Drr framework reducing the risks

International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Reducing the risks:
A framework for DRR in South-East Asia

2010
International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies
South East Asia Regional Office
Ocean Tower I, 5th Floor,
170/11-12 Sukhumvit Soi 16, Ratchadapisek Road,
Klong Toey, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Email: thailand.bangkokregdelegation@ifrc.org
Web site: www.ifrc.org
The International
Federation’s Global
Agenda (2006–2010)
Over the next two years, the collective focus of the
Federation will be on achieving the following goals and
priorities:
Our goals
Goal 1: Reduce the number of deaths, injuries and
impact from disasters.
Goal 2: Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and
impact from diseases and public health emergencies.
Goal 3: Increase local community, civil society and Red
Cross Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent
situations of vulnerability.
Goal 4: Promote respect for diversity and human
dignity, and reduce intolerance, discrimination and
social exclusion.
Our priorities
Improving our local, regional and international
capacity to respond to disasters and public health
emergencies.
Scaling up our actions with vulnerable communities
in health promotion, disease prevention and disaster
risk reduction.
Increasing significantly our HIV/AIDS programming and
advocacy.
Renewing our advocacy on priority humanitarian
issues, especially fighting intolerance, stigma and
discrimination, and promoting disaster risk reduction.
© International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies
Any part of this handbook may be cited, copied,
translated into other languages or adapted to meet
local needs without prior permission from the
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, provided that the source is clearly stated.
The maps used do not imply the expression of any
opinion on the part of the International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or National
Societies concerning the legal status of a territory or
of its authorities.
Cover photo: Cambodia Red Cross, Indonesia Red Cross, and
Thai Red Cross
The Fundamental Principles of the International
Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Humanity
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without
discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent
and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure
respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace
amongst all peoples.
Impartiality
It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to
relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent
cases of distress.
Neutrality
In order to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in
controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.
Independence
The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their
governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that
they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement.
Voluntary service
It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.
Unity
There can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry
on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.
Universality
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all societies have equal status and share
equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide

Reducing the risks: A framework for DRR in South-East Asia 1
1. Background
The Red Cross Red Crescent has achieved remarkable results
in saving thousands of lives every year by harnessing our
network of volunteers to prepare for and respond to disasters.
However, preparing for and responding to disasters is
essential but not sufficient. We need to do more, and do it in a
better coordinated and holistic manner to build safer and more
resilient communities. This is disaster risk reduction.
National Societies in South-East Asia have significant
capacity in disaster response, and are often regarded as the
major civil society disaster response agency in their own
countries. When it comes to the broader issue of disaster risk
reduction, the picture is somewhat different. Different National
Societies have focused on and addressed different aspects of
disaster risk reduction and thus the capacities and experiences,
as well as the gaps and limitations, in the region are unequally
distributed among them. There is a clear need to consolidate
and enhance the capacity of all National Societies in order to
gain a more even and higher competence of core components
of disaster risk reduction in the region.
More than 200 million people are affected by disaster every
year and people from local communities are always the first to
respond.As a result, the International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies (International Federation), through
its Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, has on-going
programmes that focus on community-based disaster risk
reduction1 whereby at risk communities are assisted to reduce
their vulnerability to disasters and strengthen their capacity to
resist them. National Societies work closely with communities
to reduce risk, and to mitigate the effects of, prepare for,
respond to and recover from disasters.
In order to reach communities regularly at risk, Red Cross and
Red Crescent National Societies have become permanent
part of the community by training volunteers who live in
vulnerable communities. This is a resource that few organiza-
tions possess. Today, the International Federation and its 186
National Societies are focusing on building community-level
preparedness and resilience to prevent and alleviate vulner-
ability.
The importance of disaster risk reduction is reflected in the
Agenda for Humanitarian Action adopted by the 28th Inter-
national Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in
December 2003. At this conference, the Red Cross Red
Crescent Movement and the states party to the Geneva
Conventions committed to a plan of action that aims to reduce
vulnerability to the risk and impact of natural hazards. This
commitment has since been reiterated in the International
Federation’s Global Agenda (2006 - 2010), which explicitly
calls for increased action with vulnerable communities to
reduce disaster risk.
Building on these global commitments, the International
Federation developed a global Framework for Community
Safety and Resilience to support Red Cross and Red Crescent
to effectively contribute to building safer and resilient
communities. The Framework emerged from a widespread
consultative process. At the National Society level, the
Framework was presented to five regional meetings for review
and feedback. These regional meetings were held in
Kathmandu, Rabat, Panama, Penang and Johannesburg and
were attended by more than 70 National Societies.
In acknowledgement of the Framework for Community Safety
and Resilience and global guidance, the Regional Disaster
Reducing the risks:
A framework for DRR in South-East Asia
1 Community-based programmes are also known as community-based
disaster preparedness (CBDP), community-based disaster risk reduction
(CBDRR), integrated community based risk reduction (ICBRR) and
community-based disaster risk management (CBDR).

