, amongst which Lam carry’d the Flag on the Main-top, the Vice-Admiral Adrian Cheszoon on the Fore-top, the Rere-Admiral Andries Veron on the Main-mast, and the Commander of the fourth Squadron on the Mizne-top: All of them seeing the Spaniards absolute Masters, judg’d it most convenient to put to Sea; but standing a pretty while to the South, they found that the strong Current drove them to the Shelves on the West-side of the Inlet; wherefore Tacking about, they made towards the Enemy, who at first seem’d to meet them with twenty eight great Ships, but returning towards the City, the Hollanders also stood to Sea again, Steering Southerly, though
without making much advantage in their Way, the Sea going very hollow, and the strong Current setting them towards the Shore, by which means they were in no small danger before the River Francisco, where many of the Men dy’d for want of fresh Provisions, and the number of the Sick increas’d daily, insomuch that some of the Ships were like to perish for want of Men to guide them: It was also judg’d dangerous to lie longer with such a great Fleet near a Lea- Shore, therefore they put into the Inlet Trayciaon, which lies a League to the Northward of the River Monguapigape, from whence a ridge of Rocks extends to Trayciaon, and being overflow’d at High- water, hath three Openings or Entrances, two for great Ships, and one, the most Northern, for small Vessels to pass through: The Sea also breaking against this Cliff never molests the Ships whatever Winds blow. The Countrey is overgrown with Brambles, and hath a Lake two Leagues long, and a quarter broad, on the opposite Shore of which stood a Village, inhabited by Portugueses and Brasilians; but the Portugueses flying from thence left the Brasilians in absolute possession: The Hollanders going thither found thirty Chests of Sugar in one Hut; after which the Admiral Lam caus’d his sick Men to be brought ashore, whilest the Captains Boshuisen, Swart, Dyke, Stapels, and Uzeel, march’d up into the Countrey, where they got plenty of Oranges and Cattel. In the mean time the Ketch Vosken, Mann’d with thirty six Seamen, Cruising along the Sea-Coast of Brasile, took three Ships, one out of the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, laden with Sugar and Tobacco, another with the same Merchandise from Pernambuco, and the third laden with Wines from Madera. On the first of August the Fleet set Sail again, to the great sorrow of the Brasilians, who out of hopes of being protected by them against the Portuguese, had joyn’d their Forces with theirs; but now being forsaken, they expected nothing but utter Ruine; which to escape, many of them desir’d to be admitted to go along with the Fleet, which had been granted them, had not the Hollanders wanted Provisions for themselves. The Fleet getting off at Sea, the Admiral Veron ran with twelve Sail to the Coast of Africa; and Boudewyn Henrickszoon kept eighteen Ships under his Command, the rest returning home with Admiral Lam: and thus the Fleet left the unfortunate Haven Trayciaon, where above seven hundred Dutch Seamen were bury’d. Boudewyn Henrickszoon refreshing at Cape St. Vincent, steer’d Westerly, when a Storm (which in twenty four hours blew from all
Points of the Compass) surprising him, broke his Main-mast, separated the whole Fleet, and sunk the Flushing Frigat; at last getting beyond the Isle Virgin Gorda, the Fleet meeting again, got to Juan de Porto Rico about the latter end of September; into whose Haven Henrickszoon Sail’d with great courage, notwithstanding the narrow Mouth thereof was guarded by a strong Fort full of Brass Guns, which fir’d very fiercely upon him, who on the other side was not idle in discharging his Guns on the Fort; and had not the shallow Water before the City prevented his Landing that day, he had gotten a far greater Booty than afterwards he met with; for the Inhabitants had, during the Low-water, remov’d all their best Goods: but the next Morning before Sun-rising, the Admiral Landed with eight hundred Men, march’d into the City without any resistance, pitch’d the States Flag on the Governor’s House, guarded all Avenues, unhoop’d all the Wine-Casks which he found there, for fear his Men should make themselves Drunk therewith, and so neglect their Duty, fir’d from the Land-side towards the Castle with three Brass Guns, gain’d the Redoubt, built for the security of the Bridge, which unites the small Isle on which Porto Rico is built with the great, rais’d a Platform, from whence he fir’d Day and Night with six Cannons, guarded by Captain Thyene, whilest the Commander Uzeel kept Watch near the Fort; but his Men being most of them sick, he could not do any great Exploits, especially since the Spaniards Sallying out, as they did daily, kill’d many of the Hollanders, and amongst them Captain Uzeel, after he had shot down two Turrets from the Castle, which damage the Enemy repair’d by taking several of the Hollanders Boats; by which means they could not prevent fresh Supplies from going to the Castle; the Besiegers in the mean time beginning daily to be in greater want for Ammunition and Provisions: whereupon Henrickszoon judg’d it convenient to sound a Retreat, after he had set the Ships belonging to the City Porto Rico on fire in four places. In which Retreat he receiv’d so many farewel Shots from the Fort, that they were forc’d to go to the Leeward to stop their Leaks, and leave one of their Ships to the Enemy, in lieu whereof the West-Capel Frigat took a Barque with four Brass Guns, in the little Haven Sierra Gorda; from whence the Fleet ran into the Western Bay of the Island Porto Rico, where whilest they repair’d and took in fresh Provisions, Henrickszoon sent the Ships Hester and Jonas richly laden for Holland; the remaining part of the Fleet meeting with strong
The Fort of Margarita taken by Henrickszoon. Henrickszoon dying, is succeeded by Adrian Cheszoon. contrary Tydes at Porto Rico, were necessitated to put into the Inlet Francisco, where they made several Marches up into the Countrey, to the loss of many of their Men, which were kill’d by the Spaniards, lying in Ambuscade amongst the Brambles that grew along by the Ways. In the middle of January, Anno 1626. Henrickszoon Sailing about the North of Porto Rico, steer’d to Dominico, and from thence along the Isles Martinigo, Luzia, and the Promontory De tres Puntas, towards the Island Margarita, where Landing, and Storming the Castle on the Land-side with fifteen Men, he gain’d the first Breastworks; but the Spaniards stopping up the Way along which they were to return, they had without doubt been all slain, had not the Captains Stapel and Estienne come to their assistance; for the Spaniards seeing them climbing up the Bulwarks, betook them to their Heels, after they had kill’d nine of the fore-mention’d fifteen, amongst whom were the Captains Urk and Molkman: of those that leap’d over into the Ditch most part escap’d; those few that were taken inform’d the Hollanders, That the Way towards the Village, inhabited by Spaniards, was every where stopt up with Barricado’s, through which none were able to pass. Henrickszoon thus become Master of the Fort, sent the Booty which he had gotten there, together with three Brass, and five Iron Guns, aboard of his Ship, blew up the Fort, burnt all the Houses, and ran into the Haven Muchina, to which he gave the Denomination of Port Maurice; where, besides a great number of dry’d Fish, he took forty Tun of Salt out of one Salt-pit. After this he taking in fresh Provisions at St. Fe, discover’d Aves, a low Isle full of high Trees, took above two hundred Sheep, and abundance of red Wood on Bonaire, and before the Coast a Spanish Frigat richly laden, made Inspections into the Havens of Hispaniola and Jamaica; from whence he fell back on the Coast of Porto Rico, about the Island Mona, where discovering four Spanish Ships, he took three of them, and burnt the fourth; he also got abundance of Tortoises and Crocodiles on the great Caiman, and took a new Ship between the little sandy Isles Caios, as also before Cuba a Barque, which inform’d him, That the Fleet from the Honduras, as also that from New Spain, was daily expected at Havana: Thence Sailing into
A strange kind of Baboon. the Haven Cabannas, he took a new Vessel of a hundred Tun, and abundance of Timber and Carpenters Tools on the Shore; he Landed also with seven hundred Men on the East-side of the Haven, from whence he march’d along a narrow Path a League up into the Countrey, where he found a running Stream, Pastures full of Cattel, and a Village, the Inhabitants whereof being warn’d by the Barking of their Dogs, fled, and left all manner of fresh Provisions to the Hollanders, viz. above two thousand Oranges, abundance of Lemmons, Bananas, Hogs, Calves, and Bacon; all which having sent aboard, they burnt the Village: After this they took a Spanish Barque before Havana, as also a Ship laden with Timber, another Barque with Poultry, Cochenile, Money, and Haberdashery Ware, one Vessel with live Tortoises, and another, full of Salt, dry’d Fish, and some Merchandise. While the Fleet was thus Cruising up and down before Havana, the Admiral Henrickszoon dy’d; a Man of most approv’d Valor, and of great Conduct: After which Adrian Cheszoon carry’d the Flag; but the Men mutinying about the dividing of the Provisions, which began to grow very scarce, all things fell into great disorder; the Seamen rebell’d against their Commanders, saying, That they had been out long enough, and that they would not stay waiting any longer for the Fleet from New Spain or Honduras: Wherefore steering Home, they all arriv’d safe at the Texel and other places in Holland. In our foregoing Relation we have given you an Account of the Fleet which came to assist the City of St. Salvador, divided into two Squadrons; eighteen Sail Boudewyn Henrickszoon kept under his Command, and twelve Sail remain’d in the Admiral Veron’s Squadron, who Sail’d to the Inlet Serre Leona, where he found the Admiral John Dirkszoon Lam with three Ships, which had lay’n there above two Moneths, by reason of the Sickness amongst the Seamen. Frambore, King of this Place, granted Lam and Veron free liberty to Hunt, and to gather as many Oranges and Lemmons as they pleas’d, with which the Seamen were so refresh’d, that they set Sail again, and amongst many other things carry’d a Baboon with them from Sierra Leona, which so exactly resembled a Man, that it was wonderful to behold, having a Body, Hands, Eyes, Ears, Feet, and Actions like a Man,
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  • 1. Drafting And Negotiating Commercial Contracts 5th Edition Mark Anderson download https://ebookbell.com/product/drafting-and-negotiating- commercial-contracts-5th-edition-mark-anderson-47840846 Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com
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  • 8. Drafting and Negotiating Commercial Contracts Fifth Edition By Mark Anderson Managing Partner, Anderson Law LLP and Victor Warner Solicitor, Anderson Law LLP
  • 9. BLOOMSBURY PROFESSIONAL Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc © Bloomsbury Professional 2023 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted by the authors, editors or publishers. All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright ©. All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright ©. This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3) except where otherwise stated. All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/, 1998-2023. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978 1 52651 724 1 Epdf: 978 1 52651 726 5 Epub: 978 1 52651 725 8 Typeset by Evolution Design & Digital Ltd (Kent) To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsburyprofessional. com. Here you will find extracts, author information, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our newsletters
  • 10. v Preface The first edition of this book was published 25 years ago. Its aim, then as now, was to provide a practical guide for contract drafters on a range of legal and commercial subjects. The first edition had six substantive chapters and there are now 11. The first edition ran to 160 pages (plus extracts from legislation), and the current edition runs to 454 pages. Now that most legislation and case law is available online from a UK Government website, it is no longer useful to include extracts in textbooks. The fifth edition includes a new chapter on terminating an agreement. This may require as much care as drafting the agreement. For example, if a party believes the other is in breach, it will need to carry out a fact-finding exercise to find out what has occurred during the life of the agreement, and compare this with the relevant obligations in the agreement. It may need to consider other provisions of the agreement, including those dealing with waiver, entire agreement, termination and notices, as well as underlying law (eg on waiver and variation by conduct). Any notice of breach or termination will need to be carefully drafted, correctly addressed as per the notices clause, and take account of any time periods stated in the termination and notices clauses. The aim of this new chapter is to set out the main issues that the contract drafter will usually need to consider. Developments in the law The first edition appeared just before publication of the judgments of the House of Lords in Investors’ Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society. The five principles elaborated in that case have had a profound effect on the way the courts interpret commercial contracts. Even more significant has been the trilogy of Supreme Court decisions in Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank, Arnold v Britton and Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd. These judgments are cited in many of the recent cases on the interpretation of commercial contracts. However, the five principles from the Investors case, as the judgment itself acknowledges, are no more than a summation or reformulation of principles drawn from earlier case law (some of which are discussed in the first edition of this book). These judgments can be viewed as part of a trend towards a more liberal approach to interpreting contracts, particularly in the area of liability clauses. Several generations ago, the courts intervened more in deciding that liability clauses were not enforceable. Often, they did this by finding technical flaws
  • 11. vi in the drafting, which led to drafters using increasingly legalistic wording in liability clauses, to try to remedy the supposed defects in conventional drafting that the courts had found. The need for this intervention has gradually reduced. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 introduced controls over what could be included in both business and consumer contracts. More recently, EU-derived legislation has provided more extensive protection for consumer contracts, most recently in the Consumer Rights Act 2015. Senior judges are now taking a more ‘commercial’ approach and are less inclined to reject limitation of liability clauses in business-to-business contracts on technical grounds, particularly where they consider the parties to be of similar bargaining power. However, there are limits to this approach. The English courts are still primarily focused on ascertaining the precise linguistic meaning of the words used in the contract, even if they use techniques sometimes to relax the rigour of this approach, such as those developed in the judgments mentioned above. Practice developments Since the publication of the first edition of this book, most documents in commercial contracts are drafted, commented on and exchanged electronically; but a noticeable trend over the last 25 years, is the flattening or reduction in the time available to prepare and review contracts. A recent development is the way many agreements are signed, using signing technologies such as DocuSign or Adobe Sign. Modern commercial contracts may be written in clearer English than they were 25 years ago (on the whole), but the complexity of individual clauses and the length of contracts has increased. The increased pressures to get the deal done and reduce the number of steps and people involved only make it harder to achieve a well-drafted and logically coherent contract. There are no quick fixes to this issue – other than the training of contract drafters, and the development of well-drafted templates, procedures and policies (as suggested in Chapter 4). We would like to thank the following from Anderson Law for their assistance with proof-reading (Christina Turner, Genny Armstrong and Joshua Billingham) and research (Stefano Incarbone), and Claire Banyard for her work in editing this book. Any errors that remain are the sole responsibility of the authors. Mark Anderson and Victor Warner, Anderson Law LLP www.andlaw.eu January 2023
  • 12. vii Contents Prefacev Table of Statutes xvii Table of Statutory Instruments xxi Table of Cases xxiii Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 1 Key points 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Checklists for legally binding contracts 3 1.2.1 Checklist for formation of the contract 4 1.2.2 Checklist of what will make a contract invalid or void 12 1.2.3 Checklist of matters which might make the contract or particular provisions unenforceable 13 1.2.4 Examples of when a contract will be found 16 1.3 Pre-contractual documents 18 1.3.1 Introduction 18 1.3.2 Terminology 18 1.3.3 Types of document 19 1.4 Must the contract be in writing? 24 1.5 Other requirements as to the form of the contract: advantages of deeds 25 1.5.1 Use of seals 27 1.6 No formalities for execution of contracts under hand 27 1.7 Formalities for execution of deeds by individuals 29 1.8 Formalities for execution of deeds by UK companies formed or regulated by the Companies Act 2006 30 1.9 Formalities for execution of deeds and contracts under hand (made under English law) by foreign companies 32 1.10 Signing before the provisions of the agreement are finalised (or other situations when a signature page is signed separately from the rest of an agreement) 32 1.10.1 Documents which are deeds or are contracts for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land 35 1.10.2 Documents which are contracts and are not signed as deeds 35 1.11 The use of electronic signatures 37 1.12 Information that a party needs to include about itself in contractual and non-contractual documents 40 Chapter 2 The structure and format of the contract 41 Key points 41 2.1 Introduction 42
  • 13. Contents viii 2.2 Main elements of a typical contract document 43 2.3 Title 44 2.4 Date of agreement 46 2.4.1 Which date should be inserted? 47 2.4.2 Reasons for dating an agreement 47 2.4.3 What format to use for the date 48 2.4.4 Not adding a date of agreement 48 2.4.5 Date of agreement and the effective date (or the commencement date) 49 2.5 Names and addresses of the parties 49 2.6 Recitals or background 55 2.6.1 Purpose of recitals 56 2.6.2 What not to include in the recitals 56 2.6.3 Are recitals needed at all? 57 2.6.4 Wording to use, and not use, in a recital 57 2.6.5 Layout and number of recitals 58 2.6.6 Recitals and overseas practice 58 2.7 Operative provisions—introductory wording 59 2.8 Definitions 60 2.8.1 Location of definitions 61 2.8.2 Introductory wording 62 2.8.3 Use of capital letters 63 2.8.4 Order of definitions 63 2.9 Conditions precedent and subsequent 64 2.10 Sequence of clauses 67 2.11 Schedules 67 2.12 Signing the agreement 69 2.12.1 Execution clauses 70 2.12.2 Signature blocks 71 2.13 Clause numbering 73 2.14 Headings 75 2.15 Engrossments (final version ready for signature) and counterparts 76 2.16 Alternative formats—letter agreements; terms in schedules 77 2.16.1 Letter agreements 77 2.16.2 Provisions set out in a schedule 78 2.17 Obsolete drafting conventions 78 Chapter 3 Contract drafting techniques 81 Key points 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.1.1 Legal interpretation 81 3.1.2 Intelligibility 83 3.2 The topics this chapter covers 84 3.3 Stating obligations clearly—who, what, when (and how) 85 3.4 Active and passive 88 3.5 Indicative and subjunctive 89 3.6 Avoiding jargon and archaic language 90 3.6.1 Old fashioned words and jargon 90 3.6.2 ‘Acceptable’ legal jargon 92
  • 14. Contents ix 3.6.3 Using pairs of words when one will do 93 3.6.4 Use of Latin 94 3.6.5 Other jargon 95 3.7 Simplest forms 96 3.8 Plain, intelligible style (particularly for consumer contracts) 97 3.9 Definitions and consistent use of words 101 3.9.1 Means 102 3.9.2 Includes 103 3.9.3 Excludes 104 3.10 Avoiding unnecessary words 105 3.11 The use of pronouns (in non-consumer contracts) 105 3.12 Numbers 106 3.13 Formulas and the like 107 3.13.1 Formulas expressed mathematically 107 3.13.2 Formulas expressed in words 108 3.13.3 Formulas—suggestions 109 3.14 Sentence structure and length 111 3.15 Word order and use of punctuation 114 3.16 Conciseness and comprehensiveness 117 3.17 Length of individual clauses 118 3.18 Layout, use of paragraphs and tabulation 118 3.19 Size of typeface, justification, line length, and use of white space 120 3.20 Use of headings 121 3.21 Logical sequence of clauses 121 3.22 Grouping of clauses 122 3.23 Use of schedules 122 3.24 The question of gender 123 Chapter 4 Advanced drafting techniques 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 The role of the contract drafter 127 4.2.1 First role: contract drafting 127 4.2.2 Second role: helping the client achieve their commercial objectives 127 4.3 Using negotiating and drafting policies 129 4.3.1 Areas that a policy should cover 129 4.3.2 An example 129 4.3.3 Commercial advantages of having a policy 130 4.4 Agreements with a large number of parties 131 4.5 International negotiations 131 4.6 The law in drafting and negotiating agreements 134 4.6.1 Knowledge of contract law 134 4.6.2 Other laws 134 4.6.3 Policies, checklists and workflows 134 Chapter 5 Basic commercial/legal issues affecting contract drafting 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Who should the parties be? 140
  • 15. Contents x 5.2.1 Related material 141 5.3 Commencement, duration, extension of term 141 5.3.1 Related material 143 5.4 Main commercial obligations 143 5.4.1 Related material 144 5.5 ‘Best endeavours’, ‘reasonable endeavours’, ‘all reasonable endeavours’ (and absolute obligations) 145 5.5.1 Measuring the effort needed 145 5.5.2 Use of the ‘best endeavours’ obligation 146 5.5.3 All reasonable endeavours 152 5.5.4 How to deal with best and reasonable endeavours provisions? 152 5.5.5 Related materials 153 5.6 Payment provisions 154 5.6.1 Related materials 155 5.7 Warranties 156 5.7.1 Related material 157 5.8 Liability and indemnities 158 5.8.1 Related material 158 5.9 Confidentiality and announcements 159 5.9.1 Keeping the information that the parties wish to disclose to each other confidential 159 5.9.2 Keeping the agreement confidential 161 5.9.3 Announcements 161 5.9.4 Related material 162 5.10 Termination and consequences of termination 162 5.10.1 Terminating the agreement 162 5.10.2 Specifying the length of the agreement and termination 163 5.10.3 Termination for breach 163 5.10.4 Termination for insolvency or bankruptcy 164 5.10.5 Specifying the content of a notice for termination 164 5.10.6 What is to happen on termination of an agreement 165 5.10.7 Related material 165 5.11 Boilerplate clauses 166 5.11.1 Notices 166 5.11.2 Force majeure 170 5.11.3 Entire agreement 171 5.11.4 Assignment of rights, transferring obligations and delegation172 5.11.5 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 174 5.12 Law and jurisdiction 176 5.12.1 Related material 177 5.13 Who signs the contract—are they authorised to do so? 177 5.13.1 Related material 179 Chapter 6 Interpretation of contracts by the courts—implications for the drafter/negotiator 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Establishing the terms of the contract and their meaning 182
  • 16. Contents xi 6.3 Interpreting a given set of contract terms 183 6.4 General approach of the courts to interpreting contracts 186 6.4.1 How a court should interpret a contractual provision? 186 6.4.2 Intentions of the parties 192 6.4.3 Relevance of past court decisions 193 6.5 Which terms comprise the contract 194 6.5.1 The terms set out in the contractual documents 194 6.5.2 Pre-contract negotiations, drafts of an agreement and deleted provisions 197 6.5.3 Amendments to standard form agreements in common use201 6.5.4 Post-execution deletions or amendments 201 6.5.5 The parol evidence rule, collateral contracts and misrepresentations203 6.5.6 The meaning of words used in contract terms 206 6.5.7 Ordinary, dictionary meaning of words 208 6.5.8 Commercial contracts 210 6.5.9 Legal terms of art and lawyers’ jargon 214 6.5.10 Scientific and technical terms 216 6.5.11 Special meanings ‘in the industry’ 218 6.5.12 Special meanings given by the parties and defined terms 219 6.5.13 Interpreting express contract terms 221 6.5.14 Documents should be read as whole and all parts of the document should be effective 222 6.5.15 Give effect to all parts of the document 224 6.5.16 Special conditions override standard conditions 225 6.5.17 Hierarchy of clauses 227 6.5.18 The ejusdem generis (‘of the same kind’) rule 229 6.5.19 Unclear contract wording will be construed against the interests of the grantor or the party which benefits from the wording (‘contra proferentem’) 232 6.5.20 The court is unlikely to interpret the contract so as to allow a party to take advantage of his own wrongdoing unless clear wording is used 233 6.5.21 Implied terms 237 6.5.22 Terms implied by statute 240 6.5.23 Special rules for exemption clauses 248 6.6 The five principles from Investors’ Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society273 Chapter 7 Drafting consumer contracts 275 Key points 275 7.1 Introduction and key developments 276 7.1.1 The purpose of this chapter 276 7.2 The unfair term provisions: an introduction 279 7.2.1 Checklist: when the unfair term provisions do not apply 282 7.2.2 Checklist: basic factors to consider when preparing terms and conditions 283 7.3 Checklist of other legislation relevant to drafting consumer contracts291
  • 17. Contents xii 7.3.1 Contracts 291 7.3.2 Notices 293 7.3.3 Other 294 7.4 General points about the applicability of the unfair term provisions295 7.4.1 Who is a trader? 295 7.4.2 Who is a consumer? 296 7.4.3 Does the CRA only apply to where a trader provides goods, digital content or services to a consumer? 299 7.4.4 Who has the burden of proving a person is not a consumer299 7.4.5 Contract terms which reflect mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions 300 7.4.6 Core terms 301 7.4.7 Use of language which is plain, intelligible and legible in written contracts and, where relevant, prominent 306 7.5 Checklist of types of contract terms which are likely to be unfair 310 7.6 Words which should not appear in a consumer contract 315 7.7 Appendix: Consumer Rights Act 2015, Sch 2 316 Chapter 8 Legal terms and lawyers’ jargon 321 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Terms defined by statute 324 8.3 Expressions of time 324 8.3.1 Actions to be taken within a specified time period 324 8.3.2 Actions to be taken ‘forthwith’ or ‘immediately’ or ‘as soon as possible’ 328 8.3.3 ‘From time to time’; ‘for the time being’ 329 8.3.4 Other ‘time’ expressions that parties sometimes use 330 8.4 Other legal terms used in contracts 331 8.4.1 Agreement and contract 331 8.4.2 And/or 332 8.4.3 As amended 333 8.4.4 Assignment and novation 333 8.4.5 Best endeavours, all reasonable endeavour,s and reasonable endeavours (as well as absolute obligations) 335 8.4.6 Boilerplate 336 8.4.7 Breach and non-performance 338 8.4.8 Cash 338 8.4.9 Change of control 338 8.4.10 Comfort letter 339 8.4.11 Competition and anti-trust 340 8.4.12 Completion and closing 340 8.4.13 Conditions precedent and conditions subsequent 341 8.4.14 Confidential, confidentiality 341 8.4.15 Consent 342 8.4.16 Consideration 343 8.4.17 Consult 343 8.4.18 Covenants 344 8.4.19 Deemed 344 8.4.20 Delivery 345