2 Reducing the risks: A framework for DRR in South-East Asia
Management Committee aims to develop a South-East Asia
specific disaster risk reduction framework that provides more
specific guidance to National Societies.
2. Red Cross Red Crescent
commitments to disaster risk reduction
The Red Cross Red Crescent has had a focus on reducing
disaster risk since the 1980s, whether this has been in the form
of good disaster preparedness or strengthened health infra-
structure, community-based early warning or support to
achieving development goals.
In December 2003, the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement,
and the states party to the Geneva Conventions, committed
itself to minimizing the impact of disasters through imple-
menting disaster risk reduction measures and improving
preparedness and response mechanisms.Adopting theAgenda
for Humanitarian Action, the Red Cross Red Crescent
acknowledged the importance of disaster risk reduction and
undertook to promote measures to minimize the impact of
disasters on vulnerable populations.
The International Federation’s Global Agenda, adopted in
2005, reinforced these principles, acknowledging disaster risk
reduction as a programme priority and pledging to scale up
actions with vulnerable communities and to improve local,
national and international capacity to respond to disasters.
In addition, the International Federation fully supports the
conclusions of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction,
held in Kobe, Japan, in January 2005 and continues to work
through its member National Societies and in partnership with
the United Nations agencies, governments, donors and civil
society to meet the objectives of the Hyogo Framework for
Action (HFA) 2005 - 2015, which was the key outcome of that
conference.
As worldwide membership of National Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies continues to provide humanitarian support
to communities and populations affected by disaster, the Red
Cross Red Crescent is increasingly conscious of the increase
in the risks people face.
These risks are exacerbated by climate change and other
variables which seem likely to increase the intensity of the
events people face. In response, the Red Cross Red Crescent
will support National Societies who provide for affected
communities. In addition, we will increasingly assist National
Societies to help their governments to address the risks that
lead to disasters. This is a key function of National Societies
in their roles as auxiliaries to the public authorities in the
humanitarian field. This role is the main reason governments
include National Societies as members of their national
disaster management mechanisms.
It is in this spirit that the Global Alliance for Disaster Risk
Reduction was formally announced in New York in October
2007. The alliance commits the Red Cross Red Crescent to
working towards building safer and more resilient
communities by scaling up disaster risk reduction work among
the most vulnerable people with whom our National Societies
operate.
Supporting the scaling up of disaster risk reduction work, the
Framework for Community Safety and Resilience outlines the
Red Cross Red Crescent approach to disaster risk reduction
and guides National Society contributions towards building
safer and more resilient communities. In doing so, the frame-
work has the following principal goal:
To establish a foundation on which all Red Cross Red
Crescent programmes, projects and interventions in
disaster risk reduction and all actions which contribute to
the building of safe and resilient communities can be
created, developed and sustained.
The use of this framework in programming for resilience and
disaster risk reduction assumes support to National Societies
through the following three strategic objectives:
1. the integration of disaster risk reduction into
policies, planning and longer-term programming
2. targeted disaster prevention, mitigation and prepared-
ness activities and advocacy
3. the focused integration of disaster risk reduction
considerations into humanitarian response and
disaster recovery

The above framework has also four key elements that guiding
that identify the Red Cross Red Crescent contribution to
disaster risk reduction as a key action in building community
safety and resilience are as follows:
1. RISK INFORMED HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE
2. COUNTRY-SPECFIC MITIGATION, PREVENTION AND
ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES
3. SECTOR-BASED PROGRAMMING TO BUILD ACROSS THE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT SPECTRUM
4. CORE RED CROSS RED CRESCENT CROSS CUTTING
COMPONENTS
In addition, the Red Cross and Red Crescent has committed to
allocating 20 per cent of future emergency appeals towards
disaster risk reduction activities, ensuring that we not only
support communities with life-saving assistance, but also aid
their recovery back to where they were and beyond for greater
resilience to disasters.
3. South-East Asia context
South-East Asia is one of the most disaster-prone regions in
Asia and the Pacific. The Red Cross and Red Crescent
National Societies of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Timor-Leste and Viet Nam and the International Federation
have been making, through various risk reduction and
preparedness programme initiatives, significant contribution
in reducing the vulnerability of people living in some of the
most hazard-prone areas in their respective countries. These
initiatives are very much in line with the International
Federation’s global strategy of reducing disaster risk through
strengthening the preparedness and capacities of communities
so that they are in a better position to respond to when a hazard
occurs; promoting activities and actions that mitigate the
adverse effects of hazards; and protecting development projects
such as health facilities from the impact of disasters.
During the 12th Regional Disaster Management Committee
meeting in Penang, Malaysia in April 2008, it was recognized
that National Societies had implemented disaster risk
reduction for many years. Disaster risk reduction actions were
not new to the Red Cross Red Crescent in South-East Asia.
However National Societies’ disaster risk reduction actions
differed slightly; each had its own focus. It was agreed that for
long-term benefits, National Societies should adopt a common
disaster risk reduction approach not only in the field of
Disaster Management but in Health and Organizational
Development to multiply their knowledge, skills, systems,
standards and policies.
Meeting participants agreed the Framework for Community
Safety and Resilience was a valuable guidance document for
National Societies, but asked for it to be interpreted into the
South-EastAsian context.
The Red Cross Red Crescent has been implementing disaster
risk reduction for some years but it is important to build on the
foundations of previous work and do more of what works and
is effective. We also need to be more systematic in what we
do and enhance what we are doing to ensure that the basic
objectives of safety and resilience are being addressed.

4. Hazard and vulnerability trends in
South-East Asia
The human and economic losses caused by natural disasters
are devastating. According to the Centre for Research on the
Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)2 in 2008 more than 235,000
people were killed, 214 million people were affected and
economic costs were US$ 190 billion. Asia remained the
region hardest hit and most affected by natural disasters in 2008.
Indeed 37 per cent of the year’s reported disasters occurred in
Asia, accounting for 90 per cent of all reported victims and 46
per cent of the economic damage due to natural disasters in the
world.
In terms of human impact, the majority of the people affected
were concentrated in two sub-regions: East and South Asia.
This phenomenon can be explained by the occurrence of
several events in the two most populous countries of the world,
both of which are located in these sub-regions: China and
India. Despite the high number of reported hydrological
disasters in South-East Asia, the number of people affected in
the region was relatively low compared to other regions.
CRED calculated that 2008 was the third costliest year in the
last 20 years for disasters, with economic damage worth US$
181 billion. In addition, disasters caused more than 235,000
deaths and affected 211 million people over the recorded 321
disasters at country level, with 20 in the Philippines, 16 in
Indonesia, 10 in Viet Nam, 5 in Thailand and deadly Cyclone
Nargis in Myanmar.
Figure 2 is the overall climate hazard map showing the
combination of climate-related hazards
(tropical cyclones, floods, landslides,
droughts, and sea level rise) and the
hotspots in South-East Asia. The latter
includes the north-western and Mekong
region of Viet Nam, the coastal regions
of Viet Nam facing east, Bangkok and
its surrounding areas in Thailand,
practically all the regions of the Phil-
ippines, and the western and eastern parts
of Java in Indonesia.
Figure 1: Natural disasters in 2008, source: CRED
2 http://www.cred.be
3 Economy and Environment Program for South-
east Asia http://www.eepsea.org
Figure 2: The overall climate change hazard map showing the combination of climate-related
hazards (tropical cyclones/typhoons, floods, landslides, droughts, and sea level rise) and the
hotspots in South-East Asia. Source EEPSEA3
Number of disaster events by region, 2008
Disaster mortality by region (%) 2008
Disaster economic costs by region (%) 2008
Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
71
95
12
33
143
98.8%
0.1%
0.7%
0.4%
62.1%
33.7%
2.4%
0.5%
1.3%

As can be seen from Figure 3, the most
vulnerable areas include: all the regions
of the Philippines, the Mekong River
Delta region of Viet Nam; almost all
regions of Cambodia; north and east of
Lao PDR; the Bangkok region of
Thailand; the west and south of
Sumatra; and the west and east of Java
in Indonesia. The Philippines, unlike
other countries in South-EastAsia, is not
only exposed to tropical cyclones,
especially in the northern and eastern
parts of the country, but also to many
other climate-related hazards especially
floods (such as in Central Luzon and
Southern Mindanao), landslides (due to
the terrain of the country), and droughts.
South-East Asia exhibits much vulnerability to ecological
disasters, both natural and manmade. The tsunami in
December 2004 which predominantly affected Indonesia and
Thailand, and Cyclone Nargis which struck coastal Myanmar
in May 2008, resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths
of hundreds of thousands of people. Climate change, too, is
raising concerns about its future impact on the region. More
direct human-induced problems - which are exacerbated
by the above - include deforestation and forest fires, water
shortages, and the decline of water quality, urbannization,
population movement (newcomers living on marginal and
unsafe land) and and fish stocks. Moreover, many of these
problems are trans-boundary in character and could serve to
increase tensions between the states of the region. For detailed
hazard mapping per country, see Annex 1.
5. Where we are now in South-East Asia
The Red Cross Red Crescent is making progress towards four
key elements in the Global Framework for Community Safety
and Resilience.
The elements identified as key Red Cross Red Crescent
contributions to disaster risk reduction as a key action in build-
ing community safety and resilience are as follows:
5.1. Risk-informed humanitarian response:
The provision of relief and the satisfaction of immediate needs
following a disaster, as well as follow-on recovery activities
aimed at helping communities back on their feet, are under-
taken in a way that works towards meeting longer-term risk
reduction objectives. It is understood that humanitarian
response to disaster and recovery following a disaster is the
absolute imperative of National Societies. However, this is not
an end in itself but a means to an end, with increased safety
and resilience and decreased vulnerability as a consequence,
implying a diminishing need to respond to disasters in the
Table 1: Climate hazard hotspots and dominant hazards
Climate related hazard hotspots Dominant hazards
North-western Viet Nam Droughts
Eastern Coastal Viet Nam Typhoons, droughts
Mekong River Region of Viet Nam Sea level rise
Bangkok and its surrounding areas in Thailand Sea level rise and floods
Southern regions of Thailand Droughts and floods
The Philippines Typhoons, landslides, floods, droughts
Sabah state of Malaysia Drought
West and Eastern areas of Java, Indonesia Droughts, floods, landslides, sea level rise
Figure 3: The most vulnerable areas in South East Asia. Source: EEPSEA

future by employing methods such as:
 developing skilled human resources through the
National Disaster Response Team in Cambodia,
SATGANAin Indonesia, National Disaster Response
Team in Laos, Malaysia’s Rapid Deployment Squad,
Disaster Response Teams in Myanmar, Timor-Leste
and Viet Nam, the Philippines (143 or “I Love You”
programme); a South-East Asian Regional Disaster
Response Team (RDRT) with a roster of 249 trained
people of whom about 100 are specialized in
logistics, water and sanitation, public health in
emergencies and telecommunication.
 multi-hazard contingency and disaster response
planning both at national (Cambodia, Indonesia,
Timor-Leste, Thailand and Viet Nam) and regional
levels
 pre-positioning warehouses and stocks in strategic
locations
 enhancing understanding of disaster recovery and how
it relates to disaster response, disaster risk reduction
and community-based disaster management
 branch development of both human resources and
equipment
 recruitment and retention of disaster management
volunteers and databases
Before deadly Cyclone Nargis - Myanmar Red Cross
Society
The response of the Myanmar Red Cross Society to
Cyclone Nargis in May 2008 was enhanced by effective
consultation with local authorities and the launch of a
contingency planning process prior to the cyclone. Through
a series of meetings and regular dialogue with 26
government departments, Myanmar Red Cross was able to
foster understanding of its role in responding to disasters
and the importance of developing contingency plans. As a
result of these efforts, the National Society was able to
respond to the needs of people affected by the cyclone
immediately after it struck the Ayeyarwady delta and the
city of Yangon. Furthermore, as the authorities were fully
aware of the National Society’s roles and actions in such
situations, access was permitted to the affected areas and
customs duties waived. The contingency planning process
continued in 2009 and beyond to ensure that agreements
would best serve Myanmar Red Cross and vulnerable
communities.
5.2 Country-specific mitigation, prevention and
adaptation activities:
Most National Societies have implemented community-based
programmes for many years support communities to better
prepare for and respond to disasters by building on existing
capacities and maximizing additional resources. The diagram
below illustrates the common approaches which have been
using by National Societies in the region.
Community based programme approaches
Risk reduction activities including preparedness and mitigation
(Structural and non-structural measures)
Capacity building at
various levels
including RCRC and
non RCRC partners
Vulnerability and
Capacity
Assessment (VCA)
Community DRR
action plan
Participatory
Monitoring &
Evaluation