  • 18. Contents xiii 8.4.21 Due diligence 345 8.4.22 Disclosure letter 346 8.4.23 Engrossments 346 8.4.24 Escrow 347 8.4.25 Exclusive, sole and non-exclusive licences 347 8.4.26 Exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction 349 8.4.27 Execution and executed 349 8.4.28 Expiry 349 8.4.29 FOB, ex works, CIF, etc 349 8.4.30 Force majeure 350 8.4.31 Further assurance 350 8.4.32 Good faith/agreements to negotiate 350 8.4.33 Gross negligence 353 8.4.34 Group companies 353 8.4.35 Guarantees (and full title guarantee) 353 8.4.36 Hereby 353 8.4.37 Hereinafter and similar words 353 8.4.38 Including, including without limitation 354 8.4.39 Indemnity 354 8.4.40 Injunctions 354 8.4.41 Instrument 354 8.4.42 Intellectual property 354 8.4.43 Interpretation 356 8.4.44 Joint venture 357 8.4.45 Law and jurisdiction 358 8.4.46 Licence 358 8.4.47 Material and substantial 358 8.4.48 Merchantable quality 360 8.4.49 Mutatis mutandis 360 8.4.50 Negligence 360 8.4.51 Negotiate 361 8.4.52 Nominal sum 361 8.4.53 Notarisation 361 8.4.54 Notices 363 8.4.55 Notwithstanding 363 8.4.56 Penalties and liquidated damages 363 8.4.57 Person 364 8.4.58 Power of attorney 365 8.4.59 Procure 366 8.4.60 Provisos (‘provided that …’) 366 8.4.61 Real property 366 8.4.62 Reasonableness 367 8.4.63 Representations, warranties and undertakings 367 8.4.64 Satisfactory quality 368 8.4.65 Set-off and retention of title 368 8.4.66 Severance 369 8.4.67 Signed and use of signatures 369 8.4.68 Sub-contract 371 8.4.69 Subject to 371 8.4.70 Subject to contract 372
  • 19. Contents xiv 8.4.71 Such 373 8.4.72 Such consent not to be unreasonably withheld 374 8.4.73 Term and determine 376 8.4.74 Territory 376 8.4.75 Time of the essence 378 8.4.76 To the intent that 379 8.4.77 Unless the context requires otherwise 380 8.4.78 Waiver 380 8.4.79 Whatsoever 380 8.4.80 Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing 380 8.4.81 Without prejudice 381 Chapter 9 Termination 383 9.1 Introduction 383 9.2 The first step 384 9.2.1 Looking at the agreement the parties signed 384 9.2.2 The provisions a party will need to examine 384 9.3 What is to come 385 9.3.1 Disclosure and inspection of documents 385 9.3.2 Preservation of documents 386 9.3.3 Effort and timescale 387 9.4 Issues from the provisions of the agreement 387 9.4.1 Communication 388 9.4.2 Time periods 389 9.4.3 The contents of the notice 391 9.4.4 The quality of the breach 392 9.4.5 What happens at the end of a notice period? 393 9.4.6 Law and jurisdiction 393 9.5 Gathering the evidence 394 9.5.1 Finding out what’s been going on … 394 9.5.2 Records, documents and correspondence in control of a party 395 9.5.3 Records, documents and correspondence in the control of the other party 397 9.6 Contacting the insurers 397 Chapter 10 Techniques for checking contracts before signing them 399 10.1 Introduction 399 10.1.1 Obviousness and a step back in time 401 10.2 The top ten essential things to do (when you are right up against a deadline) 401 10.3 Things to do when there is time 403 10.3.1 Process steps 403 10.4 Factual information 405 10.4.1 Parties 405 10.4.2 Pricing and payment terms 406 10.4.3 References to official bodies, regulations, etc 407 10.4.4 Notices clauses 407 10.4.5 Start and termination dates (and other periods of time) 408
  • 20. Contents xv 10.4.6 Timing 409 10.4.7 Consequences of termination 410 10.4.8 Third parties 410 10.4.9 Law and jurisdiction 410 10.5 Proofing and formatting 410 10.5.1 Removal of version draft data 411 10.5.2 Figures and words 411 10.5.3 Cross referencing 412 10.5.4 Definitions 412 10.5.5 Schedules 413 10.5.6 Spell checking 414 10.5.7 Clearing the document of metadata 414 10.6 Catching the cheats, the use of revision marks and lesser crimes 416 10.6.1 How to deal with a ‘cheat’ 417 10.6.2 Not all ‘mis-use’ of revision marks is cheating 418 10.6.3 The settings 418 10.6.4 Stopping the cheating – the American way 419 10.7 Commercial issues 419 10.7.1 Other methods of considering commercial points 421 10.8 What to do if the agreement is signed and someone spots an error? 422 Chapter 11 Drafting, exchanging and protecting documents electronically 423 11.1 Introduction 423 11.2 Exchanging documents electronically 423 11.2.1 The problem 424 11.2.2 What to do about the problem 424 11.2.3 Should parties exchange drafts of agreements electronically at all—and how should they do so? 425 11.3 Metadata 427 11.3.1 What kind of information does metadata consist of? 428 11.3.2 Why is metadata important? 429 11.3.3 How to remove metadata 431 11.3.4 Should a lawyer look at the metadata in a document received from another party? 432 11.4 Electronic signatures 432 11.5 Email (and other forms of communications) policies 434 11.6 Security of files 435 11.6.1 Protection of individual documents 436 11.6.2 Protection of computer on which documents reside 438 11.7 And finally… 439 Appendix Sample Agreements 441 Index455
  • 22. xvii Table of Statutes Arbitration Act 1996 ........................1.2.2 s 5 ..................................................1.4 78 .................................................8.3.4 90 .................................................7.4.2 Bank and Financial Dealings Act 1971 s 1(1) .............................................8.3.4 Sch 1 .............................................8.3.4 Bills of Exchange Act 1882 s 3(1) .............................................1.4 73 ................................................1.4 83 ................................................1.4 Bribery Act 2010 ...............................1.2.2 Building Societies Act 1986 Sch 2, para 16 ...............................1.2.1 Sch 2, para 17 ...............................1.2.1 Capital Allowances Act 2001 s 466 ..............................................8.4.25 Companies Act 1985 s 43 ................................................1.5.1 244(1)(a) ....................................8.3.1 Companies Act 2006 s 1 .........................................1.2.1, 1.7, 1.8 2 ..................................................1.7, 1.8 3 ..................................................1.7, 1.8 39.................................................1.2.1 39(1) ...........................................1.2.1 40 ................................................1.2.1 40(1) ...........................................5.13 42 ................................................1.2.1 43(1)(a) ....................................1.2.1, 1.6 43(1)(b) ....................................1.2.1, 1.6 44 .....................................1.2.1, 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.2 44(1) ...........................................1.6 44(2) ...........................................1.6, 1.8 44(3) ...........................................1.6 44(4) ...........................................1.6, 1.8 44(5) ...........................................1.8 45(1) ...........................................1.6 46 ..............................................1.2.1, 1.8 49 ................................................1.6 444(2) .........................................8.3.1 861(4A) .......................................8.4.42 1159 .....................................8.4.3, 8.4.34 1161.............................................8.4.34 1171 ............................................1.7, 1.8 Competition Act 1998 ......................8.4.11 Consumer Credit Act 1974 ..............1.4, 3.8 Consumer Rights Act 2015 ....2.1, 3.8, 4.6.1, 6.5.23.8, 7.1 s 1(1) .............................................7.4.3 2(2) .............................................7.4.1 2(3) .....................................7.2.1.1, 7.4.2 2(4) .............................................7.4.4 2(5) .............................................7.2.1.1 2(7) .............................................7.4.1 9 ..................................................7.3.1 10 ................................................7.3.1 11 ................................................7.3.1 11(4) ...........................................7.3.3 12 ................................................7.3.1 13 ................................................7.3.1 14 ................................................7.3.1 15 ................................................7.3.1 16 ................................................7.3.1 17 ................................................7.3.1 28 ........................................7.2.2.3, 7.3.1 28(2) ...........................................8.4.20 28(6) ...........................................7.2.2.3 29 ................................................7.3.1 30 ................................................7.3.3 30(2)–(4).....................................7.3.3 31 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 31(2) ...........................................7.3.1 31(2)(a) ......................................7.2.2.3 31(3) ...................................7.2.2.3, 7.3.1 34 ................................................7.3.1 35 ................................................7.3.1 36 ................................................7.3.1 36(3) ...........................................7.3.3 37 ................................................7.3.1 41 ................................................7.3.1 47 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 47(2) ...........................................7.3.1 49 ................................................7.3.1 50 ................................................7.3.1 50(3) ...........................................7.3.3 51 ................................................7.3.1 52 ................................................7.3.1 57 ........................................7.2.2.2, 7.3.1 57(4) ...........................................7.3.1 57(5) ...........................................7.3.1 61(1) ...........................................7.4.3 61(2) ......................................7.2, 7.2.1.1 61(4) ......................................7.2, 7.2.2.3 61(6) ...........................................7.2.2.3
  • 23.  Table of Statutes xviii Consumer Rights Act 2015 – contd s 61(8) ...........................................7.2.2.3 ss 61–76 .........................................3.1.2 s 62(1) ...........................................7.2 62(2) ...........................................7.2 62(3) ...........................................7.2 62(4) ...........................7.2, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.5, 7.4.7.1 62(5) ............................7.2, 7.2.2.3, 7.3.2 63(1) ......................................7.2, 7.2.2.3 64.................................................7.4.5 64(1) .........................................7.2, 7.4.6 64(1)(a) ..............................7.2.1.2, 7.4.6 64(1)(b) ..............................7.2.1.2, 7.4.6 64(2) ........................................7.2, 7.4.6, 7.4.7.2 64(3) ...........................................7.4.7.1 64(4) ...........................................7.4.7.2 64(5) ...........................................7.4.7.2 65 ........................................1.2.3, 7.2.2.2 65(1)–(5) ....................................7.3.2 66 ................................................7.2.2.2 67 ................................................7.2 68 ................................................7.2 68(1) ...........................................7.4.7.1 68(2) ...........................................7.4.7.1 69(1) ......................................7.2, 7.4.7.1 69(2) ...........................................7.4.7.1 71 ................................................7.2 73.................................................7.4.5 73(1) ...................................7.2.1.2, 7.4.5 74(1) ...........................................7.2 91(1) ...........................................7.2.2.3 91(2) ...........................................7.2.2.3 Sch 1 .............................................7.2 Sch 2 .............................7.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.2.1, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.6, 7.6, 7.7 Annex A ........................................7.2.2.1 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 ..........................1.2.1, 2.5, 5.2, 8.4.6, 10.4.8 s 1(1) .............................................5.11.5 1(3) .............................................5.11.5 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ..........................................8.4.42 s 90 ................................................8.4.60 90(3) ...........................................1.4 92(1) ...........................................8.4.25 Corporation Tax Act 2009 s 712(3) .........................................8.4.42 Corporation Tax Act 2010 s 584 ..............................................8.4.44 Costs of Leases Act 1958 s 1 ..................................................6.5.11 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 ..... 1.2.2 Electronic Communications Act 2000 ..........................................11.4 s 7 ..................................................8.4.67 Enterprise Act 2002 s 129 ..............................................8.4.1 European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 s 3(1) .............................................1.11 Family Law Reform Act 1969 s 1(1) .............................................1.2.1 1(2) .............................................8.2 Finance Act 1995 Sch 28, para 9 ...............................8.4.23 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 s 9 ..................................................2.4.1 Freedom of Information Act 2000 ....... 2.11, 5.9.2 s 3 ..................................................2.13 Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 s 7A ................................................1.2.1 7B ................................................1.2.1 Insolvency Act 1986 s 436 ..............................................2.8.2 Interpretation Act 1978 s 5 .................................................1.11, 8.2 6 ..................................................8.2 17(2)(a) ......................................8.4.3 22 ................................................8.4.57 22(1) ...........................................8.4.74 23 ................................................8.4.57 Sch 1 ............................................1.11, 8.2 Sch 2, para 5(a) ............................8.4.74 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 s 1 ..................................................5.6 2(1) .............................................5.6 5 ..................................................5.6 8(1) .............................................5.6 Law of Property Act 1925 ................8.4.77 s 41 ................................................8.4.75 58 ................................................6.5.1.2 61 ......................8.2, 8.3.1, 8.4.43, 8.4.57 76 ................................................8.2 136(1) .........................................1.4 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 ................6.5.22.6 s 1(1) .............................................1.7 1(1)(b) ........................................1.5.1 1(2A) ...........................................1.7 1(2)(b) ........................................1.7 1(3) ............................................1.7, 1.11 1(3)(b) ........................................1.7 1(4) .............................................1.11 2 ..............................................1.4, 8.4.70 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1994 ................8.2
  • 24.  Table of Statutes xix Limitation Act 1980 s 5 ..................................................1.5 Marine Insurance Act 1906 .............1.4 Mental Capacity Act 2005 s 67(1) ...........................................1.2.1 Sch 6, para 24 ...............................1.2.1 Misrepresentation Act 1967 ..........4.6.1, 6.3 s 3 ..................................................6.5.23.9 National Debt (Stockholders Relief) Act 1892 .......................8.3.4 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 ..........6.5.23.8 Occupiers’ Liability Act (Northern Ireland) 1957 ...........................6.5.23.8 Partnerships Act 1891 ......................8.4.44 Patents Act 1977 ...............................8.4.42 s 30 ................................................8.4.60 30(6) ...........................................1.4 130(1) .........................................8.4.25 Plant Varieties Act 1997 ...................8.4.42 Powers of Attorney Act 1971 ...........8.4.58 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 s 289(6) .........................................8.4.8 Registered Designs Act 1949 ...........8.4.42 s 15B(3) ........................................1.4 Sale of Goods Act 1979 ............4.6.1, 6.5.22, 6.5.22.6, 6.5.23.2, 7.2.1.1 s 2(1) .............................................6.5.22.1 2(4) .............................................6.5.22.1 2(5) .............................................6.5.22.1 8(2) .............................................1.2.4 10(1) ...........................................8.4.75 10(2) ...........................................8.4.75 12 ....................................6.5.21, 6.5.22.1 12(1) .........................6.5.22.1, 6.5.22.1.2 12(2)(a) ......................................6.5.22.1 12(2)(b) ......................................6.5.22.1 12(3) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(4) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(5) ...........................................6.5.22.1 12(5A) .........................................6.5.22.1 13 .............................................6.5.22.1.5 13(1A) ......................................6.5.22.1.5 13(2) ........................................6.5.22.1.5 14 ............................................6.5.22.1.2, 6.5.22.1.3, 6.5.22.1.5, 8.4.64 14(2) ............................6.5.13, 6.5.22.1.2 14(2A) ......................................6.5.22.1.2 14(2B) ......................................6.5.22.1.2 14(2C) .....................................6.5.22.1.2 14(3) ........................................6.5.22.1.3 14(6).........................................6.5.22.1.3 15 ............................................6.5.22.1.4, 6.5.22.1.5 Sale of Goods Act 1979 – contd s 15(3) ........................................6.5.22.1.4 15A ...........................................6.5.22.1.5 29(2) ...........................................8.4.20 Senior Courts Act 1981 s 72(5) ...........................................8.4.42 Stamp Act 1891 s 122 ..............................................8.4.41 Statute of Frauds 1677 .....................1.11 s 4 ..................................................1.4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 ..................................4.6.1, 6.5.22, 6.5.22.6, 7.2.1.1 s 1 ..................................................6.5.22.3 6 ..................................................6.5.22.4 7 ..................................................6.5.22.4 8 ..................................................6.5.22.4 9(1) .............................................6.5.22.4 9(2) .............................................6.5.22.4 9(5) .............................................6.5.22.4 10 ................................................6.5.22.4 10A ..............................................6.5.22.4 10A(3) .........................................6.5.22.4 11 ................................................6.5.22.4 11(3) ...........................................6.5.22.4 12 ................................................6.5.22.5 13 ................................................6.5.22.5 14 ................................................8.4.75 14(1) ...........................................1.2.4 15 ................................................6.5.22.5 15(1) ...........................................1.2.4 16 ................................................6.5.22.5 16(2) ...........................................6.5.22.5 Trade Marks Act 1994 ......................8.4.42 s 22 ................................................8.4.60 23(3) ...........................................1.4 29 ................................................8.4.25 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 ..4.6.1, 6.3, 6.5.22.4, 6.5.23.1, 7.2.1.1 s 1(2) ............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 2 .................................................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.8.2, 6.5.23.10 2(1) ........................................1.2.3, 7.3.2 2(3) ...........................................6.5.23.10 3 ..................................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.9, 6.5.23.10, 8.4.65 6 ..................................................6.5.23.8 6(1) .........................................6.5.22.1.1, 6.5.22.1.5 6(1A) .......................................6.5.22.1.2, 6.5.22.1.4, 6.5.22.1.5, 6.5.23.8.1 7 ..................................................6.5.23.8 7(1A) ........................................6.5.23.8.1
  • 25.  Table of Statutes xx Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 – contd s 11 ..............................................6.5.23.10 11(2) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(3) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(4) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 11(5) ........................................6.5.23.8.1 26 ...............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 26(3) ...........................................6.5.23.8 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 – contd 27(1) ...........................................6.5.23.8 27(2) ...........................................6.5.23.8 Sch 1 ............................6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 Sch 2 .........................................6.5.23.8.1, 6.5.23.10 Union with Scotland Act 1706 art 1 ...............................................8.4.74
  • 26. xxi Table of Statutory Instruments Civil Procedure Rules (SI 1998/3132) ...............................3.7 r 2.2 ..............................................8.4.78 16.6 .............................................8.4.65 31.2 .............................................9.3.1 31.3 .............................................9.3.1 31.4 .............................................9.3.1 31.6 .............................................9.3.1 31.7 .............................................9.3.1 31.8 .............................................9.3.1 Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 (SI 1993/3053) reg 3 .............................................1.4 Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/3229) reg 2 .............................................1.2.1 Sch 1 .............................................1.6, 1.8 Sch 1, art 3 ...................................1.2.1 Sch 1, art 5 ...................................1.2.1 Sch 1, art 8 ...................................1.2.1 Company, Limited Liability Partnership and Business (Names and Trading Disclosures) Regulations 2015 (SI 2015/17) reg 24 ...........................................2.5 24(1) ..........................................1.12 24(1)(g) .....................................1.12 25 ..............................................2.5 28 ..............................................2.5 29(c) ..........................................2.5 Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/3134) ............... 4.6.1, 7.1.1, 7.3.3, 7.4.2 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/1277) .....................6.5.23.8, 7.3.3 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/2334) ...............................6.5.22.6 Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/2013) .........................7.1.1 Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/89) ...................................1.11 Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/318) ..................11.4 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Rate of Interest) (No 3) Order 2002 (SI 2002/1675) art 4 ..............................................5.6 Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations and Non- Contractual Obligations (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/834) .................................5.12 Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Companies Act 2006) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/1804) ...............................1.8 Overseas Companies (Execution of Documents and Registration of Charges) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/1917) ...............................1.7, 1.9 Package Travel, Package Holiday and Package Tours Regulations 1992 (SI 1992/3288) ................6.5.22.6 Price Marking Order 2004 (SI 2004/102) reg 3(1)(a) ....................................7.3.3 Provision of Services Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/2999) ................7.1.1 Regulatory Reform (Registered Designs) Order 2006 (SI 2006/1974) ...............................8.4.42 Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/3045) .........................6.5.22.6 Trade Secrets (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2018 (SI 2018/597) ..........................4.6.2, 8.4.14 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/2083) ..................... 2.1, 7.2, 7.4.2, 7.4.6