Already much work has been carried out by Red Cross Red
Crescent to raise awareness of the effects of climate change
and the need to effectively prepare for future hazards, for
example Indonesia’s integrated community-based risk
reduction; Lao’s community-based disaster preparedness
programme, the 143 project in the Philippines’ 143 project,
Thailand’s community-based disaster risk reduction programme
and community-based disaster management in Viet Nam.
National Societies wish to concentrate on climate change
adaptation and this needs to be addressed in future planning.
Vulnerability and capacity assessment has been a powerful tool
for working with communities from assessment to planning.
At the same time, it is important that through the assessment
process, communities take ownership and responsibility to
change attitudes and processes to address different hazards in
their community. On-the-job training for the community is also
vital during the whole process. In addition, the improvement
of assessment techniques is more important than ever before.
Indonesia has published vulnerability and capacity assessment
manuals in a local language and they are used not only in
Indonesia, but also in Timor-Leste; Viet Nam is revising its
vulnerability and capacity assessment manuals to take into ac-
count some issues such as children, people with disabilities,
older people, urban settings, climate change and ethnicity.
Sustainable livelihoods: Practice from Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste Red Cross Society worked with Hatubulico
community to develop a community action plan to improve
livelihood and economic security at the household level and
to provide vocational and agriculture skills to improve farm
productivity and incomes. Sixteen (16) self-help groups
made their livelihoods more secure through this Red Cross
programme. These groups grow vegetables and sell any
surplus at the local market. Each group has a reserve fund
of US$ 80 to 125, which they use to buy food during dry
seasons. In addition, a women’s group started a provisional
shop in the community. As a result of the Red Cross
livelihoods programme, entrepreneurial skills in these
remote areas has improved to some extent.
Another example comes from Lao Red Cross, where climate
change information was integrated into a community-based
disaster preparedness programme.
To integrate or not: Lao Red Cross experience
Initially, when Lao Red Cross received funding from the
Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre to carry out the
programme Preparedness for Climate Change, it treated the
programme separately from its existing community-based
disaster preparedness programme. But after completing step
2 “assessesing the risks of climate change in the country
and the priorities & programmes of the national society”,
Lao Red Cross realized that climate change had a strong
link with community-based disaster preparedness, especially
in identifying and addressing risks using a tool similar to a
vulnerability and capacity assessment. Since then, climate
change adaptation activities have been included in
community-based disaster preparedness and use the same
approach to do it.
5.3 Sector- based programming to build across the
disaster management spectrum:
Disaster risk reduction is a cross-cutting and complex issue.
No individual organization or sector can address it alone;
it requires collective efforts from all parties, public under-
standing, scientific knowledge and careful development
planning.
Most National Societies in South-East Asia have on-going
sector-based programmes such as health and care, water and
sanitation, volunteer development and management, branch
development and shelter. These sectors are important elements
of effective community-based disaster risk reduction.With good
coordination these sector-based contributions should
contribute to disaster risk reduction objectives and the
building of safer and more resilient communities.
The Red Cross Red Crescent has invested considerable effort
in raising awareness of the importance of cooperation and
coordination with health, organizational development and
disaster management to address different disaster management
issues.
For example, disaster management experts at regional and
national level, work with organizational development
colleagues in volunteer management. A special focus is on
involving volunteers in disaster management from emergency
response to preparedness and mitigation, to ensure programme
sustainability. This will need to be further enhanced in the
future.

Similarly, disaster management and health sectors jointly
discuss how to tackle issues emerging as the result of climate
change to seek better and more holistic approaches to disaster
risk reduction. Most National Societies’ disaster management
programmes incorporate messages on dengue and avian
influenza prevention, and include community-based first aid
in existing community-based disaster preparedness
programmes.
Water and sanitation - Indonesian Red Cross Society (PMI)
Rising sea water is disproportionately affecting the poor
through salination of their water resources. Many poor
communities still depend on untreated water, and the
inflow of brackish water into slow flowing rivers and ground
water from rising sea water level exacerbates health
hazards and nutritional disorders. In addition, sea level rise
leads to increased flooding of coastal areas, not only through
direct inundation but also due to an increase in the base for
storm surges. To respond to a large number of hydro-
meteorological disasters that have a huge impact on
sanitation facilities, the Indonesian Red Cross Society has
trained a significant number of volunteers in emergency
water and sanitation, with 27 of them becoming specialists
able to manage and operate treatment facilities.These trained
Red Cross water and sanitation specialists have been
deployed to emergency operations in Myanmar and
Pakistan.
5.4 Core cross-cutting components of community
safety and resilience:
The following are components that are considered essential to
every National Society in addressing community safety and
resilience. Each National Society should be encouraged to
commit to the implementation of these core components,
depending on its specific national context and hazard profile,
and integrated into all activities aimed at building community
safety and resilience. They are:
 risk assessment and identification and the establish-
ment of community-based early warning and
prediction
 community-based disaster preparedness
 advocacy, education and awareness raising
 strong auxiliary relationship with national and local
government
 partnerships with international, governmental, non-
governmental and community-based organizations
The Red Cross Red Crescent has shown substantial
contributions to disaster risk reduction. In particular,
National Societies have been trying hard to advocate to their
governments to:

 take a greater role and responsibility in caring for
vulnerable communities by building capacity among
Red Cross Red Crescent (and non-Red Cross Red
Crescent) staff and volunteers at different levels
 integrate disaster risk reduction into school
education
 recognise the benefit of using volunteers to quickly
relay early warning messages to people
 to improve assessment tools including emergency
assessments and vulnerability and capacity
assessments
Who else should be on board? The Thai Red Cross and
Singapore Red Cross
The Thai Red Cross Society has a partnership with Tesco
Lotus whereby the supermarket chain donates relief items
up to a certain value and transports them for free to
anywhere in Thailand. Singapore Red Cross Society has an
agreement with McDonalds for food relief, CIVIC
Ambulance for pandemic response andAlexandra Hospital
for the deployment of health volunteers.
The National Societies of Cambodia, Indonesia and the
Philippines are active members of their national disaster risk
reduction bodies. By participating in the National Platform for
Disaster Risk Reduction (in Indonesia or the Philippines) or
the Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (in Cambodia), National
Societies have an opportunity to:
 share their own good disaster risk reduction related
activities
 learn from other stakeholders in order to adapt new
trends or improve planning and implementation of
disaster risk reduction activities
 promote Red Cross Red Crescent activities, principles
and values
 increase National Society leadership’s awareness and
commitment to the sustainability of disaster risk
reduction and the implementation of Hyogo Frame-
work for Action in order to build safer and more
resilient communities
 gain access to funding from donor agencies inside
and outside the country to scale up our commitments
to building safer and resilient communities where
relevant
Investing in disaster risk reduction pays off: Viet Nam
Red Cross
Plantations of mangroves along coastal areas of Viet Nam
protect the sea dyke system and reduce the intensity of strong
winds and sea waves, thus protecting the local communi-
ties. In addition, the mangrove roots provide excellent
conditions for marine creatures, which help balance the
ecosystem. Other types of trees have been planted under
community-based disaster risk reduction programmes in
areas prone to landslides. In Hai Phong, the Red Cross of
Viet Nam has supported the planting of 1,600 ha of
mangroves covering 7 km of sea dyke since 2003. The cost
is about US$ 800,000 but the programme has saved about
US$ 1.8 million per year in dyke maintenance.
Collaboration towards sustainable livelihoods: Indonesian
Red Cross Society
The province of Aceh has faced a great threat from climate
change since the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Intensified
rains have caused flooding and landslides especially near
areas deforested by post-tsunami reconstruction activities.
For example, residents of Meulaboh, a city that is subsiding
at an alarming rate, fear that severe floods and sea level
rise may destroy some of the reconstruction work. The
Indonesian Red Cross Society, supported by Red Cross Red
Crescent partners working in Indonesia, provided cash grants
and technical training to groups of fishermen and farmers
to build livelihood resilience through collaboration. For
instance, the Tok Boyoh farmers group in Aceh Besar
decided to farm larger plots of land collectively to increase
their income through economies of scale. The Nelayan
Rahmat fishermen’s group did not just purchase large nets,
but decided to join their nets to make greater catches. By
receiving training in farming and fishing techniques in
groups, people gained confidence in working towards
collective sustainable livelihoods.

In supporting National Societies to scale up more
holistic approaches and actions to community safety and
resilience, the Regional Disaster Management Unit, in
consultation with all South-East Asian National
Societies, proposed a project to ECHO, the European
Commission’s humanitarian aid office, focusing on:
 developing a regional disaster risk reduction
framework
 simplifying vulnerability and capacity assess-
ments as community-based planning tools
 improving community-based early warning
systems
 integrating disaster risk reduction into informal
education
 strengthening coordination and networking (both
internal and external)
 knowledge sharing
6. How will we achieve
“safer and more resilient communities”
in South-East Asia: (see annex 2)
In the face of disaster risk reduction, South-East Asian
National Societies are working together to identify gaps and
what need to be done both at regional and national levels to
deliver better services to build safer and more resilient
communities in the region.

Frequencyofvarioushazardsoccurringinthecountry
Annex 1:
Hazard mapping in South-East Asia identified by National Society
Risk* that a disaster could exceed National Society
capacity and require international assistance
Low Medium High
PMI Fl
LRC Fl
LRC Ls
PMI Ls CRC Fl/fFl
PMI Fi PMI Eq VNRC T/C
Frequently PMI Mm PMI Ep VNRC Fl
TRC Fl CVTL Dr CVTL T/C
TRC Dr CVTL Fi
TRC Fi CVTL Fl
CVTL Mm
CVTL Pe
PNRC T/C
VNRC Dr CRC Tr
VNRC Ls PMI Dr LRC Dr
VNRC Fi PMI W/S LRC fFl
VNRC Ep TRC Ls CVTL Eq
Moderately often LRC T/C TRC Mm CVTL Ep
LRC Fi PNRC Fi CVTL Ls
LRC Mm PNRC Ve PNRC Fl
LRC Ep PNRC Mm PNRC Ls
LRC Et MRC Fi
CRC Dr
VNRC Eq CRC Fi
VNRC Ve PMI T/C
VNRC Mm PMI Ve
VNRC Id PMI Et LRC Eq
VNRS W/S CVTL Et LRC Ve
VNRC Et TRC Id CRC Ep
Seldom SRC Fl TRC Et TRC T/C CVTL W/S
SRC Fi PNRC Dr TRC Eq
SRC Mm PNRC Id TRC W/S
SRC Id PNRC Ep PNRC Eq
SRC Ep PNRC Et PNRC W/S
LRC Id MRC T/C
LRC W/S MRC Fl
CRC T/C MRC Mm
* The risk take into account the various capacities and vulnerabilities of the different National Societies (i.e. the risk that a particular hazard pose to a certain
country can be viewed as different from the risk that its National Society faces from the same hazard depending on the National Society’s capacity to
respond). Note: Brunei and Myanmar were not part of the exercise and thus not included in the matrix.
Legend:
T/C Typhoon/Cyclone Mm Man-made disaster
(f)Fl (flash) Flood Id Industrial disaster
Dr Drought Ep Epidemic
Ls Landslide W/S Wave/Surge
Fi Fire Et Extreme temperature
Eq Earthquake Pe Pest
Ve Volcanic eruption Tr Traffic accident