  • 28. xxiii Table of Cases A E Farr Ltd v Admiralty [1953] 1 WLR 965 ................................................................ 6.5.23.3 Ace Capital Ltd v CMS Energy Corporation [2008] EWHC 1843 (Comm) .............. 6.5.16 ACON Equity Management, LLC v Apple Bidco Ltd [2019] EWHC 2750 (Comm) .6.5.7 African Export-Import Bank and others v Shebah Exploration and Production Co Ltd and others [2017] EWCA Civ 845; [2018] 1 WLR 487 ................................. 6.5.23.8 Ageas (UK) Ltd v Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd [2013] EWHC 3261 (QB) ................................. 6.5.9 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd [1972] 1 All ER 280 .................................................................... 8.4.17 AIB Group (UK) plc (formerly Allied Irish Banks plc and AIB Finance Ltd) v Martin and another [2001] UKHL 63 .............................................................................. 2.5 Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd and Securicor (Scotland) Ltd [1983] 1 All ER 101, HL ........................................................................................ 6.5.23.1 Air Transworld Ltd v Bombardier In [2012] EWHC 243 (Comm) ............. 6.5.23.2, 6.5.23.8 Airtours Holidays Transport Ltd v Revenue and Customs [2016] UKSC 21 .............. 6.5.21 AJ Building and Plastering Ltd v Turner [2013] EWHC 484 (QB) ............................ 7.4.7.1 Akici v LR Butlin Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 1296 ............................................................. 6.5.9 Alchemy Estates v Astor [2008] EWHC 2675 (Ch) ...................................................... 6.5.16 Alfovos Shipping Co SA v Pagnan and Lli, The Afovos [1983] 1 All ER 449, HL ..... 8.3.1 Alghussein Establishment v Eton College [1988] 1 WLR 587, HL ............................. 6.5.20 Ali v Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago [2017] UKPC 2 .......................... 6.5.21 Allardyce v Roebuck [2004] EWHC 1538 (Ch), [2004] 3 All ER 754 ........................ 8.4.75 AMEC Foster Wheeler Group Ltd v Morgan Sindall Professional Services Ltd [2015] EWHC 2012 (TCC) ................................................................................... 2.6.2 Amiri Flight Authority v BAE Systems plc [2003] EWCA Civ 1447 .............. 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.8 Amlin Corporate Member Ltd v Oriental Assurance Corpn [2014] EWCA Civ 1135 ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.6.1, 6.5.8 Ampuris NU Homes Holdings Ltd v Telford Homes (Creekside) Ltd [2012] EWHC 1820 (Ch) ........................................................................................................ 5.5.2, 8.4.21 Anglo Continental Educational Group (GB) Ltd v Capital Homes (Southern) Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 218 ............................................................................................ 6.5.20.1 Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB; The Antaios [1984] 3 All ER 229 ........6.5.8, 6.5.20.1, 6.6 Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36 .......................................................3.1.1, 3.13.3, 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8 Árpád Kásler and Hajnalka Káslerné Rábai v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt C-26/13 [2014] 2 All ER (Comm) 443 ............................................................................................. 7.4.6, 7.4.7.1 Artillery Mansions Ltd v Macartney [1949] 1 KB 164, CA .......................................... 8.4.47 Artpower Ltd v Bespoke Couture Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1696, [2006] All ER (D) 35 (Nov) ...................................................................................................................... 5.10.3 Aspdin v Austin (1844) 1 QB 671 ................................................................................. 6.5.17.2 Astor Management AG v Atalaya Mining plc [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm) ........... 5.5.1, 5.5.2 Astrazeneca UK Ltd v Albemarle International Corporation and another [2011] EWHC 1574 (Comm) ............................................................................. 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.6 Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10 ........................... 6.5.21 Attrill v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 394 ............................................. 1.2.1 Ault Wiborg Paints Ltd v Sure Service Ltd (1983) Times, 2 July ............................ 5.5.2 Australian Broadcasting Commission v Australian Performing Right Association Ltd (1973) 129 CLR 99 .......................................................................................... 6.5.20.1
  • 29.  Table of Cases xxiv AXA Sun Life Services plc v Campbell Martin Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 133 ................ 6.5.23.9 AXA Sun Life Services plc v Campbell Martin Ltd and others and other appeals [2011] EWCA Civ 133 5.11.3, 8.4.65 B Davis Ltd v Tooth Co Ltd [1937] 4 All ER 118, PC .............................................. 5.5.2 BAI (Run Off) Limited (In Scheme of Arrangement) and others v Durham and others [2012] UKSC 14 ......................................................................................... 6.5.1.3 Bains v Arunvill Capital Ltd and another [2020] EWCA Civ 545 ............................... 8.4.47 Bairstow Eves London Central Ltd v Smith [2004] EWHC 263 (QB) ........................ 7.4.6 Baldry v Marshall Ltd [1925] 1 KB 260, [1924] All ER Rep 155, CA ......................... 6.5.23.2 Baldwin Francis Ltd v Patents Appeal Tribunal [1959] 1 QB 105, HL [1959] 2 All ER 433 .................................................................................................................... 6.5.10 Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liq) v Ali [2001] UKHL 8 ............6.4.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.6.1, 6.6 Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548 .. 1.2.1 Barclays Bank plc v HHY Luxembourg SARL [2010] EWCA Civ 1248 ............ 6.5.8, 6.5.20.1 Barnardo’s v Buckinghamshire [2016] EWCA Civ 1064 ............................................. 6.5.6.1 Bassano v Toft [2014] EWHC 377 (QB) ....................................................................... 1.11 Bates and others v Post Office Ltd [2019] EWHC 606 (QB) .............5.4.32, 6.5.19, 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.8.1 Baybut v Eccle Riggts Country Park Ltd [2006] All ER (D) 161 (Nov) ...................... 7.4.5 Bayoil SA v Seawind Tankers Corpn [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 392 ........................... 6.5.16 BDW Trading Ltd (t/a Barratt North London) v JM Rowe (Investments) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 548 ........................................................................................................ 6.5.20 Beaufort Developments (NI) Ltd v Gilbert-Ash (NI) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 266 ............... 6.5.15 Bedford Police Authority v Constable [2009] EWCA Civ 64 ....................................... 6.5.9 Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 ............................................................................ 1.2.3 Benincasa v Dentalkit C-269/95 [1998] All ER (EC) 135 ........................................... 7.4.2 Benjamin Scarf v Alfred George Jardine (1882) 7 App Cas 345 ................................. 8.4.4 Berker Sportcraft Ltd’s Agreements, Re Hartnell v Berker Sportcraft Ltd (1947) 91 Sol Jo 409, (1947) 177 LT 420 ............................................................................... 5.3 Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58, HL ............................................................................ 8.4.77 Beta Investment SA v Transmedia Europe Inc [2003] EWHC 3066 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 133 (May) .................................................................................................. 8.4.70 Birks, Re [1900] 1 Ch 417 ............................................................................................. 6.5.14.2 BKK Mobil Oil Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts v Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV C-59/12 [2014] 2 CMLR 1 ..................................... 7.4.1 Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 3 All ER 25, CA .8.4.17 Blue Metal Industries Ltd v Dilley [1970] AC 827, PC ................................................ 8.4.43 Blue v Ashley [2017] EWHC 1928 (Comm) ................................................................. 1.2.1 BMIC Ltd v Sivasankaran [2014] EWHC 1880 (Comm) ............................................. 6.5.5 Boardman v Phipps [1966] 3 All ER 721. ..................................................................... 8.4.41 BOC Group plc v Centeon LLC [1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 970 .................................. 6.5.18 Bogdan Matei, Ioana Ofelia Matei v SC Volksbank România SA C-143/13 [2015] 1 WLR 2385 ....................................................................................................... 7.4.6, 7.4.7.1 Bond v British Telecommunications plc, a decision of the Walsall County Court, 28 March 2008 ............................................................................................................. 7.4.6 Boomsam v Clark and Rose Ltd (1983) SLT 67 ........................................................... 6.5.23.8 Bottin (International) Investments Ltd v Venson Group plc [2004] EWCA Civ 1368, [2004] All ER (D) 322 (Oct) ................................................................................. 5.11.1.2 Boufoy-Bastick v The University of the West Indies [2015] UKPC ............................. 8.3.1 BP Oil International Ltd v Target Shipping Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 196 .................... 6.5.21 Bradford Bingley v Rashid [2006] UKHL 37 ........................................................... 8.4.81 Bravo Maritime (Chartering) Est v Baroom, The Athinoula [1980] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 481 ................................................................................................................... 6.5.3, 6.5.16
  • 30.  Table of Cases xxv British Fermentation Products Ltd v Compair Reavell Ltd [1999] 2 All ER (Comm) 389 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.23.8 British Sugar plc v NEI Projects Ltd (1997) 87 BLR 52 ............................................. 6.5.23.10 BSkyB Ltd v HP Enterprise Services UK Ltd [2010] EWHC 86 (TCC) ...................... 6.5.23.9 Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 1 WLR 711 ................................................... 8.4.75 Burchell v Raj Properties Ltd [2013] UKUT 0443 (LC), ............................................ 2.17 Burrows Investments Ltd v Ward Homes Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 1577 ....................... 6.5.18 C J Clark Ltd v Inland Revenue Comrs [1973] 2 All ER 513 ................................... 8.4.69 C Czarnikow Ltd v Centrala Handlu Zagranicznego Rolimpex [1979] AC 351 ........ 2.9 Cable Wireless plc v Valentine [2005] EWCA Civ 806 ............................................. 1.2.1 Caledonia North Sea Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc (Scotland) and Others [2002] UKHL 4 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Caledonia North Sea Ltd v London Bridge Engineering Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 249. ......................................................................................................................... 8.4.4 Caledonian Railway Co v North British Railway Co (1881) 6 App Cas 114 ................ 6.5.6.1 Cammell Laird Co Ltd v Manganese Bronze and Brass Co Ltd [1934] AC 402, [1934] All ER Rep 1 ............................................................................................... 6.5.23.2 Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R [1952] AC 192, PC .................................................. 6.5.23.3 Capita (Banstead 2011) Ltd and others v RFIB Group Ltd [2014] EWHC 2197 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.23.3 Cargill International Trading Pte Ltd v Uttam Galva Steels Ltd [2019] EWHC 476 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.1 Cartwright v MacCormack [1963] 1 WLR 18, CA ........................................................ 8.3.1 Casehub Limited v Wolf Cola Limited [2017] EWHC 1169 (Ch) ............................ 7.1, 7.4.6 Casson v Ostley PJ Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1013, [2001] All ER (D) 340 (Jun) .......... 6.5.23.3 Cavanagh and others v Secretary of State for Work and Pension [2016] EWHC 1136 (QB) ....................................................................................................................... 5.2 Cavendish Square Holding BV v El Makdessi, ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis [2015] UKSC 67 ..................................................................................................................... 1.2.3, 8.4.56 Chamber Colliery Co v Hopwood (1886) 32 Ch D 549, CA ....................................... 6.5.14.1 Chandris v Isbrandsten-Moller Co Inc [1951] 1 KB 240 ............................................. 6.5.18 Charles Rickards Ltd v Oppenheim [1950] 1 KB 616, [1950] 1 All ER 420 .............. 8.4.75 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38 ....................... 3.13.2, 5.6, 6.4.1, 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.7, 6.5.12 Charter Reinsurance Co Ltd (in liq) v Fagan [1996] 1 All ER 406 ............................ 6.4.2 Chatenay v Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Co [1891] 1 QB 79, CA ......................... 3.1.1 Chatsworth Investments Ltd v Cussins (Contractors) Ltd [1969] 1 All ER 143 ......... 8.4.4 Cheall v Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff [1983] 2 AC 180, HL .......................................................................................................... 6.5.20 Cherry Tree Investments Ltd v Landmain Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 736 ....................... 6.5.2.2 Cheverney Consulting v Whitehead Mann [2007] All ER (D) 103 (Dec) ................. 6.5.23.9 Christopher Brown Ltd v Genossenschaft Oesterreichischer Waldbesitzer Holzwirtschaftsbertriebe Registrierte Genossenschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung [1953] 2 All ER 1039. ............................................................................. 8.4.27 City Alliance Ltd v Oxford Forecasting Services Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 233 . 6.5.8 City Inn (Jersey) Ltd v Ten Trinity Square Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 156 ...................... 6.5.12 Clerical Medical and General Life Assurance Society v Fanfare Properties Ltd (1981, unreported) ................................................................................................ 8.4.72 Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [1995] 1 EGLR 97 ................................................................................................................. 6.5.8 Coca-Cola Financial Corpn v Finsat International Ltd [1996] 3 WLR 849, CA ......... 8.4.65 Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41. ...................................................... 8.4.14 Cohen v Nessdale [1982] 2 All ER 97 ........................................................................... 8.4.70
  • 31.  Table of Cases xxvi Colquhoun v Brooks (1888) 21 QBD 52 ...................................................................... 6.5.17.1 Confetti Records (a firm) v Warner Music UK Ltd (t/a East West Records) [2003] EWHC 1274 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 61 (Jun) ............................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11, 8.4.70 Cornfoot v Royal Exchange Assurance Corpn [1904] 1 KB 40, CA ........................... 8.3.1 Cosmetic Warriors Ltd and another v Gerrie and another [2015] EWHC 3718 (Ch) ........................................................................................................................ 8.4.57 Cosmos Holidays plc v Dhanjal Investments Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 316 ................... 6.4.1 Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HL Cas 673 ...................................................................... 1.2.3 Crawford v Toogood (1879) 13 ChD 153 ..................................................................... 8.4.75 Cream Holdings Ltd v Davenport [2008] EWCA Civ 1363 ......................................... 3.1.1 Credico Marketing Ltd and another v Lambert and others [2021] EWHC 1504 (QB) ..8.4.4 Credit Suisse International v Stichting Vestia Groep [2014] EWHC 3103 (Comm) .1.2.1 Crediton Gas Co v Crediton Urban District Council [1928] Ch 174 ......................... 5.3 Crema v Cenkos Securities plc [2010] EWCA Civ 1444 .............................................. 6.5.21 Crowther v Arbuthnot Latham Co Ltd [2018] EWHC 504 (Comm) ..................... 8.4.72 Cryer v Scott Bros (Sudbury) Ltd (1986) 55 P CR 183 ............................................ 8.4.72 CS Associates UK Ltd v Enterprise Insurance Com plc [2015] EWHC 3757 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 1.11 Cusack v London Borough of Harrow [2013] UKSC 40 ............................................. 6.5.13.2 Cutlan v Dawson (1897) 14 RPC 249, CA ..................................................................... 5.10.2 Cutts v Head [1984] Ch 290 .......................................................................................... 8.4.81 D v M [1996] IRLR 192 ................................................................................................. 6.5.20 Dalkia Utilities Services plc v Celltech International Ltd [2006] EWHC 63 (Comm), [2006] All ER (D) 203 (Jan) ................................................................................. 8.4.47 Dalmare SpA v Union Maritime Ltd [2012] EWHC 3537 (Comm) ........................... 6.5.23.2 Damon Cia Naviera SA v Hapag-Lloyd International SA, The Blankenstein, The Bartenstein, The Birkenstein [1985] 1 All ER 475, [1985] 1 WLR 435, CA ......6.5.23.6, 8.4.4 David Rocker v Full Circle Asset Management [2017] EWHC 2999 (QB) ................ 6.5.10 Dawson International plc v Coates aPtons plc [1990] BCLC 560 ............................... 5.5.2 Days Medical Aids Ltd v Pihsiang Machinery Manufacturing Co Ltd [2004] EWHC 44 (Comm), [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) ................................................................. 5.5.2 DB Rare Books Ltd v Antiqbooks (a limited partnership) [1995] 2 BCLC 306, CA .8.4.47 Decoma UK Ltd v Haden Drysys International Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 723 ............... 6.5.20 Deepak Fertilisers Ltd v ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd [1994] Lloyd’s Rep 387 .. 6.5.23.10 Dhanani v Crasnianski [2011] EWHC 926 (Comm) ................................................... 1.2.1 Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc [2001] UKHL 52, [2002] 1 AC 481 ...................................................................................7.1.1, 7.2.2.3, 7.4.6, 8.4.32 DMA Financial Solutions Ltd v BaaN UK Ltd [2000] All ER (D) 411 .............. 1.3.3.3, 8.4.70 Dodds v Walker [1981] 2 All ER 609 ..................................................................... 5.10.5, 8.3.1 Dolphin Maritime Aviation Services Ltd v Sveriges Angartygs Assurans Forening [2009] EWHC 716 (Comm) .............................................................................. 5.2, 5.11.5 Dominion Corporate Trustees Ltd v Debenhams Properties Ltd [2010] EWHC 1193 (Ch) ............................................................................................................... 8.4.47 Don King Productions v Warren [1999] 2 All ER 218 ................................................. 8.4.4 Dorchester Project Management Ltd v BNP Paribas Real Estate Advisory Property Management UK Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 176 ................................................ 2.6.2, 8.4.49 Dorset County Council v Southern Felt Roofing Co Ltd (1989) 48 BLR 96, CA ...... 6.5.23.4 DPP v Schildkamp [1971] AC 1, HL ............................................................................. 8.4.43 Du Plessis v Fontgary Leisure Parks Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 409 ................................. 7.4.7.1 Dumitru Tarcãu, Ileana Tarcãu v Banca Comercialã Intesa Sanpaolo România SA and Others C-74/15, EU:C:2015:772 .................................................................... 7.4.3 Duncan v Topham (1849) 8 CB 225 ............................................................................. 8.3.2
  • 32.  Table of Cases xxvii Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC 79, HL ....1.2.3, 8.4.56 Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 ............. 1.2.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.11 Duval v 11-13 Randolph Crescent Ltd [2020] UKSC 18 .............................................. 6.5.15 DWR Cymru Cyfyngedig v Corus UK Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 285 ............................... 6.5.15 E Scott (Plant Hire) Ltd v British Waterways Board (20 December 1982, unreported), CA ........................................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Earl of Jersey v Neath Poor Law Union Guardians (1889) 22 QBD 555 .................... 6.5.18 East v Pantiles (Plant Hire) Ltd [1982] 2 EGLR 111, CA ............................................ 8.3.1 Eastham v Leigh, London and Provincial Properties Ltd [1971] Ch 871 .................. 2.9 EDI Central Limited v National Car Parks Limited [2010] CSOH 141 ...................... 5.5.3 Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494 ................................................................. 1.2.1 EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co Europe [1993] All ER 173 .................... 6.5.6.1, 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.3 EE Ltd v Mundio Mobile Ltd [2016] EWHC 531 (TCC) ............................................ 6.5.14.1 Elphick v Church Comrs [1974] AC 562 ...................................................................... 8.4.17 Emson Eastern Ltd (in receivership) v E M E Developments (1991) 55 BLR 114 .... 8.4.12 Encia Remediations Ltd v Canopius Managing Agents Ltd [2007] SGCA 36 ........... 6.5.2.2 ENE Kos 1 Ltd v Petroleo Brasileiro SA (No 2) [2012] UKSC 17 ............................... 6.5.23.4 Ener-G Holdings plc v Hormell [2012] EWCA Civ 1059 ............................................. 6.5.15 Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman [2000] UKHL 39 ..................................... 6.5.17.2 Etihad Airways PJSC v Flöther [2019] EWHC 3107 (Comm) ..................................... 1.3.3.5 Eurico SpA v Philipp Bros, The Epaphus [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 215 .......................... 6.5.20.1 Europa Plus SCA SIF v Anthracite Investments (Ireland) Plc [2016] EWHC 437 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.12 European Commission v Sweden C-478/99 [2002] All ER (D) 73 (May) ................. 7.2 Farrar and another v Miller [2022] EWCA Civ 295 ..................................................... 1.2.2 Farstad Supply AS v Enviroco Ltd [2011] 1 WLR 921 ................................................. 2.14 Fastframe Ltd v Lohinski (3 March 1993, unreported), CA ....................................... 8.4.65 Faussett v Carpenter (1831) 2 Dow Cl 232 ............................................................... 6.5.20.1 Federal Commissioner of Taxation v United Aircraft Corpn (1943) 68 CLR 525 ..... 8.4.46 Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2019] EWHC 347 .......... 6.5.19 Figgis, Roberts v MacLaren, Re [1969] 1 Ch 123 ......................................................... 8.3.1 Fillite (Runcorn) Ltd v APV Pasilac Ltd (1995) The Buyer, July ............... 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 Financial Services Authority v Asset L I Inc (t/a Land Investment Inc) [2013] EWHC 178 (Ch) ............................................................................................... 7.2, 7.2.2.3 First Tower Trustees Ltd and another v CDS (Superstores International) Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1396 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1 Floor v Davis (Inspector of Taxes) [1980] AC 695, HL ............................................... 8.4.43 Force India Formula One Team Ltd v Etihad Airways PJSC [2010] EWCA Civ 1051 ...8.4.78 Frans Maas (UK) Ltd v Samsung Electronics (UK) Ltd [2004] EWHC 1502 (Comm) ................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.5 Fraser Turner Ltd v Pricewaterhousecoopers LLP Ors [2019] EWCA Civ 1290 .... 6.5.17.2 Freeman and Lockyer (a firm) v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal Ltd) [1964] 2 QB 480, CA ............................................................................................................. 2.12.1 Friends Life Ltd v Siemens Hearing Instruments Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 382 ........... 5.11.1.1 Fujitsu Services Ltd v IBM United Kingdom Ltd [2014] EWHC 752 (TCC) ........... 6.5.23.10 G Percy Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 25 ...................... 1.3.3.6 Galaxy Energy International v Assuranceforeningen Skuld [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 249 ...6.4.1 Gama Aviation (UK) Ltd and Another v MWWMMWM Ltd [2022] EWHC 1191 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.72
  • 33.  Table of Cases xxviii Generali Italia SpA Ors v Pelagic Fisheries Corporation Anor [2020] EWHC 1228 (Comm) ......................................................................................................... 6.5.16 Generator Developments Ltd v Lidl UK GmbH [2018] EWCA Civ 396 .......... 1.3.3.3, 8.4.70 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] QB 284 ........... 6.5.23.1 Geys v Societe Generale, London Branch [2012] UKSC 63 ....................................... 6.5.23.3 Gibaud v Great Eastern Rly Co [1921] 2 KB 426, CA .................................................. 6.5.23.3 Gilbert-Ash (Northern Ltd) v Modern Engineering (Bristol) Ltd [1974] AC 689, HL ........................................................................................................................... 8.4.65 Gillespie Bros Co Ltd v Roy Bowles Transport Ltd [1973] QB 400, CA ................. 6.5.23.3 Global Container Lines Ltd v Black Sea Shipping Co [1997] CLY 4535 ................... 8.4.32 Globe Motors Inc v TRW Lucas Varity Electric Steering Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 396 ...6.5.2.2 Golden Ocean Group Ltd v Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 265 ............................................................................................................. 1.4, 1.11, 8.4.67 Goldsack v Shore [1950] 1 KB 708, CA ........................................................................ 8.4.1 Goodlife Foods Ltd v Hall Fire Protection Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1371. ................. 6.5.23.10 Goodman v J Eban Ltd [1954] 1 QB 550 ..................................................................... 1.11 Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 ......................................................................... 1.2.1 Granville Oil and Chemicals Ltd v Davies Turner and Co Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 570, [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 819 .............................................................................. 6.5.23.10 Great Elephant Corpn v Trafigura Beheer BV [2013] EWCA Civ 905 ....................... 6.5.20 Great Estates Group Ltd v Digby [2011] EWCA Civ 1120 ........................................... 6.5.20.1 Greatship (India) Ltd v Oceanografia SA de CV [2012] EWHC 3468 (Comm) ....... 6.5.21 Green (Liquidator of Stealth Construction Ltd) v Ireland [2011] EWHC 1205 (Ch) ....1.11, 8.4.67 Green v Sevin (1879) 13 ChD 589 ................................................................................ 8.4.75 Gruber v Bay Wa AG C-464/01 [2006] 2 WLR 205 ...................................................... 7.4.2 Guinness plc v Saunders [1990] 2 AC 663, HL ............................................................ 8.4.77 Gurney v Grimmer (1932) 38 Com Cas 7 ..................................................................... 8.4.2 Guyot v Thomson [1894] 3 Ch 388, CA ....................................................................... 5.10.2 Hagee (London) Ltd v Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd (1991) 63 P CR 362 .8.4.17 Hammond v Haigh Castle Co Ltd [1973] 2 All ER 289 ........................................... 8.3.1 Hammonds (a firm) v Danilunas [2009] EWHC 216 (Ch) ......................................... 6.5.12 Harbinger UK Ltd v GEI Information Services Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 166 ... 5.3 Harding v Harding (1886) 17 QBD 442 ....................................................................... 1.4 Harlow v Artemis International Corporation Ltd [2008] EWHC 1126 (QB) ............ 6.5.5 Hart v Middleton (1845) 2 Car Kir 9 ........................................................................ 8.3.1 Hartley v Hyvmans [1920] 3 KB 475 ............................................................................. 8.4.75 Harvey v Dunbar Assets plc [2017] EWCA Civ 60 ....................................................... 7.4.3 Harvey v Strathclyde Regional Council 1989 SLT 612, HL ......................................... 8.4.17 Hayward v Norwich Union Insurance Ltd [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 545 .................. 6.5.20.1 Hector Whaling Ltd [1936] Ch 208 ............................................................................. 8.3.1 Heifer International Inc v Christiansen [2007] EWHC 3015 (TCC) ......................... 7.4.2 Heronslea (Mill Hill) Ltd v Kwik-Fit Properties Ltd [2009] EWHC 295 (QB) .......... 6.5.7 Higgins Co Lawyers Ltd v Evans [2019] EWHC 2809 (QB) .................................... 7.4.7.1 HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank [2003] UKHL 6, [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 349 ............................................................ 6.5.23.3, 6.5.23.5, 6.5.23.9 HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v New Hampshire Insurance Co [2001] All ER (D) 258 (May) ............................................................................................ 6.5.2.2 Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494; (1932) 147 LT 503 ......... 1.2.1, 6.5.20.1 Hillingdon London Borough Council v Cutler [1968] 1 QB 124, CA ....................... 8.3.2 Hinks v Fleet [1986] 2 EGLR 243 ................................................................................. 6.5.19 Hiscox Syndicates Ltd v The Pinnacle Ltd [2008] EWHC 145 (Ch); ......................... 5.5.3 Historic Houses Ltd v Cadogan Estates [1993] 2 EGLR 151 ...................................... 6.5.1.2