Annex 2:
Scaling up disaster risk reduction in South-East Asia
Key element 1: Risk-inform humanitarian response
Interested
Outcomes Proposed activities Indicators National
Societies
Multi-hazard, risk assessments of - Introduce a standard VCA format 1. The number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
various factors including climatic with high-technology support such as practising VCA as a planning tool CVTL, VNRC,
risks for developing medium to GPS and Geographic Information 2. Number of people trained in VCA LRC, PNRC,
longer term programmes to Systems (GIS) in disaster-prone per National Society on average MRCS, TRC
anticipate future risks areas 3. Number of sectors defined at
standard format and approaches
for VCA at national level
prioritizing hazards, risks and
vulnerabilities along with climate
change risks
GIS database and risk maps in - GPS, GIS training and technical 4. Number of National Societies PMI, CVTL,
high-risk areas support including software and applying GPS/GIS for risk VNRC, LRC,
hardware where applicable mapping PNRC, MRCS,
- Using GIS database and risk 5. Number of people trained in TRC
mapping as a resource for GPS/GIS use
developing contingency plans 6. Number of National Societies
- Establishing communication with GIS/GPS with a focal person
systems within National Societies at headquarters
at different levels to ensure
communication flow
Updating and developing a - Familiarize senior National Society 7. Number of National Societies CRC, MRC,
contingency plan managers with the International with updated hazards mapping CVTL, PMI,
Federation contingency/response information VNRC, LRC,
plan guidelines 8. Number of National Societies MRCS, TRC
- Determine the process to develop with an emergency operation
and update the contingency plan centre and a hazards focus/
- Identify the most vulnerable areas multi-hazards contingency plan
and provide a system of mapping 9. Number of National Societies
hazards periodically with provision to update a
- Establish emergency operation contingency plan
centre and hazards focused or
multi-hazards focus contingency
plan covering certain geographical
locations or the entire country
- Involve government institutions and
related organizations in contingency
planning

Interested
Societies
Pre-positioning warehouse and - Identify gaps and needs 10. Number of warehouses in each PMI, CRC,
stocking in strategic areas - Provide on-the-job training at national National Society with standard CVTL, VNRC,
level on warehouse management disaster preparedness stocks LRC, MRCS,
including procurement and warehouse management TRC
- Develop logistic manual and manual/software
guidelines 11. Number of people trained in
- Standardize basic non-food relief logistics management per
items to give immediate relief to National Society
affected populations 12. Number of people trained in
- Establish standard communication relief management per National
and reporting systems in warehouses Society
and with headquarters 13. Number of affected people who
- Identify the focal person for each receive relief assistance within
warehouse with standard operating 48 hours of disaster
guidelines
Strengthening or/and establishment - Translation of RDRT training 14. Number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
of NDRT including training and curriculum into national context with updated curricula on NDRT CVTL, VNRC,
equipment - Training and necessary equipment 15. Number of NDRT member per LRC, PNRC,
- Develop NDRT deployment policy National Society MRCS
with standard operating procedures 16. Types of equipment in each
National Society for emergency
response
17. Number of National Societies
with standard operating
procedures for NDRT-members
RDRT specialized in Relief to 18. Number of RDRT specialized in MRC, PMI,
Recovery (R2R), logistics, water each area CRC,CVTL,
and sanitation, restoring family links, 19. Number of refresher courses held LRC, PNRC,
medical 20. No RDRT members deployed MRCS, TRC
21. Number of National Societies
with restoring family links cell/
focal person
Dissemination and application of - Clear guidelines from the 22. Number of National Societies CRC, VNRC,
alternative methods of relief and International Federation to National using cash transfer programmes LRC
recovery Societies 23. Number of people trained in
- Developing National Societies’ cash transfers per National
policy and implementation guidelines Society
to suit the country context 24. Number of National Societies
- Technical training with mandate, and required
policy and guidelines for cash
transfer programmes

Interested
Societies
Continue to promote the use of - Use VCAs as community based 25. Number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
emergency assessment guidelines planning tools. The results need to using VCA as a planning tool CVTL, VNRC,
and VCA for future planning and be shared with other departments 26. Number of people trained in VCA LRC, TRC
programming across different and stakeholders for intervention per National Society
sectors in the National Society 27. Types of VCA tools in use by the
(health, organizational development, National Society
disaster management) 28. Number of National Societies
using VCAs as their planning
tool for programme planning in
all sectors (organizational
development, health and disaster
management) Number of
National Societies with VCA
guidelines for their own context
in line with International
Federation guidelines