  • 34.  Table of Cases xxix Holding Barnes plc v House Hamond Ltd (No 1) [2002] LTR 7, CA ................ 6.5.1.3 Hombourg Houtimport BV v Agrosin Private Ltd, The Starsin [2003] UKHL 12 .........6.5.3, 6.5.16 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corpn v Kloeckner Co AG [1990] 2 QB 514 .. 8.4.65 Hopkinson and others v Towergate Financial (Group) Ltd and other companies [2018] EWCA Civ 2744 ............................................................................ 2.8, 2.8.2, 10.5.4 Horne (a bankrupt), Re [2000] 4 All ER 550, CA ....................................................... 8.4.67 Howe v Botwood [1913] 2 KB 387, DC ........................................................................ 6.5.14.2 HSBC Bank Plc v 5th Avenue Partners Ltd Ors [2007] EWHC 2819 (Comm) ..... 6.5.5 Hughes (Inspector of Taxes) v Viner [1985] 3 All ER 40 ............................................ 8.3.2 Hume v Rundell (1824) 2 Sim St 17 ......................................................................... 6.5.14.2 The Hut Group Ltd v Nobahar-Cookson and another [2016] EWCA Civ 128 .......... 6.5.19 Hydraulic Engineering Co Ltd v McHaffie Goslett Co (1878) 4 QBD 670 ............ 8.3.2 IBM United Kingdom Ltd v Rockware Glass Ltd [1980] FSR 335, CA ....................... 5.5.2 ICICI Bank UK Plc v Assam Oil Co Ltd Ors [2019] EWHC 750 (Comm) ............. 6.5.9 IFE Fund SA v Goldman Sachs International [2006] EWHC 2887 (Comm) .......... 6.5.23.8.2 Ilkerler Otomotiv Anor v Perkins Engines Company Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 183 .. 6.5.16 Imasa Ltd v Technic Inc [1981] FSR 554 ..................................................................... 5.5.2 Immingham Storage Co Ltd v Clear plc [2011] EWCA Civ 89 ........................ 1.3.3.4, 1.3.3.6 India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Ltd v Chapman (1926) 20 BWCC 184, CA ................................................................................................................... 8.4.81 Infiniteland Ltd and another v Artisan Contracting Limited and another [2005] EWCA Civ 758 ........................................................................................................ 6.5.9 Inntrepreneur Pub Co v East Crown Ltd [2000] 3 EGLR 31 ...................................... 5.11.3 Interactive E-Solutions JLT and another v O3B Africa Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 62 ..... 6.5.23.1 Interactive Investor Trading Ltd v City Index Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 837 ................. 6.5.14.2 Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] 1 QB 433 ... 7.4.7.2 Internet Broadcasting Corpn Ltd (t/a NETTV) v MAR LLC (t/a MARHedge) [2009] EWHC 844 (Ch) ........................................................................................ 6.5.23.6 Investec Bank (UK) Ltd v Zulman [2010] EWCA Civ 536 .......................................... 1.3.3.4 Investors’ Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 All ER 98, HL .................................................................................................. 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8, 6.5.23.1, 6.6 IRC v Williams [1969] 1WLR 1197 ............................................................................... 6.5.9 Itoh (C) Co Ltd v Republica Federativa do Brasil, The Rio Assu (No 2) [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 115, CA ............................................................................................... 6.5.2.2 J Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (see Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes SA) .................................................................................................. 1.11, 8.4.67 Jacobs v Batavia and General Plantations Ltd [1924] 1 Ch 287. ................................. 6.5.5 Jani-King (GB) Ltd v Pula Enterprises Ltd and others [2007] EWHC 2433 (QBD) .5.3 Jennings v Kelly [1940] AC 206 ..................................................................................... 8.4.60 Jet2.com Ltd v Blackpool Airport Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 417 ................................ 5.5.3, 5.5.4 John Crowther Group plc v Carpets International plc [1990] BCLC 460 ................. 5.5.2 Johnsey Estates Ltd v Lewis Manley (Engineering) Ltd (1987) 54 P CR 296 ......... 1.5 Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333, CA ................................. 6.5.17.2 Joint Administrators of Lehman Brothers International (Europe) v Lehman Brothers Finance SA; In the matter of Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (in admin) [2013] EWCA Civ 188 ....................................................... 6.5.6.1 JP Morgan Chase Bank v Springwell Navigation Corpn [2008] EWHC 1186 (Comm) ................................................................................................... 6.5.10, 6.5.23.8.2 Jumbo King Ltd v Faithful Properties Ltd (1999) HKCFAR 279. ............................... 6.4.1
  • 35.  Table of Cases xxx K/S Victoria Street v House of Fraser (Stores Management) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 904 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.19 Kathryn Bassano v Alfred Toft and others [2014] EWHC 37 (QB) ............................ 8.4.67 Kazakhstan v The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, London Branch [2018] EWCA Civ 1390 .................................................................................................................. 6.5.6.1 Kazakstan Wool Processors (Europe) Ltd v Nederlandsche Credietverzekering Maatschappij NV [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 708 .................................................. 6.5.8 Kellogg Brown Root Inc v Concordia Maritime AG and others [2006] EWHC 3358 (Comm) ......................................................................................................... 6.5.10 Kent Coalfields Syndicate, Re (1898) 67 LJQB 503. .................................................... 8.3.4 KG Bominflot Bunkergesellschaft für Mineralole mbH Co v Petroplus Marketing AG (The Mercini Lady) [2010] EWCA Civ 1145, [2011] 2 All ER (Comm) ..... 6.5.23.2 Khatun v London Borough of Newham [2004] EWCA Civ 55 ................................... 7.4.1 Khurana and another v Webster Construction Ltd [2015] EWHC 758 (TCC) ......... 7.4.7.1 Kingscroft Insurance Co Ltd v Nissan Fire and Marine Insurance Co Ltd [2000] 1 All E.R. (Comm) 272 ............................................................................................. 6.5.10 Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Malaysia Mining Corpn Bhd [1989] 1 All ER 785 ............... 8.4.10 Koenigsblatt v Sweet [1923] 2 Ch 314, [1923] All ER Rep Ext 758 ............................ 1.10 KPMG LLP v Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 363, [2007] All ER (D) 245 (Apr) ........................................................................................................ 6.5.2.2 Kwei Tek Chao (t/a Zung Fu Co) v British Traders and Shippers Ltd [1954] 2 QB 459 .......................................................................................................................... 8.4.20 Kyprianou v Cyprus Textiles Ltd [1958] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 60 .......................................... 2.9 L Batley Pet Products Ltd v North Lanarkshire Council [2014] UKSC 27 ................. 6.5.6.1 Ladbroke Group plc v Bristol City Council [1988] 1 EGLR 126 ................................ 6.5.2.2 Ladybird v Wirral Estates [1968] 2 All ER 197 ............................................................. 8.3.1 Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v Artis [2005] EWCA Civ 519, [2005] 2 All ER (Comm) 167 ..................................................................................................... 5.11.5 Lambert v HTV Cymru (Wales) Ltd [1998] FSR 874 .................................................. 5.5.2 Lambeth LBC v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2019] UKSC 33 ................................................................................................................. 6.5.6.1 Lamport and Holt Lines Ltd v Coubro and Scrutton (M and I) Ltd, The Raphael [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 42, CA ................................................................................. 6.5.23.3 Lancecrest Ltd v Asiwaju [2005] EWCA Civ 117, [2005] 1 EGLR 40 ......................... 8.4.75 Landlord Protect Ltd v St Anselm Development Co Ltd [2008] EWHC 1582 (Ch) .6.5.20.1 LB Holdings Intermediate 2 Ltd, The Joint Administrators of v Lehman Brothers International (Europe), The Joint Administrators of Ors [2017] UKSC 38 .. 6.5.6.1 Lee-Parker v Izett (No 2) [1972] 2 All ER 800 ............................................................. 2.9 Lemenda Trading Co Ltd v African Middle East Petroleum Co Ltd [1988] QB 448 .1.2.2 Leonie’s Travel Pty Ltd v International Air Transport Association [2009] FCA 280 .6.5.16 L’Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 395 ........................................................................ 6.5.1 Lictor Anstalt v MIR Steel UK Ltd; MIR Steel UK Ltd v Morris [2012] EWCA Civ 1397 ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.23.3 Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85 ...... 5.11.4, 8.4.4, 8.4.65 Lindsay (WN) Co Ltd v European Grain Shipping Agency Ltd [1963] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 437 ................................................................................................................... 6.5.14.2 Lindsay v O’Loughnane [2010] EWHC 529 (QB) ................................................ 1.11, 8.4.67 Little v Courage (1995) 70 P CR 469, CA ........................................................ 6.5.20, 8.4.32 Living Design (Home Improvements) Ltd v Davidson [1994] IRLR 69 .................... 6.5.20 Lloyd v Lloyd (1837) 2 My Cr 192 ............................................................................. 6.5.12 Lloyds TSB Bank plc v Clarke [2002] UKPC 27 .......................................................... 6.5.10 Lola Cars International Ltd v Dunn [2004] EWHC 2616 (Ch), [2004] All ER (D) 247 (Nov) ............................................................................................................... 6.5.2.1
  • 36.  Table of Cases xxxi Lombard North Central plc v European Skyjets Ltd (in liquidation) and another [2020] EWHC 679 (QB) ....................................................................................... 8.4.75 London and Regional Investments Ltd v TBI plc [2002] EWCA Civ 355, [2002] All ER (D) 360 (Mar) .................................................................................................. 8.4.32 London Regional Transport v Wimpey Group Services Ltd [1986] 2 EGLR 41 ........ 3.13.3 Lord Forres v Scottish Flat Co Ltd [1943] 2 All ER 366 .............................................. 6.5.7 Lord v Midland Rly Co (1867) LR 2 CP 339 ................................................................ 8.4.33 Lowe v National Insurance Bank of Jamaica [2008] UKPC 26 ................................... 6.5.9 Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd v Cooper [1941] AC 108 ...................................................... 6.5.21 McArdle, Re [1951] Ch 669 .......................................................................................... 1.5 McCrone v Boots Farm Sales Ltd 1981 SLT 103 ........................................................ 6.5.23.10 McGeown v Direct Travel Insurance [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 609 ........................... 6.5.19 Macgowan, Re [1891] 1 Ch 105. ................................................................................... 8.4.51 Macher v Foundling Hospital (1813) 1 Ves B 188 ................................................... 8.4.15 Macquarie Internationale Investments Ltd v Glencore UK Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 697 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.15 Mactaggart Mickel Homes Limited v Charles Andrew Moore Hunter and Sandra Elizabeth Hunter [2010] CSOH 130 .................................................................... 5.5.2 Mamidoil-Jetoil Greek Petroleum Co SA v Okta Crude Oil Refinery AD [2001] EWCA Civ 406, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 193 .............................................. 1.2.4, 8.4.32 Mann v Cornella (1980) 254 EG 403, CA ..................................................................... 8.4.47 Mannai Investment Co Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co Ltd [1997] AC 749, [1997] 3 All ER 352 ..........................................................5.11.1.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.7, 6.5.8, 6.6 Maple Leaf Macro Volatility Master Fund and another v Rouvroy and another [2009] EWHC 257 (Comm) .................................................................................. 7.4.2 Maritime et Commerciale of Geneva SA v Anglo-Iranian Oil Co Ltd [1954] 1 WLR 492, CA ................................................................................................................... 6.5.14.2 Marks and Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Co (Jersey) Ltd [2015] UKSC 72 ..................................................................................................... 6.5.21 Martin-Baker Aircraft Co Ltd v Canadian Flight Equipment Ltd [1955] 2 QB 556 .. 5.3 Martin v London County Council [1947] KB 628 ....................................................... 8.4.33 Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes SA [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (see J Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta) ...................................................................................................... 1.11, 8.4.67 Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd (FKA Blackstone (South Wales) Ltd) v Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council [2019] EWCA Civ 526 ................................................ 6.5.15 Meux v Jacobs (1875) LR 7 (HL) 481 ............................................................ 2.8, 2.8.2, 8.4.77 Michaels v Harley House (Marylebone) Ltd [2000] Ch 104 ....................................... 2.9 Micklefield v SAC Technology Ltd [1991] 1 All ER 275 .............................................. 6.5.20 Microbeads AC v Vinhurst Road Markings Ltd [1975] 1 All ER 529 ....................... 6.5.22.1.1 Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Green [1981] AC 513, HL ........................................... 8.4.52 Migotti v Colvill (1879) 4 CPD 233 ............................................................................... 8.3.1 Miles-Martin Pen Co v Selsdon Fountain Pen Co Ltd, Ralf Selsdon and Rebecca Selsdon (No 2) (1950) 67 RPC 64, CA ................................................................. 1.2.1 Mills v United Counties Bank Ltd [1912] 1 Ch 231 .................................................... 6.5.17.2 Milton Furniture Ltd v Brit Insurance Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 671 ............................. 6.5.3 Milton Furniture Ltd v Brit Insurance Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 671 ............................. 6.5.3 Mitsui Construction Co Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong (1986) 33 BLR 1, PC .................... 6.5.7 Momm (t/a Delbrueck Co) v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1977] QB 790 .... 8.3.1 Moon, ex p Dawes, Re (1886) 17 QBD 275 (CA) ........................................................ 2.6.2 Mopani Copper Mines plc v Millennium Underwriting Ltd [2008] EWHC 1331 (Comm) .......................................................................................................... 6.5.2.2, 6.5.4 Moriarty v Evans Medical Supplies [1958] 1 WLR 66 .................................................. 8.4.42 Mott MacDonald Ltd v Trant Engineering Ltd [2021] EWHC 754 (TCC) ................6.5.23.6, 6.5.23.10
  • 37.  Table of Cases xxxii Msas Global Logistics v Power Packaging Inc [2003] EWHC 1393 (Ch), [2003] All ER (D) 211 (Jun) ................................................................................................... 8.4.75 Multiplex Construction European Ltd v Dunne [2017] EWHC 3073 (TCC) ........... 6.5.19 Munton v Greater London Council [1976] 1 WLR 649 .............................................. 8.4.70 Napier Park European Credit Opportunities Fund Ltd v Harbourmaster Pro-Rata Clo 2 BV [2014] EWCA Civ 984 ............................................................................ 6.4.1 Narandas-Girdhar and Anr v Bradstock [2016] EWCA Civ 88 ........................... 6.5.2.2, 6.5.4 National Bank of Australasia v Falkingham Sons [1902] AC 585 ............................ 6.5.2.1 National Bank of Saudi Arabia v Skab (23 November 1995, unreported) ................. 8.4.65 National Grid Co plc v Mayes [2001] UKHL 20 .......................................................... 6.5.17.1 National Westminster Bank v Utrecht-America Finance Co [2001] EWCA Civ 658, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 7 .................................................................................... 6.5.23.9 Navigators and General Insurance Co v Ringrose [1962] 1 All ER 97, CA ................ 8.4.74 Nelson Developments Ltd v Taboada (1994) 24 HLR 462, CA .................................. 8.4.47 Nemzeti Fogyasztóvédelmi Hatóság v Invitel Távközlési Zrt C-472/10 [2012] 3 CMLR 1 .................................................................................................................. 7.4.6 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB) ...... 1.2.1, 1.3.3.1, 1.5, 4.5 Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v Haywood [2018] UKSC 22 .5.11.1.2 Newfoundland Government v Newfoundland Rly Co (1888) 13 App Cas 199 .......... 8.4.65 NHS Commissioning Board v Vasant and others [2019] EWCA Civ 1245 ................. 6.5.12 Niblett Ltd v Confectioners’ Materials Co Ltd [1921] 3 KB 387, CA ...................... 6.5.22.1.1 Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves Cleaves Co Ltd [2003] EWHC 2602 (Comm), [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 481 ................................................................................ 5.11.5 Nobahar-Cookson Ors v The Hut Group Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 128 ..................... 6.5.23.1 Ocean Chemical Transport Inc v Exnor Craggs Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 519 .. 6.5.23.8 Oceanbulk Shipping and Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd [2010] UKSC 44, [2011] 1 All ER (Comm) 1 ......................................................................................................... 8.4.81 Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc [2009] EWCA Civ 116 ........................... 7.4.6 Office of Fair Trading v Ashbourne Management Services Ltd [2011] EWHC 1237 (Ch) ........................................................................................................................ 7.4.7.2 Office of Fair Trading v Foxtons Ltd [2009] EWHC 1681 (Ch) ................................. 7.4.6 Ofulue v Bossert [2009] UKHL 16, [2009] AC 990 ..................................................... 8.4.81 Okolo v Secretary of State for the Environment [1997] 4 All ER 242 ........................ 8.3.1 Orton v Collins [2007] EWHC 803 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 2953 ............................. 1.11, 8.4.67 Osmium Shipping Corp v Cargill International SA [2012] EWHC 571 (Comm) ..... 6.5.6.1 Overseas Medical Supplies Ltd v Orient Transport Services Ltd [1999] CLC 1243 .. 6.5.23.8.1, 6.5.23.10 Oxonica Energy Ltd v Neuftec Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 668, [2009] All ER (D) 13 (Sep) ...................................................................................................... 2.8.2, 6.5.7, 8.4.77 P14 Medical Ltd v Edward Mahon [2020] EWHC 1823 (QB) .................................... 8.4.4 Palser v Grinling [1948] 1 All ER 1, HL. ...................................................................... 8.4.47 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614, PC ................................................................. 1.2.2 Patel v Brent London Borough Council [2004] All ER (D) 121 (Apr) ...................... 5.5.2 Patrice di Pinto C-361/89 [1993] 1 CMLR 399 ........................................................... 7.4.2 Peacock v Custins [2001] 2 All ER 827 ......................................................................... 6.5.1.3 Peekay Intermark Ltd and another v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 386 ..................................................................................... 6.5.1 Pegler Ltd v Wang (UK) Ltd [2000] All ER (D) 260 ................................................... 6.5.23.8 Pentecost v London District Auditors [1951] 2 KB 759 .............................................. 8.4.33 Persimmon Homes (South Coast) Ltd v Hall Aggregates (South Coast) Ltd [2008] EWHC 2379 (TCC) ................................................................................................ 6.5.14.1
  • 38.  Table of Cases xxxiii Persimmon Homes v Ove Arup Partners Ltd and another [2017] EWCA Civ 373 ..6.5.19, 6.5.23.1 Petroplus Marketing AG v Shell Trading International Ltd [2009] EWHC 1024 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.20 Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472 .......................................................................................................................... 6.5.21 Phoenix Life Assurance Ltd v Financial Services Authority [2013] EWHC 60 (Comm) .6.5.14.1 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827 .............................. 6.5.23.1 Pink Floyd Music Ltd v EMI Records Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 1429 ............................. 6.4.1 Pitt v PHH Asset Management Ltd [1993] 4 All ER 961, CA ...................................... 8.4.32 Port Louis Corpn v A-G of Mauritius [1965] AC 1111 ................................................. 8.4.17 Porton Capital Technology Funds v 3M UK Holdings Ltd [2011] EWHC 2895 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.72 Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 3 All ER 237, [1971] 1 WLR 1381 ........................ 6.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.6 Prestcold (Central) Ltd v Minister of Labour [1969] 1 WLR 89, CA ......................... 6.5.14.2 Price v Bouch (1986) 53 PCR 254 .............................................................................. 8.4.72 Priest v Last [1903] 2 KB 148, CA .............................................................................. 6.5.22.1.3 ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd (see Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd) [2006] EWCA Civ 69, [2006] All ER (D) 247 ................................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11.1 ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd (see Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd) [2005] EWHC 70 (QB), [2005] All ER (D) 22 (Feb) ................................. 1.3.3.3 Prudential Assurance v Ayres [2007] EWHC 775 (Ch) ............................................... 5.2 PSG Franchising Ltd v Lydia Darby Ltd [2012] EWHC 3707 (QB) ........................... 6.5.20.1 Punjab National Bank v de Boinville [1992] 1 WLR 1138 .......................................... 6.5.4 Q-Park v HX Investments Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 708 ..........................................6.4.1, 6.5.2.2 R (on the application of Capenhurst) v Leicester City Council [2004] EWHC 2124, [2004] All ER (D) 93 (Sep) ................................................................................... 8.4.17 R (on the application of Mercury Tax Group) v HMRC [2008] EWHC 2721 (Admin), [2008] All ER (D) 129 (Nov) .................................................. 1.2.1, 1.10, 1.11 R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice and others [2014] EWHC 1662 (Admin) ............................................................. 8.4.17 R v Board of Visitors of Dartmoor Prison, ex p Smith [1986] 2 All ER 651 at 662, CA ........................................................................................................................... 8.3.2 R v Inspector of Taxes, ex p Clarke [1974] QB 220, CA ............................................. 8.3.2 R v Islington London Borough Council, ex p East [1996] ELR 74 ............................ 8.4.17 R v Kent Justices (1873) LR 8 QB 305. ......................................................................... 8.4.67 R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan [2001] QB 213 ........... 8.4.17 R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association of Metropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 All ER 164 ............................................................................ 8.4.17 R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Child Poverty Action Group [1990] 2 QB 540, CA ............................................................................................................. 8.3.2 R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Brent London Borough Council [1983] 3 All ER 321 ............................................................................................... 8.4.17 Rackham v Peek Foods Ltd [1990] BCLC 89 ............................................................... 5.5.2 Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2010] EWCA Civ 582................................................. 3.6.1 Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin [2011] UKSC 50 ...................................................... 3.6.1, 6.1, 6.4.1, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.8, 6.5.12, 6.5.20.1, 8.4.71 Rank Xerox Ltd v Lane (Inspector of Taxes) [1979] 3 All ER 657 ............................ 8.4.17 Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Hansen-Tangen, Hansen-Tangen v Sanko Steamship Co [1976] 3 All ER 570, [1976] 1 WLR 989 ...................................................... 6.1, 6.4.2, 6.6 Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1963] AC 691, HL ................................................................................................................... 8.3.1