Key element 2: Country-specific mitigation, prevention and adaptation activities
Interested
Societies
Up-scaling CBDP considering - Conduct research on climate change 29. Proportion of people in the CRC, CVTL,
climatic hazard trends where trends and their impact in community well prepared to cope VNRC, PMI,
applicable partnership with government with impending disasters MRC, LRC,
institutions and NGOs 30. Number of National Societies PNRC, MRCS,
- Capacity building for staff and that integrate CCA in disaster TRC
volunteers (training on DRR/CCA, management and other activities
VCA, Mapping, etc) 31. Proportion of people reached by
- Awareness raising in prone villages CCA programmes
- Develop community action plans that 32. Types and number of advocacy
cover all aspects not only climate tools in place
change 33. Number of National Societies
- Develop comprehensive DRR plan prioritizing CCA as a
including health, environment, cross-cutting issue for
livelihood and climate change community-based programmes
components
- Integrate CCA into CBDP/ CBDRR
training curriculum for TOT,
Volunteers and Community Based
Action Team (CBAT)
- Advocate to the government to
integrate DRR/CCA activities into
national, provincial and district plans
to ensure its implementation and
budget
- Mobilize volunteers, CBAT, Red Cross
Red Crescent youth to promote
CCA/DRR
- Implement CCA activities using local
resources
- Define sustainability and exit strategy
at headquarter, chapter, branch and
community level
- Promote organizational development,
youth, volunteers, communications,
and resource development to ensure
CBDP/CBDRR activities at chapter,
branch and community levels
- Partner and network with other
knowledgeable organizations for
effective resource mobilization

Interested
Societies
Improve EWS to protect people - Develop standard, simple training 34. Types of equipment for EWS PMI, CRC,
from floods and cyclones modules for staff and volunteers 35. Proportion of people in the CVTL, VNRC,
on EWS and response community trained in EWS LRC, PNRC,
- Provide loud-speakers and VHF 36. Number of training sessions held MRCS
where applicable on EWS
- Identify and strengthen traditional 37. Number of EWS stations with
knowledge related to warning mechanism to respond
systems in community training (dissemination, evacuation
- Update and conduct regular drills routes, evacuation places and
for early warning system basic assistance at evacuation
- Establish information systems places)
from information provider into 38. Types of messages published
community and disseminated on EWS
- Identify means of communication
applicable to geographical (local)
conditions
- Establish partnerships with EWS
authority/government and other
organizations
- Integrate communication
equipment and communication
system with EWS authorities
- Translate EW messages into actions
including training and simulation
- Identify necks hampering the
transmission of EW messages to
needed population
- Establish partnerships with others
(MRC, ADPC, Met office etc)
- Develop simple key messages to
send to population on how to
respond to EW messages
(IEC materials)

Interested
Societies
Public awareness raising on DRR - Sensitize and orient board members 39. Types of training/workshops/ MRC, PMI,
on DRR forums attended CRC, CVTL,
- Develop DRR promotion guideline 40. Number of people trained as VNRC, LRC,
and training modules for volunteers trainers PNRC, MRCS
- Integrate DRR into CBDP/ICBRR, 41. Number of schools integrating
disaster management, disaster DRR into education
response training for trainers, 42. Number and types of advocacy
volunteers and CBAT materials produced and
- Integrate DRR into Red Cross mobilized
Red Crescent youth training modules 43. Number of national and local
- Mobilize board members, volunteers campaigns conducted
and CBAT and Red Cross 44. Number of articles on radio or
Red Crescent youth for DRR TV broadcasted
promotion activities
- Promote DRR through meetings,
training/workshops/forums inside
Red Cross Red Crescent and with
external partners Participate in
national forums to develop national
strategies for DRR/CCA
- Integrate into school education
(aimed at youth)
- Network and try to build on the
existing network rather create new
ones

Interested
Societies
Integration of DRR into education - Sign MoU with education sector and 45. Number of schools including MRC, PMI,
and training related stakeholders. Then establish DRR in school activities CRC, CVTL,
working group with those involved in 46. Number of National Societies VNRC, LRC,
DRR education with MoU with education sector MRCS, TRC
- Select schools for DRR in school and related stakeholders
activities 47. Number of teacher trained on
- Build rapport with school committee DRR
- Recruit and train teachers and school 48. Number of youth volunteers
children through non-formal education trained on DRR
- Facilitate school communities to 49. Number of DRR plans at school
identify hazards, risks, vulnerability level
and capacity, and to do risk reduction 50. Number of contingency plans
planning developed at school level
- Implement DRR plans in schools 51. Number of school contingency
- Use Red Cross Red Crescent plans integrated into community
youth/volunteers at school to carry contingency plans
messages to others 52. Number of National Societies
- Develop school contingency plans actively engaged in consortium
and integrate them into community or forum for DRR education
contingency plans 53. Guidelines/framework developed
- MoU with education department and on DRR in schools
related stakeholders
- Active participation on a consortium
for DRR education at national,
regional and local levels
- Participation in national platform on
DRR where DRR in schools is a
major component
- Develop DRR in schools framework,
manual and training guidelines
- Train teachers and school children
through non-formal education
- Use Red Cross /Red Crescent
youth/volunteers at school to carry
messages to others

Interested
Societies
Develop capacity in National - Actively recruit volunteers based on 54. Number of National Societies MRC, PMI,
Society staff and volunteers, and specific tasks and responsibility, actively engaged in the main- CRC, CVTL,
the community considering their competencies and streaming of DRR into VNRC, LRC,
potential, and gender balance for programme PNRC, MRCS,
effective service delivery 55. Number of staff and volunteers TRC
- Develop standard training curricula will be exposed to exchange
and modules for staff, volunteers and activities.
community 56. Types of training attended by
- Conduct appropriate and regular volunteers and staff
training or activities for staff and 57. Number of trained volunteers
volunteers to keep them activated and staff involved in disaster
and updated, at headquarters, management
chapter, branch and community level 58. Types of equipment in each
- Provide adequate equipment for National Society for deployment
staff, volunteers and community
mobilization
- Establish database on volunteer
network, skills, etc, and update it
regularly
- Develop policy on reward and
recognition for volunteers and
community
- Exchange staff and volunteers from
branch to branch, National Society
to National Society, and National
Society to RDMU
- Establish partners and network with
government institutions and other
organizations concerned with
volunteers