  • 39.  Table of Cases xxxiv Register of Companies v Radio-Tech Engineering Ltd [2004] BCC 277 ................... 8.3.1 Reilly v National Insurance Guarantee Corpn Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 1460 .......... 6.5.7 Reilly v National Insurance and Guarantee Corpn Ltd [2008] EWHC 722 (Comm), [2008] 2 All ER (Comm) 612 ................................................................................ 6.5.18 Reveille Independent LLC v Anotech International UK Ltd [2015] EWHC (Comm) 165, [2015] All ER (D) 237 (Mar) ........................................................................ 1.2.1 Rhodia International Holdings Ltd v Huntsman International LLC [2007] EWHC 292 (Comm) ...................................................................................................... 5.5.2, 5.5.3 Rice v Great Yarmouth Borough Council [2000] All ER (D) 902 .............................. 8.4.47 Richards v Pryse [1927] 2 KB 76. .................................................................................. 8.4.12 Richco International v Alfred C. Toepfer International [1991] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 136 ... 6.5.20 RJB Mining (UK) Ltd v NUM [1995] IRLR 556, CA ................................................... 8.3.1 Robertson v French (1803) 4 East 130 .................................................................. 6.5.7, 6.5.16 Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24 ...... 6.5.5 Rolls-Royce Holdings plc v Goodrich Corp [2022] EWHC 745 (Comm) .................. 8.4.4 Rolls-Royce v Jeffrey; Rolls-Royce v IRC [1962] 1 All ER 801, HL .............................. 8.4.42 Romana Ang v Reliantco Investments Limited [2019] EWHC 879 (Comm) ............ 7.4.2 Ross v Bank of Commercial (Saint Kitts Nevis) Trust and Savings Association Ltd [2012] UKPC 3 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.20.1 Roundlistic Limited v Jones and another [2018] EWCA Civ 2284 ............................. 7.4.5 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Michael Patrick McCarthy [2015] EWHC 3626 (QB) .5.11.5 RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH Co KG [2010] UKSC 14 ........................................................................................................ 1.2.1, 1.3.3.4, 8.4.70 Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd (see ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd) [2006] EWCA Civ 69, [2006] All ER (D) 247 ................................. 1.3.3.3, 6.5.11.1 Rugby Group Ltd v ProForce Recruit Ltd (see ProForce Recruit Ltd v Rugby Group Ltd) [2005] EWHC 70 (QB), [2005] All ER (D) 22 (Feb) ................................. 1.3.3.3 Rush Tompkins Ltd v Greater London Council [1989] 1 AC 1280 ........................ 8.4.81 RWE Vertrieb AG v Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV C-92/11 [2013] 3 CMLR 10 ................................................................................................................ 7.4.7.1 Ryanair Ltd v SR Technics Ireland Ltd [2007] EWHC 3089 (QB), [2007] All ER (D) 345 (Dec) ............................................................................................................... 6.5.23.9 Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd v Bristol Rovers (1883) Ltd [2015] EWHC 2002 (Ch) .6.5.20 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 481, CA ..................................................................................................... 6.5.2.1, 6.5.17.2, 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd [1995] FSR 686, QBD ........................................................................................................................ 6.5.23.9 Saint Line v Richardsons Westgarth Co Ltd [1940] 2 KB 49 ................................ 6.5.23.10 Salvage Association v CAP Financial Services Ltd [1995] FSR 654 ............ 6.5.23.8, 6.5.23.10 SAM Business Systems Ltd v Hedley Co [2002] EWHC 2733 (TCC) .................. 6.5.23.8.1 Samarenko v Dawn Hill House Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1445, [2013] Ch. 36 ............. 8.4.75 Sameen v Abeyewickrema [1963] AC 597, PC ............................................................. 8.3.2 Samuel Properties (Developments) Ltd v Hayek [1972] 1 WLR 1296, CA ................ 8.3.1 Sasson, Re [1933] 1 Ch 858 ........................................................................................... 6.5.12 Satyam Computer Services Ltd v Upaid Systems Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 487 ............. 6.5.23.9 Scammell (G) and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941]1 All ER 14 ..................................... 1.2.1 Schrems v Facebook Ireland Limited C-498/16 [2018] 1 WLR 4343.......................... 7.4.2 Schuler (L) AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235 ................ 6.5.8, 6.5.20.1 Scottish Widows Fund and Life Assurance Society v BGC International [2012] EWCA Civ 607 ................................................................................................ 6.4.1, 6.5.1.2 Seakom Limited v Knowledgepool Group Limited [2013] EWHC 4007 (Ch) .......... 8.4.4 Secretary of State for Defence v Turner Estate Solutions Ltd [2015] EWHC 1150 (TCC) ..................................................................................................................... 6.5.15
  • 40.  Table of Cases xxxv Sequent Nominees Ltd (formerly Rotrust Nominees Ltd) v Hautford Ltd [2019] UKSC 47 ................................................................................................................. 8.4.72 Sheffield District Rly v Great Central Rly (1911) 14 Ry Can Tr Cas 299 ................. 5.5.2 Shell UK Ltd v Total UK Ltd [2010] 3 All ER 793 ....................................................... 6.5.14.2 Shirlaw v Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206 ....................................... 6.5.21 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2004] 1 AC 919 ......................................................... 6.5.5 Siba v Devëna C-537/13 [2015] Bus LR 291 ................................................................ 7.4.1 Sigma Finance Corpn, Re [2009] UKSC 2 ................................................................... 6.4.1 Silver Queen Maritime Ltd v Persia Petroleum Services plc [2010] EWHC 2867 (QB) ....................................................................................................................... 1.8 Sindall (William) plc v Cambridgeshire County Council [1994] 3 All ER 932 .......... 5.7 Singapore Airlines Ltd v Buck Consultants Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1542 ................... 3.9.1 Singer (UK) Ltd v Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority [1988] 2 Ll Rep 164 ...............6.5.19, 6.5.23.10 Sinochem International Oil (London) Co Ltd v Mobil Sales and Supply Corpn [2000] 1 All ER (Comm) 474 ................................................................................ 6.5.19 Situ Ventures Ltd v Bonham-Carter [2013] EWCA Civ 47 .......................................... 8.4.2 Slough Estates plc v Welwyn Hatfield District Council [1996] 2 PLR 50 ................... 8.4.17 Smith v Chadwick (1882) 20 Ch D 27 ............................................................... 6.5.1.3, 6.5.2.2 Smith v Wilson (1832) 3 B Ad 728 ............................................................................ 6.5.11 Société United Docks v Government of Mauritius [1985] AC 585, PC ...................... 8.4.57 Society of Lloyd’s v Robinson [1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 545 ...................................... 6.5.8 Southern Water Authority v Carey [1985] 2 All ER 1077 ............................................ 1.6 Square Mile Partnership Ltd v Fitzmaurice McCall Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1690 ...... 2.6.2 Stamp Duties Comr v Atwill [1973] AC 558, PC .......................................................... 8.4.60 Standard Bank London Ltd v Apostolakis (No 1) [2002] CLC 933 ........................... 7.4.2 Standard Life Assurance Ltd v Oak Dedicated Ltd [2008] EWHC 222 (Comm) ...... 6.5.2.2 Standrin v Yenton Minster Homes Ltd (1991) Times, 22 July, CA ............................. 8.4.81 Stanton v Richardson 45 LJCP 82 ................................................................................. 8.4.2 Star Polaris LLC v HHIC-Phil Inc [2016] EWHC 2941 (Comm) .............................. 6.5.23.10 Starlight Shipping Co v Allianz Marine And Aviation Versicherungs AG [2014] EWHC 3068 (Comm) ............................................................................................ 6.5.12 Staunton v Woods (1851) 16 QB 638 ........................................................................... 8.3.2 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer Co Ltd [1992] 2 All ER 257 ................... 6.5.23.8.1, 8.4.65 Stobart Group Ltd and another company v Stobart and another [2019] EWCA Civ 1376 ........................................................................................................................ 5.11.1.1 Stocznia Gdynia SA v Gearbulk Holdings Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 75, [2009] 2 All ER (Comm) 1129 ......................................................................................................... 6.5.23.1 Stonham, Lloyds Bank Ltd v Maynard [1963] 1 WLR 238 .......................................... 8.4.8 Strand Music Hall Co Ltd, Re (1865) 35 Beav 153 ...................................................... 6.5.15 Strategic Value Master Fund Ltd v Ideal Standard International Acquisition S.A.R.L [2011] EWHC 171 (Ch) ........................................................................................ 8.4.78 Street v Mountford [1985] AC 809 ............................................................................... 8.4.46 Styles v Wardle (1825) 4 B C 908 .............................................................................. 8.3.1 Suisse Atlantique Société d’Armement Maritime SA v Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale NV [1967] 1 AC 361, HL ......................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.4 Sunport Shipping Limited and others v Tryg-Baltica International (UK) Ltd and others [2003] EWCA Civ 12 ............................................................................. 6.5.7, 6.5.9 Superior Overseas Development Corpn and Phillips Petroleum (UK) Co v British Gas Corpn [1982] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 262 .................................................................... 8.4.47 Sussex Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1998] PLCR 172 6.5.10 Sutton Housing Partnership Ltd v Rydon Maintenance Ltd [2017] EWCA Civ 359 .3.13.3 Swift v Diarywise Forms Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 145, [2003] 2 All ER 304n ................ 8.4.4 Symon, Public Trustees v Symon, Re [1944] SASR 102 ............................................... 8.4.1
  • 41.  Table of Cases xxxvi Taberna Europe CDO II plc v Selskabet af 1 September 2008 A/S (formerly Roskilde Bank A/S) [2016] EWCA Civ 1262 ....................................................... 6.5.23.1, 6.5.23.3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited v Fougera Sweden Holding 2 AB [2017] EWHC 1995 (Ch) .................................................................................................. 8.4.31 Tarkin AG v Thames Steel UK Ltd [2010] EWHC 207 (Comm) ................................ 8.3.2 Tea Trade Properties Ltd v CIN Properties Ltd [1990] 1 EGLR 15 ............................ 6.5.15 Ted Baker Plc and No Ordinary Designer Label Limited v Axa Insurance Uk Plc, Fusion Insurance Services Limited and Tokio Marine Europe Insurance Limited [2012] EWHC 1406 (Comm) ................................................................. 6.5.4 Tekdata Intern Connections v Amphenol [2009] EWCA Civ 1209, [2010] 2 All ER (Comm) 302 ........................................................................................................... 1.2.1 Tele2 International Card Co SA v Post Office Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 9 ..................... 8.4.78 Telewest Communications plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners [2005] EWCA Civ 102, [2005] All ER (D) 143 (Feb) ........................................................... 5.11.4, 8.4.4 Temple Legal Protection Ltd v QBE Insurance (Europe) Ltd [2008] EWHC 843 (Comm) ....................................................................................................... 6.5.1.3, 6.5.2.2 Terrell v Mabie Todd Co Ltd (1952) 69 RPC 234 .................................................... 5.5.2 Terry’s Motors Ltd v Rinder [1948] SASR 167 ............................................................. 8.4.47 Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries [1996] 2 All ER 573 .......................................... 6.5.23.9 Thompson v Dibdin [1912] AC 533, HL ...................................................................... 8.4.60 TL Sugars Ltd v Tate Lyle Industries [2014] EWHC 1066 .................................... 6.5.9 TN Ltd (in administration) v Royal Sun Alliance plc [2003] EWHC 1016 (Ch), ..6.5.12 Tradigrain SA v Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 154 .6.5.23.1 Trafigura Maritime Logistics Pte Ltd v Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd; Clearlake Chartering USA Inc. and another company v Petroleo Brasileiro SA [2020] EWHC 995 (Comm) .............................................................................................. 8.3.2 Transfield Pty Ltd v Arlo International Ltd [1981] RPC 141 ...................................... 5.5.2 Transocean Drilling UK Ltd v Providence Resources plc; The GSF Arctic III [2016] EWCA Civ 372 ...................................................................................................... 6.5.23.10 Trident Turboprop (Dublin) Ltd v First Flight Couriers Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 290 . 6.5.23.8 Tropwood AG v Jade Enterprises Ltd, The Tropwind [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 397 ...... 6.5.17.1 Trow v Ind Coope (West Midlands) Ltd [1967] 2 All ER 990, CA .............................. 8.3.1 Trustees of Ampleforth Abbey Trust v Turner Townsend Project Management Ltd [2012] EWHC 2137 (TCC) ................................................................................ 6.5.23.8.1 Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 393 ....................................................................... 1.5 2 Entertain Video Ltd and other companies v Sony DADC Europe Ltd [2020] EWHC 972 (TCC). ............................................................................................... 6.5.23.10 UBH (Mechanical Services) Ltd v Standard Life Assurance Co (1986) Times, 13 November ............................................................................................................... 5.5.2 Unilever plc v Procter Gamble Co [2001] 1 All ER 783, [2000] 1 WLR 2436 ....... 8.4.81 United Scientific Holdings v Burnley Borough Council [1978] AC 904 .................... 8.4.75 Unwin v Bond [2020] EWHC 1768 (Comm) ............................................................... 8.4.32 UR Power GmbH v Kuok Oils and Grains Pte Ltd [2009] EWHC 1940 (Comm) ..... 2.9 Venson Automotive Solutions Ltd v Morrison’s Facilities Services Ltd and Others [2019] EWHC 3089 (Comm) ................................................................................ 8.4.65 Walford v Miles [1992] 2 AC 128, HL ........................................................................... 8.4.32 Walker Crips Stockbrokers Ltd v Savill [2007] EWHC 2598 (QB) ............................. 8.4.4 Wallis, Son and Wells v Pratt and Haynes [1911] AC 394, [1911-13] All ER Rep 989, HL ........................................................................................................................... 6.5.23.2 Waterman v Boyle [2009] EWCA Civ 115 ..................................................................... 6.5.17.2 Watford Electronics v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 317, [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 596 .......................................................................................... 6.5.23.9, 6.5.23.10
  • 42.  Table of Cases xxxvii Watson v Mid Wales Rly Co (1867) LR 2 CP 593 ......................................................... 8.4.65 West Anor v Ian Finlay Associates (a firm) [2014] EWCA Civ 316 ..................... 6.5.6.1 Western Geophysical Co v Bolt Associates 200 USPQ 1 (2d Cir 1978) ....................... 5.5.2 Westerton, Re [1919] 2 Ch 104 ..................................................................................... 1.4 White v Tyndall (1888) 13 App Cas 263 ....................................................................... 2.5 Whitecap Leisure Ltd v John H. Rundle Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 429 .......................... 6.5.23.1 William Hare Ltd v Shepherd Construction Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 283, [2010] All ER (D) 168 (Mar) .................................................................................................. 8.4.3 Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24 ................................. 3.1.1, 6.1, 6.4.1 Woodward v Docherty [1974] 1 All ER 844, CA .......................................................... 8.4.47 WS Tankship II BV v Kwangju Bank Ltd and another [2011] EWHC 3103 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 8.4.67 Yates Building Company Ltd v RJ Pulleyn (York) Ltd [1976] 1 EGLR 157 ................ 5.11.1.1 Yewbelle Ltd v London Green Developments Ltd [2006] EWHC 3166 (Ch) ............ 5.5.2 Yoeman Credit Ltd v Latter [1961] 2 All ER 294 ......................................................... 1.4 Youell v Bland Welch Co Ltd [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 423 ................................ 6.5.1.1, 6.5.19 Zeus Tradition Marine v Bell [1999] All ER (D) 525 .................................................. 6.4.1 Zhoushan Jinhaiwan Shipyard Co Ltd v Golden Exquisite Inc [2014] EWHC 4050 (Comm) .................................................................................................................. 6.5.18
  • 44. 1 Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract Key points • • All but the simplest agreement should be: o in writing; and o signed by, or on behalf of, all the parties to the agreement. • • There are no special requirements as to the format of most written commercial agreements made ‘under hand’ . • • For agreements made by a company, the simplest method of signing the agreement is normally for an authorised representative to do so ‘on behalf of’ the company. • • Iftherearedoubtsoverwhetherthepartiesareprovidingconsideration (something of value), consider executing the agreement as a deed. If the agreement is made as a deed, comply with the formalities for executing a deed. • • Do not date agreements and deeds prior to signature; if a deed is not to take effect immediately on signature, make this clear in the text of the deed (that it is not ‘delivered’ on signature or is delivered subject to conditions). • • If the agreement has an informal format, or is described as a Heads of Agreement (or similar), consider including wording as to whether it is to be legally binding. If not to be legally binding, at a minimum, state that it is ‘subject to contract’ . • • Consider or take legal advice on whether the agreement meets all the requirements for a legally-binding contract, particularly in relation to the basic contract law issues listed later in this chapter. • • If the signature page of the agreement is circulated, or signed, before the provisions of the agreement are finalised, obtain the agreement of all the parties and document that agreement. For transactions involving land or for an agreement which the parties are to sign as a deed never circulate the signature page (whether before or after signature) separately to the other pages.
  • 45. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 2 1.1 Introduction Before discussing the usual structure and wording of a commercial agreement (see Chapter 2), this chapter deals with: (1) some of the formal legal requirements for creating a legally-binding contract; and (2) common situations when it is necessary to use writing for, or to comply with particular formalities concerning, contracts (and other documents normally encountered in commercial situations). The points made here are for contracts made under English law. The requirements for contracts made under other countries’ laws can be significantly different (and are beyond the scope of this book). The requirements to make or enter into a contract under English law are fairly lax. For most commercial contracts there are no particular formalities, such as: • • that it needs to be in writing; • • that all the provisions of the contract are expressed in one document; • • whether it is necessary to use any particular words; • • who (on behalf of an organisation) can validly agree to enter into the contract; • • whether signatures are required; and so on. English courts look to the intention behind the actions of the parties at the time they are carried out as being determinative of whether the parties have entered a contract, rather than whether any of the above are absent or present. This chapter deals with the following matters: • • What makes (and does not make) a contract o A checklist of items that are necessary for creating a binding contract o A checklist of items that makes a contract invalid (or void) o A checklist of items which can make a contract (or contract provision) unenforceable o Examples of when a contract will be or will not be found to exist o Pre-contractual documents: * Terminology * Heads terms etc and other non-contractual terms and their meanings
  • 46. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 3 * Moving from non-contractual to contractual status without explicit agreement – the dangers • • Formal requirements o Must the contract be in writing? o When is it necessary to use a written document o Must the contract be signed? o No formalities for signing (most) contracts o When a contract is signed – how to do it * For individuals * For companies * For foreign companies o When it is necessary to use a deed o When it is an advantage to use a deed o When a contract is signed as a deed – how to do it * For individuals * For companies * For foreign companies o Signing and circulating in the electronic age – practical issues * Different ways it is possible to sign contracts * Problems where documents are circulated for signature * How to deal with contracts which are deeds or are the sale or disposition of an interest in land * How to deal with contracts which are not deeds (or for the sale or disposition of an interest in land 1.2 Checklists for legally binding contracts This book is not a text on English contract law. Despite the relatively lax system of formalities for creating a contract, the fundamentals to form a valid contract are the same whether the parties use a written agreement which is signed, is not signed or where there is no written agreement at all1 . The following checklists provide (in summary form) some of the contract law issues as to: 1 Not signing a written agreement, or worse still not having a written agreement at all are never recommended where commercial contracts are concerned.
  • 47. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 4 • • what is necessary to form a contract; • • what will make a contract invalid or void; • • what situations lead or do not lead to the existence of a contract; and which a contract drafter should take into account when preparing or negotiating an agreement. In appropriate cases, further research or obtaining specialist advice will be necessary on these topics2 . 1.2.1 Checklist for formation of the contract For a legally binding contract to come into existence, it is necessary to establish objectively (rather than on the subjective intentions of the parties)3 that the following elements must normally be present4 : • • Intention to create legal relations. There will normally be no problem finding such an intention in the case of a conventionally drafted written agreement between, and signed by, commercial parties5 . Although an intention to create legal relations is an important element it is not enough to bring a contract into being, and among the other factors listed in this checklist key is that there is certainty of provisions (see further below). However, it is possible to make an assessment as to whether the parties have an intention to create legal relations from a document itself or the surrounding circumstances. Factors which can indicate such an intention include6 : 2 Where an in-depth understanding is necessary, see Chitty on Contracts (33rd edn, 2018, Sweet and Maxwell). 3 See eg RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH Co KG [2010] UKSC 14, [45]: ‘The general principles are not in doubt. Whether there is a binding contract between the parties and, if so, upon what terms depends upon what they have agreed. It depends not upon their subjective state of mind, but upon a consideration of what was communicated between them by words or conduct, and whether that leads objectively to a conclusion that they intended to create legal relations and had agreed upon all the terms which they regarded or the law requires as essential for the formation of legally binding relations. Even if certain terms of economic or other significance to the parties have not been finalised, an objective appraisal of their words and conduct may lead to the conclusion that they did not intend agreement of such terms to be a pre-condition to a concluded and legally binding agreement’. See also to the same effect New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [99]. 4 In addition to the requirements (when necessary) that: (i) certain contracts must in writing, or (ii) one or more of the parties must use the form of a deed. 5 And it is likely that in the commercial or business context, that the burden will be on the party who wishes to deny that the parties intended to create legal relations between them, and it will be difficult for that to party to make that case: Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494, 500. See also Attrill v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 394, [79] to [81]; New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [100]. 6 See eg Dhanani v Crasnianski [2011] EWHC 926 (Comm) at 76; Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37].
  • 48. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 5 o whether the document is signed by the parties; o whether it was drafted by lawyers; o whether the language of the document is ‘the language of legal relations’7 ; o whether any obligations are stated in unqualified terms8 ; o whether the document contains the usual type of provisions found in a contract (such as provisions concerning law and jurisdiction or contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999)9 ; o where the parties clearly make part of the document legally binding10 ; o where the document in question forms part of a series of package of agreements or contracts all concerning the same subject matter. • • However: o where there is a less formal type of document (such as a ‘heads of agreement’, ‘term sheet’, ‘comfort’ letter, ‘side letter’); o where there is no single document amounting to a written agreement in the conventional sense; or o where there is no written agreement at all; the position can sometimes be less certain11 . Much will depend on the context, so that the absence of or lack of ‘conventional’ documentation 7 In Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37] the court gave an example from the document which was in dispute of the type wording which is meant: ‘In consideration for you agreeing to enter into’ and in New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [74], [105], the court indicated as examples wording which stated that ‘At any time following the date of this term sheet [X] has the right, upon his own discretion, to require the Company share redemption for the price of 333 333 …’ and the number of times that the verb ‘shall’ appears in the provisions of the term sheet. 8 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [73], [105], where several provisions in a term sheet were stated in the obligatory or imperative, eg, ‘to be valid, notice of redemption … shall be forwarded’, ‘[the claimant] … shall transfer the Company share to [the defendant]’, ‘The Term Sheet shall be governed by English law and shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in England’. 9 But not all the ‘normal’ provisions seen in a binding contract need be present in the document itself. See New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [106] and fn 12 below. 10 In Barbudev v Eurocom Cable Management Bulgaria EOOD [2012] EWCA Civ 548, [37] where the court held ‘the parties clearly intended that the confidentiality agreement in the letter would be contractually enforceable between them, whatever might be the status of other parts of the letter.’ 11 See further the discussion of contractual and pre-contractual documents, later in this chapter at 1.3.
  • 49. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 6 may not be enough to negate an intention to create legal relations if the parties are experienced business people12 . Suggestion: if in doubt, the parties should state specifically that they intend their agreement to be legally binding. Alternatively, if there is no definitive agreement signed by the parties, then one of the parties should 12 New Media Holding Company LLC v Kuznetsov [2016] EWHC 360 (QB), [102]–[106] provides an interesting example as to how a judge was able to find that the parties intended to create legal relations. In this case G (who later assigned his rights to the claimant) and the defendant were investors and shareholders in a company. They were involved in a network of other contracts and companies in multiple jurisdictions. During their investment in the company, it became necessary for both parties to make loans to it. G was also unhappy with the management of the company. As a condition of G making a loan, he wished to have the right for the defendant to redeem G’s shares in the company as well as G having certain corporate governance rights to protect G’s position as a minority shareholder. Resulting from discussions between G and the defendant they signed a document labelled a ‘Term Sheet’. At a later date G issued a notice (as provided for under the Term Sheet) requiring the defendant to redeem G’s shares. This did not occur. The defendant advanced several arguments as to why the Term Sheet was not binding. These included: (i) the use of the label ‘Term Sheet’, (ii) that it described only the ‘principal terms and conditions’, (iii) that the preparation of the document was carried in an informal and casual way, (iv) that other shareholders (who had pre-emption rights) were not parties to the Term Sheet, (v) that G was not a registered shareholder of the company (the shares were held by a third party company) and he did not have the percentage of shares stated in the Term Sheet at the date it was signed and would not be able to immediately redeem the shares. The judge, taking an objective view, rejected all of these factors as leading to a conclusion that the parties did not intend to create a legal relationship. The judge accepted a Term Sheet ‘is often used in a commercial context to describe a framework agreement or template to be used to develop a more detailed legal document’ but ‘there is no absolute rule that documents described as “term sheets” are framework documents and cannot be contractual’. The judge also noted that when G and the defendant reached agreement that the Term Sheet was drafted by their lawyers, that both of them were ‘both experienced, sophisticated businessmen’, that they both signed it, it contained ‘clear, express terms’, that ‘the language used in the Term Sheet is consistent with a legally binding agreement and not merely a document that was aspirational’. Also ‘[an] objective appraisal of the words and conduct of these two experienced businessmen leads to the conclusion that they did not intend agreement of any additional terms to be a precondition to a legally binding agreement’ and the ‘Term Sheet also contains detailed provision for service of the notice of redemption, including emails and addresses, which would have served little or no practical function if the agreement was aspirational only’. Also, the law and jurisdiction clause applied to all of the Term Sheet so that ‘[it] is difficult to see what purpose such a clause was intended to serve absent an intention to create a legally binding agreement’. The parties had (through their corporate vehicles) existing contractual relationships as well as entering antecedent agreements which they acknowledged as legally binding. Although the Term Sheet indicated that no consideration moved from G (the defendant received nothing for granting G the right to redeem his shares), ‘in the context of parties who had previously reached package agreements, part written, part oral, the absence of any reference to consideration is equally consistent with an intention that this was a package agreement, with the loan agreement reached orally, and anticipated to require separate further agreement’. The judge accepted G’s evidence that the consideration for G entering into the Term Sheet was his promise to provide further funds and to forebear from pursuing any investigation into the management of the company. So what was intended, taking an objective view, was an intention to create legal relations.
  • 50. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 7 make a definitive statement that the parties have entered a contract at a particular date13 . • • Capacity to enter into the contract. Contracts that certain types of persons enter are not enforceable, because they do not have the legal capacity to do so. The principal types of person are: o minors14 ; o those suffering from a mental incapacity; and o drunks (with some exceptions, eg for ‘necessaries’15 such as food). In most commercial situations it is unlikely that a party will encounter these types of persons. A person or company entering a contract can normally assume that the other party (whether they are a person or company) has the capacity to enter into the contract. But in cases of doubt specialist advice should be obtained. • • Authority to represent a company or organisation. A separate issue to capacity is whether the person signing a contract on behalf of a company (or otherwise agreeing to enter into a contract) has the authority to do so. Where companies are incorporated or regulated by the Companies Act 2006 anyone who has express or implied authority to enter into a contract on behalf of the company can do so16 . Accordingly, it will be difficult for a company to argue that a director or senior manager did not have authority to sign a contract on the company’s behalf. A company can also itself enter into a contract17 . However, it is important to note that the default articles provided by the Companies Act 2006 give to the directors the authority to manage all the 13 If the parties have conducted negotiations through emails and telephone calls, and the emails contain the main terms of what is agreed and then subsequently in a telephone call or video meeting the parties agree to enter into a contract, then one party can send a short email confirming that the parties have entered a contract. For example: ‘Dear X, following our call this afternoon via [Zoom] this email confirms that we have now entered into a contract. The [main] are set out in [the trail emails below] or [in my email of [date and time] to you’. 14 Persons under 18 years old: Family Law Reform Act 1969, s 1(1). 15 The requirement for those suffering from a mental incapacity having to pay a reasonable amount for goods delivered to them is likely to be removed following the passing of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, s 67(1) and Sch 6, para 24. This provision removes the obligation on those suffering from a mental incapacity to pay for ‘necessaries’. It has not yet been brought into force. 16 Companies Act 2006, s 43(1)(b). 17 Companies Act 2006, ss 40, 43(1)(a). How a company itself executes a document is set out in Companies Act 2006, s 44 (and s 46, if the document is a deed). See 1.8 below.
  • 51. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 8 powers of a company (note, not a single director)18 , but they can delegate some or all of their powers19 . However, to avoid situations where a company could act beyond its powers or a director beyond her/his authority, some protections are built into the Companies Act 2006 for persons who deal with a company. There is a limited protection ‘in favour of a person dealing with a company in good faith’ that any limitation in the company’s articles of association will not affect the power of the directors to bind the company (or their power to authorise others to bind the company). This protection only applies where the person in whose favour it applies is a party to a transaction or other act to which the company is a party20 . Also the validity of an action carried out by the company cannot ‘be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity by reason of anything in the company’s constitution’21 . These provisions aim to prevent an act of the company or the powers of the directors being beyond the company’s powers22 . 18 Model Articles, art 3 (The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/3229, reg 2, Sch 1). 19 Model Articles, art 5 although there is a duty on directors to keep record of a decision for 10 years from the date decided, art 8 (The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/3229, reg 2, Sch 1). Schedule 1 provides model articles for private companies limited by shares. The other schedules to these regulations provide default articles for other types of companies incorporated or registered under the Companies Act 2006: public companies and private companies limited by guarantee. 20 Companies Act 2006, s 40. 21 Companies Act 2006, s 39(1). 22 These provisions have the intention to overcome the common-law (non-statutory) concept of ‘ultra vires’. However, these statutory provisions apply only to companies formed or registered under the Companies Act 2006, s 1. For companies formed or registered under the Act but who are charities, Companies Act 2006, ss 39 and 40 only apply in favour of a person: (i) who at the time an act is done did not know that the company was a charity, or (ii) gave full consideration (money or money’s worth) in relation to the act and did not know that the act was not permitted by the company’s constitution or was beyond the powers of the directors (see Companies Act 2006, s 42). For example, a person who knows that the organisation is a charity, will not be able to rely on these statutory protections. Some charities are now substantial organisations entering into a variety of contracts (as well as some universities who are incorporated as private companies limited by guarantee). Persons can also obtain similar protection where they deal with industrial and provident societies registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 (ss 7A, 7B) and building societies who are registered under the Building Societies Act 1986 (Sch 2, paras 16 and 17). However, it appears that protection afforded by Companies Act 2006, ss 39 and 40 do not apply to non-UK companies. See the comments in Credit Suisse International v Stichting Vestia Groep [2014] EWHC 3103 (Comm) at [254] to [262]. For organisations not formed or registered by the Companies Act 2006 the common-law concept of ‘ultra-vires’ will continue to apply. In such cases it will be necessary for a person entering into a contract with such an organisation to consider that the organisation has the power to do so (and which will include companies not incorporated in the UK).
  • 52. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 9 For particularly valuable or important contracts, or with companies or organisations which are not incorporated or regulated by the Companies Act 2006; legal advice should also be obtained on this issue23 . Suggestion: If in doubt, carry out (some old-fashioned) checks on the other party. For example, if a party has not met or spoken with the other party, the first party could telephone the person representing the other party. Other steps include (one or more of the following): o searching the Registrar of Companies’ website (in the UK or the equivalent registry in another if the company is incorporated in that country); o obtaining a report from a credit reference agency; o requiring the company to provide a board resolution indicating that the company is willing to enter into the transaction and authorising a director or another person to sign contracts and other documents to effect the transaction. • • Consideration. Both parties need to provide something of value (consideration) in a normal two-party agreement if the agreement is to be legally binding24 . The ‘something of value’ can be a party doing something or not doing something (or the promise to do the thing or not doing it); that is it does not have to be the payment of a sum of money. Normally, there will be no problem finding such consideration where goods or services are provided in return for payment of a sum of money. To avoid any doubt as to whether a party is giving consideration, in some types of agreement (eg confidentiality agreements), a nominal amount (eg £1) is stated in the agreement. There are detailed rules on the types of consideration that are acceptable, for example, ‘past consideration is no consideration’. Some other countries’ laws do not require consideration, or their rules on consideration differ significantly from those under English law. 23 With changes in technology, communications and methods of payment, many contracts which might have been signed in the past are no longer so (or there is no formal process of having one document to record what is agreed). For example, with the increasing sophistication of online purchase systems, it is entirely possible for even large purchases of standardised items to be bought online, with the online purchase system being able to calculate discounts for the quantity ordered or for the particular type of customer. The issue of whether the supplier is sure the person placing an order online is authorised to do so is lessened if payment has to be through the use of a credit card, PayPal, etc, because they will have received or able to obtain payment before supplying their product or service. Another area where technology has significantly changed how contracts are made is the use of emails. This flexible method permits easy exchange of written documentation (whether within the email or attached to it). However, with emails it is harder to know whether the person sending the email is the same as the name of the person who appears in the email, or whether they have the authority to enter into a contract on behalf of their company/organisation. 24 If it is not clear that something of value is being provided by one or more of the parties then to make the agreement legally binding it is possible to sign it as a deed.
  • 53. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 10 • • Offer and acceptance. Although there are exceptions, a contract will only come into existence when one party has offered to enter into a contract on specified terms and the other party has accepted that offer (by words or by conduct). A qualified acceptance (eg on slightly different terms to those offered), will generally be a counter offer, which in turn will need to be unconditionally accepted before the contract comes into existence25 . These problems are usually avoided where both parties sign a written agreement. Suggestion:Ifyouare‘accepting’anotherparty’soffer(ortheyareaccepting your offer), consider whether the ‘acceptance’ is (only) an agreement on particular points or provisions. If this is the case, further negotiations may be necessary, or there may need to be an explicit exchange where the parties agree they have entered into a binding agreement26 . Alternatively, if the acceptance is clear enough, there may be acceptance of an offer with the intention of entering into a binding contract. • • Complete agreement and certainty of provisions. If only some of the important provisions are agreed (eg the price a party is to pay or when it will deliver goods or services under a contract) but not others the agreement may not be legally enforceable as it is missing an essential element. Sometimes an agreement may include clauses stating that the parties will agree certain provisions at a later date. These are usually ‘agreements to agree’. They are not generally enforceable. A third category which may make an agreement not legally enforceable is if a 25 For example, Party A offers to supply six goods at £1 each within 30 days (offer). The other side purports to accept the offer but says it wants the goods within 14 days (rejection and counter-offer). The importance of carefully analysing whether a party is accepting or rejecting an offer is illustrated in Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 (where there was an exchange of emails between two parties). The decision when the case first reached the courts was that the last email was the acceptance of the first email, but on appeal, the Court of Appeal found that the emails in between the first and last email contained a rejection of the offer. A related issue is the ‘battle of the forms’. For example, Party A offers to sells goods, but subject to its terms and conditions. Party B accepts but in its written acceptance says its acceptance is subject to its terms and conditions. The traditional view is that the party that gets its terms and conditions in last is the party whose terms and conditions apply, and this view continues to be good law: see Tekdata Intern Connections v Amphenol [2009] EWCA Civ 1209, [2010] 2 All ER (Comm) 302. 26 This point illustrates one of the advantages of a written agreement which sets out all the provisions and which is signed by both parties. With other methods, such as where there is an exchange of emails (where there is not a clear indication of what is accepted or rejected and which consists of a combination of negotiation points, discussion, proposals of provisions to include or amendments to them) it may be difficult to decide what has been offered, rejected and finally agreed. The case of Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 is an illustration of the problem of using email and how the courts can come to different points of view as to what has occurred and has been agreed.
  • 54. Chapter 1 Legal formalities for a binding contract 11 provision is too vague or uncertain27 . The modern approach of the courts to help the parties, in effect, to create a legally binding agreement even if not expressed ideally or fully28 . To do so there will need to be some objective mechanism for determining what those provisions will be if the parties cannot agree or where the provision is vague or uncertain29 using a standard of reasonableness30 . The principal ways it is possible to establish the terms of a contract are: o for a court to ‘fill-in’ the gaps such as by examining the past dealings of the parties, or what is the ordinary commercial standard for the 27 See eg in Scammell (G) and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941]1 All ER 14 where there was an agreement for the purchase of a lorry, with part of the price being the part-exchange of an old lorry with ‘the balance of purchase price can be had on hire-purchase terms over a period of 2 years’. This phrase was interpreted as too vague as there were ‘numerous forms of hire- purchase transactions, and the multiplicity of terms and details which they involve’ so that the plaintiffs were ‘faced with what appears to…be a fatal alternative, – namely, either (i) this term of the alleged contract is quite uncertain as to its meaning, and prevents the existence of an enforceable contract, or (ii) the term leaves essential contractual provisions for further negotiation between the parties, with the same result’. See also Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485; Astor Management AG and another v Atalaya Mining plc and others [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm). 28 Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494, 503; Astor Management AG (formerly known as MRI Holding AG) v Atalaya Mining plc (formerly known as Emed Mining Public Ltd) [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm), [64]: ‘The role of the court in a commercial dispute is to give legal effect to what the parties have agreed, not to throw its hands in the air and refuse to do so because the parties have not made its task easy. To hold that a clause is too uncertain to be enforceable is a last resort…’. 29 See eg Blue v Ashley [2017] EWHC 1928 (Comm). In this case the claimant sought a payment of £15 million pounds if the claimant could raise the share price of the defendant’s company to £8.00 a share. The court held that there was no objective standard to determine the period by which the claimant would need to get the share price to £8, and it was ‘a matter which could only be decided by express agreement by the parties themselves’ and accordingly no contract was created as it lacked an essential term: ‘[The claimant failed] to prove that a particular period was agreed within which the share price had to reach £8. That gap is not one which the court can fill. There are many situations in which an agreement is silent about the time within which something must be done and the court can give content to it by implying a term that the obligation will be performed within a reasonable time. But that is only possible when a court can apply some yardstick of what is reasonable’ [from 136]. There were other grounds which contributed to this finding, including the way discussions were held (in a pub over drinks, and that there was no written record of the negotiations). 30 For example, in Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494 the phrase ‘fair specification’ in a provision calling for supply of ‘2,000 standards of softwood goods of fair specification over the season 1930’ was legally binding as the contract was made between persons closely involved in the timber trade so that it was possible to apply a standard of reasonableness and give an objective meaning (and determine the quality of the timber to be supplied) to the phrase ‘fair specification’. Much will depend on the wording used (and the context in which it is used). There is a difference between the parties to an agreement agreeing that one party would pay a ‘fair sum’ or a ‘fair share’ for something but not stating anything more and the different situation where the party would pay a ‘fair sum’ or a ‘fair share’ for something but the agreement going on to state that the parties would determine what the meaning of ‘fair’ meant. In the first instance ‘an agreement to pay a [fair sum or] fair share prescribed a purely objective standard or criterion. In the absence of agreement by the parties a court would be able to determine what that share should be by reference to this objective standard’ (Cable Wireless plc v Valentine [2005] EWCA Civ 806, [20]). In the latter situation there was ‘no unqualified commitment to pay’ (from [24]), and accordingly no objective way to get to the meaning of ‘fair’.
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  • 56. The Silver-Mine Copaoba. Strange Birds. The Plant Yarammacarou. The Guara-tereba, with other strange Fish. The French under the Command of Captain Dourmigas, discover’d ninety years ago the Silver-Mine Copaoba, and for considerable time carry’d Silver and Brasile Wood from hence, till the Portuguese made themselves absolute Masters. Moreover, on the North-side of Parayba, the Salvages call’d Petiguars inhabit sixteen Villages. Amongst the Birds of prey which breed here, are the Ouyaourassou, twice as big as a Crane, with curious Feathers, and so bold and strong, that it devours not onely Sheep, but Deer and Men. The Bird Mayton is no way inferior in beauty to the Peacock, his whole Body being cover’d with white and black Feathers; on his Head grows a Tuft; the Flesh is also very pleasant to the taste. The Toucan, another Bird, resembles a Turtle-Dove in all parts, except the Bill and Breast; for the Belly is ten Inches long and three broad, the Breast of an Orange colour, mix’d with Crimson Spots; the remaining part is white, the Back red, and the Tail and Wings Coal- black. The Plant call’d Yarammacarou deserves also a peculiar observation, viz. It is thicker than a Man’s Thigh, grows twelve Foot high, with three Branches of equal length and thickness, which you may easily break; it is green without, white within, and without Leaves, leaving red Blossoms streak’d with blue, from whence grows a Fruit about the bigness of an Apple, crimson without and white within, and tasting like a Mulberry. The River Parayba produces amongst many other Fishes the Guara-tereba, which hath a thick Body, flat Head, crooked Back, split Tail, and triangular Scales, which laid in the Sun, shine like polish’d Gold. The Sea also hereabouts affords a strange Fish with a very long and thin Tail, the Females whereof Lay every day Eggs like Hens: they are full of poysonous Prickles, and divided into several sorts, amongst which the chiefest are accounted the Naainari and Jabebara.
  • 57. Description of the Sea Coast of Brasile. T Strange Tree. he Sea-Coast of Brasile from St. Vincent to Spirito Santo appears as followeth: Before the Coast of St. Vincent lie the four little Isles Queimadas, and on one side the Alcatraces and Busios; East North- East from which bears the Island Sebastian: Before the Inlet Ubatuba lies the Isle Dos Porcos, close under a high Shore, where the Haven runs far up in the Countrey. Fourteen Leagues farther the Island Grande, stor’d with fresh Water, with Fish-ponds, Woods, and two good Havens. Before the Road of Garatuba appear several broken Isles, the chiefest whereof is Morambaya. The Ships Sailing along the Brasilian Coast view next the Mouth of the wide River Jenero, without fear of Rocks or Shoals. Moreover, a sandy Ground extends from the Western Point to Cape Frio, which rises out of the Sea like a Rock, with white Streaks, and crack’d on the top, between both which the high Island before Frio makes a safe Harbor. Nine Leagues beyond Frio to the Northward, St. Salvador opens a large Bay, hemm’d in on the South by divers nameless Isles. Lastly, the several Salt-pans along this Coast are very remarkable, as also the Promontory St.Thoma and Parayba, the Inlets Manangea and Itapemeri, and the River Guarapari, famous for the Mountain Pero Cam towards the North, and Guapel to the South. The Island Salvago, round and mountainous, lies before the Mouth of the River Guarapari, where the Main Coast grows uneven and Hilly. On the North-East Point of Spirito Santo a long ridge of Rocks appears above the Sea; and near the Inlet rises three black Hills on the South, and two Leagues up in the Countrey the broken Mountain Mestre Alvaro, which extends along the Sea-Coast. The River Des Reyos Magos encompasses three Mountains severally, and makes three Isles. The Coast on each side of the River Dolce is very plain and even, but Cricare hath a mixture of high and low Lands. In the Mouth of the River Maranipe lies a great company of white Shelves near together, appearing afar off as if all one. Parairepe is remarkable by the high Trees growing on it. The Mouth of the River Caruvelas lies full of Sand-plats. Near the Beacon Tauhaen rises a red Cliff from which a sandy Point reaches to the River Curubabo. Before Porto Seguro lie several dangerous Rocks in the Sea, to the Southward of which rises the High-land Cape Pasqual. Not far from hence Santa Cruiz a good Haven for small Vessels, from whence the
  • 58. Coast extends North North-East, and South South-West, to Rio Grande, where the Shoals call’d Baxos de St. Antonio, making a dangerous Entry, force the Ships for the most part to keep three Leagues from the Shore. Beyond the Arm of Rio Grande appear three high Mountains cover’d with Trees; from whence to Ilheos is a safe Passage free from Shelves. Eight Leagues farther, the River Dos Contas runs between two broken Cliffs into the Sea: in the Mouth of it rises a Rock resembling a high Island. Between Ilheos and Contas the Coast rises also, but falls low again in a Bay, where white Sugar- Mills, formerly belonging to Lucas Giraldes, are seen at a great distance. The Countrey on each side of the River Camanu is plain; the Stream it self hath a wide Mouth, and respects with its Northern Shore the Isle Cayepa, dangerous for the many Shelves which are about the same. The River Tinhare is known by the Mountain Morro de Santo Paulo, which rises like a Galley on the Southern Shore. Twelve Leagues farther opens the Bay of Todos los Sanctos, on whose Eastern Point stands the Castle Antonio, and before the Northern Shore the Island Topoam, to the East and South-East low and strong. The River Das Pedras falls with a wide Mouth into the Ocean. Next you pass by the Streams Tapicuru, Real Vasabaris and Francisco, known by a low Promontory. The Rivers Miguel, Antonio, Camaragili, Porto Calvo, Formoso, and Serinhaem, disembogue also into the Sea. Next the Stream Das Pedras rises the Promontory St. Augustine, all overgrown with Bushes and Brambles. Five Leagues Southward lies the small Isle Alexo. The Coast from St. Augustine to Pernambuco extends North and by East, and South and by West. The Island Tamaraca lies in the Mouth of the Stream Gajana; and fifteen Leagues farther appears Parayba; between which two the Shelf Pedra Furada extends three Leagues along the Coast, and another from the Shore of the Promontory Blanco, where the Road Porto de Franeses affords Seamen secure Anchorage for Shipping. Next to Parayba follow the Havens Treicaon, Pipa, and Basios, the Stream Siara and Maragnan, which washes the Western part of Brasile, and is taken for the Boundary between the Spanish Indies and the Portuguese, according to the Division by Pope Alexander the Sixth, Anno 1502. Lastly, there belongs to Brasile the Island Fernando de Noronho, in three Degrees of Southern Latitude. The Capuchin, Claude de Abbeville, going thither, found the same to be six Leagues in circumference, and extraordinary fruitful; besides
  • 59. Situation. M good fresh Water, Pease, Beans, Maiz, Potato’s, Melons, Cotton, Cattel, wild Goats, and all sorts of Poultrey, which this Island affords; but it chiefly abounds with great variety of a sort of Birds which suffer themselves to be caught with the Hand. There grows likewise a nameless Tree, not unlike the Laurel, being of a strange Nature, for who e’re touches the Leaves, and afterwards rubs his Eyes, loses his Sight for four hours, with exceeding pain; which pain nevertheless another Tree growing in the same Island cures immediately. The French, who Landed on Noronho Anno 1613. found a Portuguese there, with eighteen Brasilians, Men, Women, and Children, banish’d thither from Pernambuco, whom Baptizing, they carry’d to Maragnan. Near Noronho lies the Isle De Feu. Sect. X. Maragnan. aragnan, forty five Leagues in circumference, lies in two Degrees of Southern Latitude, and a considerable distance from the Bay, which appears between the Rivers Aperegha and Comajamu. The Eastern Entrance into this Bay hath before the Promontory Arbres Secs, the Isle St. Anna, by the Brasilians call’d Upaonmiri. Opposite to Maragnan, about half way from the said Inlet, fall three Rivers into the Sea, the most Easterly call’d Mounin, hath a Mouth a Mile wide, and discharges its Water into the Sea; the middlemost Taboucourou, is five hundred Leagues long, and ends with two Mouths, half a League distant one from the other; the most Westerly, call’d Miary, is about six Leagues broad, so falling into the Sea. The Stream Maracou falls into the Pinare, and thus united they joyn both with the Miary, which runs exceeding swift into the Sea. Between the Capes Arbres Secs and De la Tortue, the Coast lies full of sandy Banks, some of which extend a League into the Ocean. On the other side of the Promontory Tapoytapere near Maragnan, towards the River of Amazones, lie so many Isles along the Sea-shore, that no Ship is able to approach the same, because the Spaces between the Isles are overgrown with Trees call’d
  • 60. Fruitful Soil and rich Coast of Maragnan. Apparituriers, whose Boughs shooting down and rooting in the Sea, produce other Trees, which grow so close together, that they seem one entire Tree with many Branches. Besides this Inconvenience there is abundance of drift Sand when the Wind sits from the Shore, which oftentimes swallows the Ships which lie upon the same. Beyond Maragnan lie two Roads, the first between the Promontory Arbres and the Isle St. Anna, but dangerous; the other, discover’d some years since, reaches to the Fort of Maragnan, and is as dangerous as the first. This Island hath twenty seven Villages, by the Natives call’d Oc or Tave, each Village consisting of four Houses made of great Stakes, and cover’d with Palm-tree Leaves against the Rain, each House being thirty Foot broad, and from two hundred to five hundred Paces long, according to the greater or lesser number of Inhabitants. The first Village, opposite to St. Anna, is call’d Timbohu; the second, well known for two eminent Fishing-places, is Itapara; but the two biggest are Juniparan and Eussaouap, each having about five or six hundred Inhabitants. This Island of Maragnan lies under a temperate Climate, being seldom troubled with excessive Colds, Droughts, pestilential Vapors, Wind, Hail, or Thunder, only it Lightens Morning and Evening in serene Weather. When the Sun returns from the Tropick of Capricorn to the North, then it Rains for six Weeks together; but when he declines from Cancer towards the Southern Solstice, the Trade-Wind, or Eastern Breezes rise at seven of the Clock in the Morning, but grow fainter towards Sun-setting. The Soil of Maragnan is exceeding fruitful, producing abundance of Brasile Wood, Sugar, Cotton, the red Colour Roucou, Tobacco, Balsam not inferior to the Arabian, Pepper, and all manner of Fruits. On the Coast is often found excellent Amber- greece and Jasper Stones, which the Inhabitants wore in their Lips. In some places along the Sea-shore appear Rocks of red and white Stone Diaphanous, like Crystal, which (some say) are as hard as Diamonds, and call’d Allencon. The Woods produce Timber, and the Shore Stones and Shells, of which they make Mortar. There are also several pleasant Fields and Hills, whose Feet are wash’d by delightful Brooks, along which they pass in Canoos from one Village to
  • 61. Fruit-Trees. another. The Woods consist most of Palm-Trees, amongst which breed all sorts of Fowls and Beasts. The chiefest of the Fruit-Trees which grow here is the Accayou, which being much bigger than our Pomewaters, hath Leaves not unlike those of an Oak: and also a Nut resembling a Sheeps Kidney, cover’d with a hard Shell, which incloses an oylie Pith. Out of these the Islanders press a very wholsom and pleasant Liquor; as also out of the Pacoeira and Bannanas, both excellent Plants, which will grow in any Ground. This Plant they pluck up by the Roots wild as soon as it hath put forth three Leaves; which Leaves being rowl’d up hard together like a Twig, are again Set, and then sprout up each with ten green Leaves, which when mov’d by the Wind, rattle like Parchment, and tear very easily: the Stalk is an Inch thick, from which spread several lesser Branches; under the Leaves hang yellowish Flowers of a pleasant smell, at whose Stalks are lesser Leaves resembling little Scoups, full of Juice, in taste like Honey, and in colour like the White of an Egg: after the Flower follows the Fruit, very like a Cucumber, onely they are three square, and have a hardish Shell, which incloses a well tasted and wholsom Pulp, which commonly grows in Clusters. This Plant, when the Fruit is ripe, is pluck’d up, from whence another springs up immediately, which bears the like Fruit the next year; so that this Plant lives as it were by propagation continually. The Bannanas bear Leaves of a Fathom long and two Foot broad; the Fruit is very like that of the Pacoeira. The Mangaa is very like the Apricock both in taste and form. The Tree Jaracaha hath a spread Crown, leaves like those of a Fig- Tree, yellow Flowers, and Pears with Shells, and full of Kernels. The Ouaieroua is an exceeding sweet-smelling Tree, bears a Fruit much bigger than the greatest Melons. The Junipap, which is much taller, hath Apples, which whilest they are green are best, yielding a Juice which Dyes Coal-black, and therefore is us’d by the Natives to paint their Bodies with: The Apples when ripe are yellow within and without, very well tasted, and melting in the Mouth. Besides these fore-mention’d Fruit-Trees there are several others that grow on this Island, amongst which is the Vua-pirup, eminent
  • 62. for its Blossom, which is yellow, blue, and red, and bears delicate Apples, which ripen best in the rainy Season. Lastly, the Pekey, which three Men cannot Fathom, bears a Fruit of two handfuls bigness, having a hard thick Shell, and within four Kidney-like Kernels, each concealing a prickly Stone, which hurts the Mouths of unwary Eaters. The Plant Carouata hath Leaves an Ell long, and two Inches broad; they are very thick and thistly from the middle, and about two Foot from the Ground grows an exceeding pleasant Fruit, yellow without and within, three square, a Finger long, and hanging oftentimes sixty in a Cluster. Vua, a sort of Melons, green without, and within full of white Pulp and black Kernels, and hath a pleasant Juice, dissolves to Water, if cut in the middle, sweeter than Sugar, and very refreshing. Manioch, a thick Root of the Plant Manicup, Leav’d like a Fig- Tree; being ground to Meal, it serves in stead of Bread. Besides these already mention’d, there are several other Plants, the most usual are the great flat Beans call’d Commanda-ouassou, and the long Pease Commanda-miry.
  • 63. Strange Birds. Strange sorts of Fish. Here are variety of Birds of several sorts, especially of Parrots, which flye in great Companies, most beautiful to the Eye, and very docible to speak, and also good for Food. The Partridges Nanbououassou, in bigness no way inferior to a Capon, have blue Feathers, and also Lay blue Eggs. The Ourou, resembling a Partridge, hath a Combe like a Cock, but mix’d with three Colours, viz. red, black, and white. The Bats, nam’d Andheura, have a mournful Note in the Night, often biting those they find asleep, and suck their Blood so hard that it can hardly be stopt. The Ostriches here call’d Yandou, being as tall as a middle-siz’d Man, cannot flye, but run as swift as a Greyhound. Their Fowl call’d Falian, with long Bills and Cranes Legs, flies very low, but runs so swift that a Horse can scarce overtake them. The Ocean about Maragnan produces abundance of all sorts of Fish, and amongst others the Pyraon, six Foot long, thicker than a Barrel, and cover’d with black Scales of a hand-breadth. The Fish Camouroupouy differs not much from the Pyraon, onely in having fewer Scales. The Ougry, four Foot long, hath a broad Head, and two sharp Fins on the Back, which wound terribly. This Fish also swimming in the River, smells of Musk whilest it stays therein. The like length hath also the Camboury Ouassou, whose Hog-like Head, and yellow scal’d Tail, makes it seem like a Monster. The Yauebouyre is a Foot in thickness, in length two Fathom, and a Fathom in breadth, and hath a Tail of half a Fathom long, out of the middle of which flicks a sharp and great Bone, which makes such dangerous Wounds, that if any part of a Man’s Body be touch’d therewith, it must be cut off. The Narinnary, which is much lesser, wounds with its Sting very dangerously. The flat Fish Acaraiou hath the length of a Foot, a green Head, thick Scales, a yellow Back, and white Belly.
  • 64. Divers kinds of strange Beasts. The Araououa hath a hard Skin, is eight times bigger than the Acaraiou and hath a three-pointed Sword, with which it kills other Fish. Another sort of Sword-fish is the Panapans, whose Sword is a Foot less than that of the Araououa. The Picamo and Caramourou resemble the Pilchard, and are taken in great abundance near the Rocks. The Rivers and Brooks on Maragnan are also very full of Fish, amongst which the Pourake, four Foot long, full of green, blue, red and white Specks and Streaks, the Skin so hard that no Sword can penetrate it; wherefore it regards not a blow, but if it moves, it causes such a pain on the Arm of him that strikes, that he falls down on the Ground. The Caurimata, which is very like a Carp, is the most delicious Fish that ever was tasted. The Pyrain, without Scales, colour’d red and yellow, hath sharp Teeth, which cut sloapingly; as also the Opean, Tarehure, Paraty, and Jerou. The red Crabs Oussa, with hairy Legs, breed about the Roots of the fore-mention’d Trees that grow in the Water. The white Crabs Aouara-oussa carry the Amber-greece, cast on the Shores to their Holes. They have also good Mussles, and well rellish’d Oysters sticking on the Boughs of the said Trees. During the rainy Season there are generally standing Pools, in which yearly breed many Fishes, which are taken up by the Inhabitants when the Pools begin to dry. Moreover, this Island feeds abundance of four-footed Beasts, amongst which their wild Deer, Rabbets and Hares, differ little from the European. They have also wild Swine call’d Taiassou, who seem to have Navels on their Backs, which cast a sweet Musky smell; besides another sort of Swine, not inferior to the former, but of a stranger shape, being Mouth’d like a Hare, with two long Tusks in their upper Jaws, and two beneath; their Ears like a Mans; the foremost Feet white, and hoof’d like an Ass; the hindermost part of their Body like a Bear, and full of Bristles, half white and half black, three handfuls long: when
  • 65. they creep in their Holes their staring Bristles fall; they keep much amongst Brambles, feed on Apples and Roots; In the Winter Season they Stye themselves up in their Holes. Here are also Pismire-eaters, call’d Tamandua, with a Boars Head, Dogs Ears, sharp Snout, Horses Hair, and Ox Feet. The Tapiyre-ete differ little from wild Cows, onely they have shorter Legs and Tails, and wanting Horns, are Arm’d in stead thereof with Teeth; in their Heads are often found a Stone like the Bezoar Stone. Several sorts of Armadillo’s here differ much in form each from the other. The wild Cats Margaia are caught for their curious Skin. The Foxes Janovare, and Leopards Sovassovaran, both curiously mark’d, are very ravenous. Here is also a deform’d slow creeping Beast call’d Ai, whose Head is like a Mans, and cover’d with rough and grey Hair, on each Foot three Claws close together, and at least a Finger long, sharp Teeth, a smooth high black Nose, little drowsie Eyes, no Ears, a Tail small above and broad at the bottom, long Ash-colour’d Hair over all the Body; and being about the bigness of a Fox, it climbs slowly up the Trees, and comes not down before it hath eaten off all the Leaves; it feeds also on Earth, and sometimes sits on a high Bough without Meat twenty days together; it goes so softly, that it will hardly clear fifty Paces in twenty four hours. On this Island are likewise all sorts of Apes and Monkies, amongst which is one most remarkable, call’d The Zimme Cayon, hairy all over, with a long white Beard, an old Mans Face, bald Ears, black Eyes and long Tail, which they wind about a Bough, and so hanging, swing themselves from one Tree to another; they are very fierce as well as subtile, for being wounded with an Arrow, they set upon their Enemy without the least fear; when they climb up the Trees, they carry their Mouths and Hands full of Stones to throw at Travellers; and if any one of them chance to be wounded, all the rest that are near come to help him, and stop the Wound with Leaves, and the like; the young ones hang upon the Backs of their Dams, who run very swift with them, and leap from one Tree to another.
  • 66. The Sagovin. The Boyete, and other sorts of Serpents. Juan Ardenois relates, That the Coyons play at certain Games with the Natives for Money, and spend what they win in publick Houses. Joseph de Acosta tells us, That one of these kind of Creatures being sent to a Tavern for Wine, would not part with his Money before his Pot was fill’d, which he defended from the Boys that offer’d to take it from him, by throwing Stones at them; and though it lov’d Wine very well, yet brought it always home without tasting. It is no less wonderful what Peter Martyr relates of one of these Creatures, viz. That observing one ready to fire a Gun at him, before he could discharge, it leap’d from the Tree and snatch’d up a Child, which he held as a Buckler before him. The Sagovin resembles a Lyon in the fore-part of the Body, with shaggy Hair; they are exceeding dainty and tender, yet so stubborn and sullen, that they take pet at the least affront, and often pine themselves away and die with hunger. The Serpent Boy-ete, two Fathoms long, without Legs, having a bright speckled Skin and four sharp Teeth, wounds also mortally with its Tail; but is the less dangerous, because at the end of the Tail grows a Bladder, which moving rattles as if there were Pease in it, which gives notice to the Traveller, though unwary, by which means he makes his escape.
  • 67. The other Serpents call’d Jouboy, Tara-gouyboy, and Tarehuboy, serve the Natives for a great Delicacy; as also the great Toads or Frogs, call’d Tourourou. They have also a sort of Flies call’d Ton, which exceedingly molest them, against which their chiefest Medicine is Palm-tree Oyl, and the Roucou, with which they colour their Skins. The Natives of this Island of Maragnan, driven out of the pleasant Countrey Cayete by the Portuguese, are a sort of the Toupinambas, who Setled here about a hundred and fifty years ago. The time of their first coming hither us’d formerly to be solemniz’d with the great Feast call’d Caoven; but because a Woman boldly set upon a Commander in his Cups, there arose a great Tumult amongst them, and ever since the Island hath been divided, one Party calling the other Tobaiares, that is, We are Enemies: They are so inveterate against one another, that who e’re they take Prisoners they unmercifully devour: Both are of a middle Stature, have flat Noses, which the Midwives make at the Birth of the Child, they are generally a strong People, and many of them living a hundred years, without being grey, bald, or sick; they live temperate, and under a wholsom Climate: Some of their Women bear Children (as they say) till they are eighty years of age, which being born white, turn to be of a Tawny colour, by being anointed with Suet call’d Roucon, and Oyl; otherwise they are well proportion’d. The Men pluck out all the Hair of their Foreheads, but suffer it to hang pretty long over their Ears, and behind. The Women let their Hair hang down to their Middle, and wear woodden Ear-rings, but the Men hang green Beads in their Lips, and thrust little Bones through their Noses. They go all stark naked, their Legs are colour’d black with the Juice of the Herb Junipap, and upon the other parts of their Body appear Figures of several Representations. Those that will manifest their Valor, and be accounted hardy, gash their Bodies all over with Wounds, which they heal in such a manner, that the Scars may more plainly appear. They never come to their usual Feasts, but dress’d up in various colour’d Feathers; upon the Crown of their Heads they wear Caps stuck with Plumes, which they call Acangoap, or Coronets, call’d Acangerar; about their Necks, the Necklaces Aiouacava; over their Shoulders, the Mantles Assoyave; their Garters they call Tabacoura, at which they hang hollow Nutshells full of little Stones, which gingle and
  • 68. The occasion of building the Fort Maragnan. A Colony of French sent over into the Island of Maragnan. rattle as they go, and about their Arms Armlets call’d Mapouyh- couaychovare; all which are curiously checker’d with various colour’d Feathers. The Maragnans live not much up in the Countrey, but rather on the Sea-Coast, because of their Fishing, removing every sixth year, calling the Village where they Settle, by the former Name. They take every Man as many Wives as he pleaseth, but the Women must stick each to one Man, unless she be Divorc’d from him, which often happens upon small occasions. Their Cotton Hammocks call’d Yu, on which they sleep, hang between two Stakes, in which they lie. Singular Friends and Relations Feast one another daily; but they are cruel and revengeful against their neighboring Enemies, whom, when they take any of them, they fatten, kill, and eat. The least affront done them, or injurious word spoken to them, or against their Predecessors, makes them take up Arms, which consist of Bowes and Arrows, which they call Ouyrapar and Oune. Here the French have built the Fort St. Lovis on an Island, from whence Westward may be seen the Cape Tapouytapere, which at High-water seems like an Island, and lies four Leagues from thence; at Low-water they can walk over the Sands from the same to the Main Land. This fruitful Countrey hath twenty populous Villages. Westward lies Comma, which gives Denomination to the chief Village, the River, and the rest of that Countrey, wherein are sixteen more handsom Villages, better built, and more populous than Maragnan or Tapouytapere. Concerning the building of the fore-mention’d Fort on Maragnan, it hapned as followeth:
  • 69. Driven out by the Portuguese.
  • 70. The French Captain Riffaut, upon the Advice of Ouyrapive, who bore a great sway amongst his Maragnan Subjects, fitted out three Ships; but because of a Contention between the Sea-men, and the loss of his chiefest Vessel, he was forc’d to Sail to France, and leave some of his Men on Maragnan, under the Command of a young Gentleman call’d De Vaux, who carry’d himself so discreetly amongst the Islanders, that they promis’d to embrace the Christian Religion, if new Supplies came from France to assist them against their Enemies; of which De Vaux advis’d the French King Henry the Fourth, who approv’d of it, and sent Monsieur De la Ravardiere to Maragnan, to make a farther Enquiry into the whole Matter, where he spent six Moneths; after which returning he found the King murder’d, wherefore the Business lay dead for a while; but at length Ravardiere took with him the Lord Rosilly, and the Baron of Sansi, desiring some Capuchins of the Queen-Mother, for the promulgating of the Christian Religion in Maragnan; which being granted, they set Sail with three Ships Anno 1612. with which arriving safely there, and Landing, he built next the chiefest Haven the Fort St. Lewis on a Hill, by whose foot two Rivers glide into the Ocean. After which this new Plantation went on for a considerable time, till the Portuguese overpowering them, drove them out of this their new Field, making themselves absolute Masters of the Fort, and also of the great Mountain Ibouyapap, four Leagues high, plain on the top, twenty
  • 71. Description of the Lordship of Tamarica. T Description of the Lordship of Rio Grande. T Description of the Lordship of Siara. T four Leagues long, and little less in breadth. No Champain under the Sun is more pleasant and fruitful than this; for in some places it is shaded with Trees, in others hath brave Pastures, lies under a wholsom Climate, and abounds with fresh Springs, from whence are deriv’d store of Brooks, and Rivulets full of Fish. Sect. XI. The Lordships Tamarica, Rio Grande, Siara, and Para. he Præfecture of Tamarica, not above three Leagues in length and two in breadth, so call’d from a little Island lying before it, and part of its Precinct, is counted the first, that is, the most ancient Lordship of Brasile, having otherwise nothing in it that is very considerable, save onely a good Haven or Port, with a Castle for the Security or Command of it, held to be impregnable, and so found by the Dutch, who under Peter Heyn and Stein Callenfels in vain attempted the taking of it, as shall be mention’d hereafter more particularly, but made it useless to the Portuguese, by making a Bulwark at the Mouth of the Haven, and so blocking it up. This Capatania yielded formerly a Rent of thirty thousand Ducats to the Earls of Montesanto, whose Right it was. he Præfecture of Rio Grande, a small Precinct, so denominated, as lying on the South-side of that great River which the Portuguese call Rio Grande, and the Natives Potingi, where it falls into the Sea, was once possess’d by the French about the Year 1597. who were outed by the Portuguese, and the Place fortifi’d both against them and the Salvages, (of whom they slew and took Prisoners very great numbers) with a Castle, which the Dutch in the Year 1631. found an impregnable piece, and too hard for them to take. he Præfecture of Siara, so denominated from the Haven; it hath long been in the
  • 72. Description of the Lordship of Para. L T A West-India Company erected by the United States. St. Salvador set upon by the Dutch possession of the Portuguese, but they have therein no Towns of note, onely a Castle, and some few Houses for those that attend the gathering of Cotton-Wool, and Manuring of the Sugar-Canes, which are here in great abundance, also the Countrey is said to afford some Crystal and other Precious Stones. astly, the Præfecture of Para is the most Northerly part of Brasile, bordering upon Guiana, so call’d from the River Para, which runneth through the midst of it, upon which, in a convenient place, and upon rais’d Ground, the Portuguese have built a very strong Castle, well Wall’d on all sides, save onely towards the River, where it is planted with Ordnance: It is built in a quadrangular form, and hath at least three hundred Persons of the Portuguese Nation (besides the Garrison Soldiers) belonging to it, who have all Employment enough about the Cotton-Wool, Sugar-Canes, and Tobacco, which the Countrey is said to afford in great plenty. A Relation of the Proceedings of the Netherland West- India Company in Brasile to the Year 1658. he chief Disturbers of the Portuguese in the possession of the Countrey of Brasile, were the United Netherlanders; for they having had good success with their first Fleet, under the Command of John Molenaer, John Dignumszoon, John Schelinger, Simon Mau, and the Merchants Cornelis Woodman, Gerard Beveningen, and Heinier van Hel, Anno 1595. in the East-Indies, where they got such footing, that they took whole Kingdoms, to the great enriching of the Eastern World, where they spread their Trade over the whole Countrey, were thereupon emboldned to venture also to the West, that thereby they might cut off the Sinews of the King of Spain’s Wars, he being continually supply’d with Treasures from America. The grand Promoters of this Design were the Company of Merchants, who hitherto had Traded to Guinee; and the rather, because Guinee brought them but little Profit. But to set upon the Spanish Power,
  • 73. under Peterszoon and Willekens. St. Salvador taken by the Dutch. was a Business of no small Consequence; nevertheless they undertaking it, obtain’d Letters Patents from the States of the United Netherlands, Anno 1621. for erecting of a West-India Company, in which it was declar’d, That none without the said Companies leave should drive any Trade to Africa from the Northern Tropick, to the Cape Bonne Esperance; nor to America from Terre-Neuf to the Straights of Magellan, or Le Maire; nor in the South Sea to Anian; which if any attempted, they should forfeit Ship and Goods; besides several other Priviledges and Immunities granted towards the promoting and establishing of the said Company. After a long Consultation which way to steer their Course, it was concluded upon in the Council for the Affairs of the Company, to Invade St. Salvador in the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, whether they sent twenty Men of War and three Ketches, Commanded by Jacob Willekens, and Peter Peterszoon Hein; the Land Forces being under the Command of Colonel John van Dorth. In the beginning of the Year 1624. the Fleet set Sail out of the Texel and the Maes, and in five Moneths arriv’d at St. Salvador. As soon as the Portugueses discover’d the Dutch Fleet, they shot without ceasing from the Fort Philippo with three Brass Guns, as also from the Castle Tapagipe, with four Demi-Canons, but chiefly from the Battlement rais’d threesquare out of the Water before St. Salvador, from whence they play’d at them with twelve great Guns, whilest the Vice-Admiral ran within Musquet-shot of the said Battlement with three Ships, and found fifteen Portuguese Vessels lying near the Shore not far from the Castle Philippo, where there began a sharp Conflict, to the no small advantage of Peter Hein; who thereupon ventur’d with three Boats to Board the fifteen Ships: which resolute Attempt of the Dutch Seamen so amaz’d the Portuguese, that they set their biggest Ships on Fire, and fled ashore: Those Ships that escap’d, being in all ten, the Hollanders took and brought them to the Fleet. This flight of the Portuguese encouraging Peter Hein, he went with fourteen Boats, each Mann’d with two hundred Arm’d Men upon the very Mouths of the Cannons to the fore-mention’d Battlement and took the same, notwithstanding the Stone Wall rose eight Foot out of the Water, and above a hundred Portuguese defended it, whilest the Admiral Willekens sent twelve hundred Soldiers, and two hundred and forty Seamen ashore with Field-
  • 74. Pieces. The Forlorn-Hope consisted of sixty Musquetteers, led by Captain Helmond, who was seconded by Lieutenant La Main, all the Seamen following with Spades and Pick-axes; the Reserve was brought up by Captain Kyf, Ysenach, and William Schouten; thus drawn out, they were led towards the City by the Guides Dirk Colver and Dirk de Ruiter, along a narrow Way, which the Portuguese might have guarded with a few Men, had they not been all struck with a pannick fear, and making use of the dark Night, fled into the Woods. The Dutch found in the City an incredible Booty, because the Governor Diego Mendoza de Furtado had forbid the carrying away of any Goods, that so the Citizens might be the easier perswaded to defend the City; which they might well have done, had they not been surpris’d with the suddenness of the Action; for when Willekens Anchor’d here, there were above sixteen hundred Soldiers, besides a considerable number of Arm’d Citizens in St. Salvador; besides, in the Forts about the City on the Walls lay twenty three Brass, and twenty six Iron Guns. This Victory was scarce obtain’d, when Colonel Dorth, who had lost the Fleet at Point Vincent, arriv’d here after all was done, and caus’d Edicts to be publish’d, in which the fled Citizens were promis’d greater Priviledges under the Netherlanders Protection, than ever they had under the King of Spain. Whereupon a few
  • 75. Col. Dorth kill’d by an Ambuscade. Description of St. Salvador. Portuguese return’d to the City; but the greatest part of them, and those the most considerable, were partly kept back by Command of the Bishop Teixera, who laid the fault concerning the loss of the City on the Governor Furtado, and partly because they judg’d the Netherlanders unable to defend them against the Spanish Power. About the same time several rich laden Vessels arriv’d there from Lisbon, Janeiro, Spirito Santo, Angola and other Places, all ignorant of the Conquest of St. Salvador. Whilest Dorth and Willekens were ordering all things within the City, the outstaying Portuguese at last taking courage, Storm’d the City from Midnight till the next day in the Afternoon, but fearing they should be set upon behind unawares, Retreated; after which Dorth thinking he had been free from all fear of Enemies, and with a small Guard riding out of the City to take a view of the adjacent Countrey, was scarce got a Bowe-shot from the Walls, when a great Body of Brasilians rush’d forth unexpectedly from an Ambuscade, and wounded him so mortally, that he fell dead from his Horse, and had his Head suddenly chopt off, and his Body mangled very terribly. Allart Schouten being chosen Governor in Dorth’s stead, took no care to fortifie the City; and after his Decease his Brother William Schouten succeeding him, regarded it less, so that all things went to ruine, every one striving onely to enrich themselves. Amongst other Booties, they took the rich laden Vessel which Francisco de Sarmiento, Governor of Chili, brought to St. Salvador, with fifty eight thousand Guilders, and a much greater sum of Gold and Pearls, all which was imbezled away. This City St. Salvador, built by Thomas de Sosa along the Sea-side, runs up broad at the Suburb Carmo, hath four Market-places, into the biggest whereof, being of a long square, run nine Streets, the chief of which being very broad, hath many stately Houses. The second Market- place is of like form, onely it winds a little towards the Right, and at the Entrance stands a strong Prison. The Cloyster St. Francis, inhabited by Jesuits, stands in a Park near the Wall by which the Moat runs. Towards the Sea-side they have a second Structure, much statelier than the Franciscan Cloyster. Near the Prison stands the Armory, and somewhat farther the great Church, which Anno 1624.
  • 76. A great Fleet set out by the King of Spain for the recovery of St. Salvador. St. Salvador re- taken by the Spaniards from the Hollanders. was not quite finish’d. The Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary appears with a high Spire near the Gate Bento, without which the great Cloyster Bento is built; but the chief Church is St. Salvador. On the utmost Point towards the South-West of the City lies the Fort Antonio, between which and the City stands a very neat Pleasure- house, belonging to the Bishop. Besides Antonio there are four other considerable Forts, viz. Diego, St. Maria, De Gracia, and Vittoria. About half way between Vittoria and the Cloyster Bento, stands the Castle with four Bulwarks; but on the North-side the City is guarded by the Forts St. Peter, Philippo, and Tapecipe. The Spanish King seeming exceedingly concern’d at the loss of so eminent a Place, fitted out a great Fleet for the recovery of what had been taken from him; but the Netherland West-India Company having notice of it, put themselves into a posture of Defence, and in a short time made ready eighteen Men of War and seven Ketches, Mann’d with a thousand six hundred and ninety Seamen, and a thousand three hundred and fifty Land- Soldiers, John Dirkszoon Lam being Admiral: But news coming day after day of the extraordinary Preparations in Spain, it was judg’d convenient to strengthen the Fleet with fourteen Ships and two Ketches more, carrying a thousand four hundred and thirty Seamen, and five hundred eighty Soldiers, under the Command of General Boudewyn Henrickszoon, and Admiral Andries Veron. Moreover, the West-India Company fitted out a third Fleet, consisting of four Frigats and three Ketches, Commanded by Henry Kat, with Orders to Cruise along the Spanish Coast. In the beginning of the Year 1625. Frederick de Toledo weighed Anchor from Cales with one and thirty Gallions, four Pinnaces, three Tartans, and a Carvel, all carrying seventy five hundred Men. The Soldiers were divided into three Regiments, Commanded by the Colonels Pedro Osorio, Juan Orellana, and the Marquess De Torreclusa. Near St. Jago at the African Cape Verde, Toledo joyn’d with the Portuguese Fleet, consisting of twenty one Gallions and fourteen Carvels and Barques, Mann’d with four thousand Seamen, two Regiments of Soldiers, Commanded by
  • 77. Antonio Nunnez Barreio, and Francisco de Almeida; but the chief Commander of this Fleet was Emanuel Meneses. Which great Fleet being arriv’d at St. Salvador, Toledo himself Landed at the Fort Antonio, leaving the Command of the Fleet to Juan Fajardo: The first thing he did, was to set upon the Cloyster Bento; which having gain’d, he left Serjeant Troppani with two Regiments in the same, whilest he went and Storm’d the Carmelites Minster, and at last took it; but in the mean time four hundred Hollanders Sallying out, made a furious Onset upon the two Regiments, who had possession of the Cloyster Bento, where the Spaniards sustain’d considerable damage; for besides the wounding of three Captains, and the loss of a great number of Soldiers, there were slain the Commanders Emanuel Aquitara, Alonso de Gana, Pedro San Stevan, Diego Espinosa, and Colonel Pedro Osorio; But Toledo no whit dismay’d hereat, but taking fresh courage, brought twenty nine Demi-Culverins ashore, which fir’d so vehemently out of the Carmelites and Bento’s Cloysters, on the seventeen Dutch Ships that lay near the Shore, that several of them were sunk, and others shatter’d beyond hopes of ever being repair’d. After this the Spanish Army was divided into three several Parties, which continually fir’d on the City from three new rais’d Works; the chiefest Party, which was in the Carmelites Minster, had twenty three Brass Guns; the second, plac’d on the great Wall of the Cloyster Bento, fir’d Night and Day with eight Demy-Cannons on the City, in which all things were in a confusion, whilest the Governor William Schouten went unconcern’d from one Tavern to another railing at the Soldiers, who thereupon mutinying and deposing him, chose Serjeant Hans Ernst Kyf in his room, who, as he was calling a Council of War, receiv’d a Summons from Toledo to deliver up the City; at which Kyf being much surpris’d, sent a Drummer with a Letter to Toledo, desiring him to grant the Besieged three Weeks time to repair and make fit their batter’d Vessels to carry them back for Holland; and also that they might, according to Martial Custom, march out with lighted Matches, flying Colours, Bullets in their Mouths, and with Bag and Baggage. To which Toledo return’d Answer, That he was now in his own Countrey, and had gotten possession of four Fortifications about St. Salvador, on which he had planted thirty seven Cannons, and therefore saw no such necessity to grant the Besieged (who could not possibly expect any fresh Supplies) such advantageous and bold Demands; and onely
  • 78. The City Porto Rico surpriz’d by Henrickszoon. Capt. Uzeel slain. promis’d them their Lives should be at his discretion. Yet at last William Stoop, Hugh Antoniszoon, and Francis du Chesne being sent to the Carmelites Cloyster, agreed with Toledo on these Conditions: That the Hollanders should surrender St. Salvador in the Condition it was then in, march out unarm’d, but with Baggage, and have a free Passage with Provisions and all things necessary allow’d them for their Transportation for Holland. Whereupon on the first of May the City was deliver’d up to the Spaniards in such disorder, that some of them had taken possession of the Gate Bento, before those on the other side of the City knew of any Agreement that was made between Toledo and Colonel Kyf. And thus the Place which had a whole year been under the Jurisdiction of the Netherlanders, fell again under the possession of the Spanish Crown, onely through the indiscreet management of the Commanders; for otherwise it was sufficiently strong, and well stor’d with Ammunition and Men, being able to make out two thousand. Moreover, the Ketch De Haes, was set out before from the Holland Fleet, and brought news of the Forces that were sent from the Netherland Havens to their assistance: But the Ships under Admiral Lam, as also those under Boudewyn Henriczoon, were stay’d a considerable time in their Harbors by contrary Winds, and at last reaching the Line were becalm’d, and through the excessive heat of the Climate many Men lost by raging and mortal Distempers, insomuch that they reach’d not the Bay Todos los Sanctos before the twenty sixth of May, on which they saw the Spanish Flag streaming from the Walls of St. Salvador, and fifty great Ships riding at an Anchor near the Shore. The Netherland Fleet, divided into four Squadrons, consisted of thirty four Sail, amongst which Lam carry’d the Flag on the Main-top, the Vice-Admiral Adrian Cheszoon on the Fore-top, the Rere-Admiral Andries Veron on the Main-mast, and the Commander of the fourth Squadron on the Mizne-top: All of them seeing the Spaniards absolute Masters, judg’d it most convenient to put to Sea; but standing a pretty while to the South, they found that the strong Current drove them to the Shelves on the West-side of the Inlet; wherefore Tacking about, they made towards the Enemy, who at first seem’d to meet them with twenty eight great Ships, but returning towards the City, the Hollanders also stood to Sea again, Steering Southerly, though
  • 79. without making much advantage in their Way, the Sea going very hollow, and the strong Current setting them towards the Shore, by which means they were in no small danger before the River Francisco, where many of the Men dy’d for want of fresh Provisions, and the number of the Sick increas’d daily, insomuch that some of the Ships were like to perish for want of Men to guide them: It was also judg’d dangerous to lie longer with such a great Fleet near a Lea- Shore, therefore they put into the Inlet Trayciaon, which lies a League to the Northward of the River Monguapigape, from whence a ridge of Rocks extends to Trayciaon, and being overflow’d at High- water, hath three Openings or Entrances, two for great Ships, and one, the most Northern, for small Vessels to pass through: The Sea also breaking against this Cliff never molests the Ships whatever Winds blow. The Countrey is overgrown with Brambles, and hath a Lake two Leagues long, and a quarter broad, on the opposite Shore of which stood a Village, inhabited by Portugueses and Brasilians; but the Portugueses flying from thence left the Brasilians in absolute possession: The Hollanders going thither found thirty Chests of Sugar in one Hut; after which the Admiral Lam caus’d his sick Men to be brought ashore, whilest the Captains Boshuisen, Swart, Dyke, Stapels, and Uzeel, march’d up into the Countrey, where they got plenty of Oranges and Cattel. In the mean time the Ketch Vosken, Mann’d with thirty six Seamen, Cruising along the Sea-Coast of Brasile, took three Ships, one out of the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, laden with Sugar and Tobacco, another with the same Merchandise from Pernambuco, and the third laden with Wines from Madera. On the first of August the Fleet set Sail again, to the great sorrow of the Brasilians, who out of hopes of being protected by them against the Portuguese, had joyn’d their Forces with theirs; but now being forsaken, they expected nothing but utter Ruine; which to escape, many of them desir’d to be admitted to go along with the Fleet, which had been granted them, had not the Hollanders wanted Provisions for themselves. The Fleet getting off at Sea, the Admiral Veron ran with twelve Sail to the Coast of Africa; and Boudewyn Henrickszoon kept eighteen Ships under his Command, the rest returning home with Admiral Lam: and thus the Fleet left the unfortunate Haven Trayciaon, where above seven hundred Dutch Seamen were bury’d. Boudewyn Henrickszoon refreshing at Cape St. Vincent, steer’d Westerly, when a Storm (which in twenty four hours blew from all
  • 80. Points of the Compass) surprising him, broke his Main-mast, separated the whole Fleet, and sunk the Flushing Frigat; at last getting beyond the Isle Virgin Gorda, the Fleet meeting again, got to Juan de Porto Rico about the latter end of September; into whose Haven Henrickszoon Sail’d with great courage, notwithstanding the narrow Mouth thereof was guarded by a strong Fort full of Brass Guns, which fir’d very fiercely upon him, who on the other side was not idle in discharging his Guns on the Fort; and had not the shallow Water before the City prevented his Landing that day, he had gotten a far greater Booty than afterwards he met with; for the Inhabitants had, during the Low-water, remov’d all their best Goods: but the next Morning before Sun-rising, the Admiral Landed with eight hundred Men, march’d into the City without any resistance, pitch’d the States Flag on the Governor’s House, guarded all Avenues, unhoop’d all the Wine-Casks which he found there, for fear his Men should make themselves Drunk therewith, and so neglect their Duty, fir’d from the Land-side towards the Castle with three Brass Guns, gain’d the Redoubt, built for the security of the Bridge, which unites the small Isle on which Porto Rico is built with the great, rais’d a Platform, from whence he fir’d Day and Night with six Cannons, guarded by Captain Thyene, whilest the Commander Uzeel kept Watch near the Fort; but his Men being most of them sick, he could not do any great Exploits, especially since the Spaniards Sallying out, as they did daily, kill’d many of the Hollanders, and amongst them Captain Uzeel, after he had shot down two Turrets from the Castle, which damage the Enemy repair’d by taking several of the Hollanders Boats; by which means they could not prevent fresh Supplies from going to the Castle; the Besiegers in the mean time beginning daily to be in greater want for Ammunition and Provisions: whereupon Henrickszoon judg’d it convenient to sound a Retreat, after he had set the Ships belonging to the City Porto Rico on fire in four places. In which Retreat he receiv’d so many farewel Shots from the Fort, that they were forc’d to go to the Leeward to stop their Leaks, and leave one of their Ships to the Enemy, in lieu whereof the West-Capel Frigat took a Barque with four Brass Guns, in the little Haven Sierra Gorda; from whence the Fleet ran into the Western Bay of the Island Porto Rico, where whilest they repair’d and took in fresh Provisions, Henrickszoon sent the Ships Hester and Jonas richly laden for Holland; the remaining part of the Fleet meeting with strong
  • 81. The Fort of Margarita taken by Henrickszoon. Henrickszoon dying, is succeeded by Adrian Cheszoon. contrary Tydes at Porto Rico, were necessitated to put into the Inlet Francisco, where they made several Marches up into the Countrey, to the loss of many of their Men, which were kill’d by the Spaniards, lying in Ambuscade amongst the Brambles that grew along by the Ways. In the middle of January, Anno 1626. Henrickszoon Sailing about the North of Porto Rico, steer’d to Dominico, and from thence along the Isles Martinigo, Luzia, and the Promontory De tres Puntas, towards the Island Margarita, where Landing, and Storming the Castle on the Land-side with fifteen Men, he gain’d the first Breastworks; but the Spaniards stopping up the Way along which they were to return, they had without doubt been all slain, had not the Captains Stapel and Estienne come to their assistance; for the Spaniards seeing them climbing up the Bulwarks, betook them to their Heels, after they had kill’d nine of the fore-mention’d fifteen, amongst whom were the Captains Urk and Molkman: of those that leap’d over into the Ditch most part escap’d; those few that were taken inform’d the Hollanders, That the Way towards the Village, inhabited by Spaniards, was every where stopt up with Barricado’s, through which none were able to pass. Henrickszoon thus become Master of the Fort, sent the Booty which he had gotten there, together with three Brass, and five Iron Guns, aboard of his Ship, blew up the Fort, burnt all the Houses, and ran into the Haven Muchina, to which he gave the Denomination of Port Maurice; where, besides a great number of dry’d Fish, he took forty Tun of Salt out of one Salt-pit. After this he taking in fresh Provisions at St. Fe, discover’d Aves, a low Isle full of high Trees, took above two hundred Sheep, and abundance of red Wood on Bonaire, and before the Coast a Spanish Frigat richly laden, made Inspections into the Havens of Hispaniola and Jamaica; from whence he fell back on the Coast of Porto Rico, about the Island Mona, where discovering four Spanish Ships, he took three of them, and burnt the fourth; he also got abundance of Tortoises and Crocodiles on the great Caiman, and took a new Ship between the little sandy Isles Caios, as also before Cuba a Barque, which inform’d him, That the Fleet from the Honduras, as also that from New Spain, was daily expected at Havana: Thence Sailing into
  • 82. A strange kind of Baboon. the Haven Cabannas, he took a new Vessel of a hundred Tun, and abundance of Timber and Carpenters Tools on the Shore; he Landed also with seven hundred Men on the East-side of the Haven, from whence he march’d along a narrow Path a League up into the Countrey, where he found a running Stream, Pastures full of Cattel, and a Village, the Inhabitants whereof being warn’d by the Barking of their Dogs, fled, and left all manner of fresh Provisions to the Hollanders, viz. above two thousand Oranges, abundance of Lemmons, Bananas, Hogs, Calves, and Bacon; all which having sent aboard, they burnt the Village: After this they took a Spanish Barque before Havana, as also a Ship laden with Timber, another Barque with Poultry, Cochenile, Money, and Haberdashery Ware, one Vessel with live Tortoises, and another, full of Salt, dry’d Fish, and some Merchandise. While the Fleet was thus Cruising up and down before Havana, the Admiral Henrickszoon dy’d; a Man of most approv’d Valor, and of great Conduct: After which Adrian Cheszoon carry’d the Flag; but the Men mutinying about the dividing of the Provisions, which began to grow very scarce, all things fell into great disorder; the Seamen rebell’d against their Commanders, saying, That they had been out long enough, and that they would not stay waiting any longer for the Fleet from New Spain or Honduras: Wherefore steering Home, they all arriv’d safe at the Texel and other places in Holland. In our foregoing Relation we have given you an Account of the Fleet which came to assist the City of St. Salvador, divided into two Squadrons; eighteen Sail Boudewyn Henrickszoon kept under his Command, and twelve Sail remain’d in the Admiral Veron’s Squadron, who Sail’d to the Inlet Serre Leona, where he found the Admiral John Dirkszoon Lam with three Ships, which had lay’n there above two Moneths, by reason of the Sickness amongst the Seamen. Frambore, King of this Place, granted Lam and Veron free liberty to Hunt, and to gather as many Oranges and Lemmons as they pleas’d, with which the Seamen were so refresh’d, that they set Sail again, and amongst many other things carry’d a Baboon with them from Sierra Leona, which so exactly resembled a Man, that it was wonderful to behold, having a Body, Hands, Eyes, Ears, Feet, and Actions like a Man,
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