Interested
Societies
Preparedness starts at individual to - Disaster Response Teams at branch 59. Types and number of IEC PMI, CRC,
household and community levels level to support CBATs and materials produced CVTL, VNRC,
community during emergency 60. Types of media mobilized for LRC, PNRC,
response awareness raising MRCS, TRC
- Recruit and train CBATs as the first 61. Skill profile of DRR volunteers
responder during disasters 62. Number of people in community
- Conduct necessary and adequate aware of preparedness/mitigation
training for volunteers and CBAT initiatives (VCA findings, EWS,
(CBFA, CBDP/CBDRR, SAR, etc) evacuation route, evacuation
- Mobilize CBATs to facilitate the place, service centres/individuals
identification of hazards, risks, in case of emergencies, etc)
vulnerability, capacity and solutions
- Facilitate the development of
household contingency plans
- Facilitate the identification of safe
evacuation routes and community-
based EWS based on VCA results
- Produce IEC materials aimed at
household level covering seasonal
hazards and risks and how to prepare
to cope
- Promote DRR by using several
means of communication such as
village/community meetings, training,
national/local radio or media
- Strengthen CBAT to encourage
community participation, in promotion,
planning or implementation of the
programme and to advocate to
government and other stakeholders

Key element 3: Sector-based programming to build
across the disaster management spectrum
Interested
Societies
Promote and support community - Build capacity on livelihoods, 63. Number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
with sustainable livelihoods options microfinance and food security involved in livelihood options CVTL, VNRC,
- Conduct research on livelihoods promotion LRC, MRCS
Link DRR with CCA and food and food security in the region and 64. Number of communities PMI, CRC,
security develop suitable options for National receiving support CVTL, VNRC,
Societies based on their capacity and 65. Number of National Society staff LRC, MRCS,
mandates trained on livelihoods options TRC
Disaster and financial preparedness - Integrate livelihoods and food security management PMI, CRC,
is part of sustainable poverty in DRR/CCA programmes 66. Number and types of guidelines CVTL, VNRC,
reduction and community resilience - Network with research institutes to and case studies produced and LRC, PNRC,
make use of information and apply in disseminated MRCS
our practice 67. Number of National Societies
- Develop practical guidelines on what applying/establishing social risk
aspects of livelihoods and food transfer schemes
security Red Cross Red Crescent 68. Number of people participating
can work on in livelihood programmes
- Use social risk transfer mechanisms 69. Number of information centres
such as the opportunity to access (mobile centres and hoarding
social funds from the government boards) installed in the
and private sectors (in the case of community regarding protection
Indonesia) of livelihoods from possible risks
- Awareness and perception of DRR, and possible measures to
CCA and livelihoods needs to be protect most common livelihoods
more systematic to ensure common 70. Number of cash transfer
understanding reaches all National schemes offered communities
Societies at all levels
- Revolving disaster preparedness
stock (indirect funding support
through technical or goods)
- Exchange visits from National Society
to National Society
- Best practices and case study
development

Key element 4: Core cross-cutting components
Interested
Societies
Continue to advocate to the - Discuss with National Society 71. Number of governments with PMI, CRC,
government at various levels to management to develop commitment DRR policies in place CVTL, VNRC,
integrate DRR into development for advocacy 72. Number of governments that LRC, PNRC,
policies and planning, including - Developing advocacy technical adopt DRR as a cross-cutting MRCS, TRC
relevant sectoral policies, climate guidelines theme in their programme
change adaptation and cross- - Develop IEC material that supports 73. Types and number of advocacy
cutting issues advocacy initiatives materials produced
- Develop partnerships and networks
with government institutions and
other stakeholders
- Sharing of VCA/HVCA results and
best practices with government
institutions and other stakeholders
- Integrate DRR into official national,
regional and local development plans
and budgets
National Societies are represented - Participate in DRR forums 74. Number of National Societies MRC, PMI,
on national platforms for DRR - Host DRR forum meetings participating in national platforms CRC, CVTL,
- Maintain partnerships and networks 75. Types of meetings attended by VNRC, LRC,
with government institutions, National Society volunteers PNRC, MRCS,
universities, private sector, 76. Number of meeting attended by TRC
international community, civil society National Society at different
concerned with DRR for effective platforms for advocacy
and efficient resource mobilization
Promote the exchange of best - Organize meetings, workshops and 77. Number of case/success stories PMI, CRC,
practices, ideas and experiences conferences based on different published by National Societies CVTL, VNRC,
within and across both organizations thematic areas 78. Number of case studies/success LRC, PNRC,
and the region - Support exchange visits among stories posted on websites MRCS, TRC
National Societies based on needs
- Support on-the-job training from
National Society to RDMU
(who/what/when/how)
- Publications of best practices based
on different thematic areas
- Using existing websites belonging
to IFRC or National Societies

Interested
Societies
Continue to update and revise or - Assign a DRR focal point for each 79. Number and types of exposure PMI, CRC,
develop disaster management National Society visits and conferences attained CVTL, VNRC,
policies, strategies, DRR framework - Orientation on IFRC policies and 80. Number of National Societies LRC, PNRC,
and plans in line with IFRC policies frameworks with a strategic plan MRCS, TRC
and frameworks - Review existing documents related to 81. Number of National Societies
DRR with relevant disaster
- Develop DRR frameworks and management policies and
strategies, based on National implementation guidelines
Society’s status and needs
- Integrate DRR strategy into National
Societies’ strategic plans
- Develop and update DRR plan of
action regularly
- Develop management and technical
capacity through national workshops,
exposure visits and conferences
- Follow-up activities of National
Societies
Support exchange visits among - Both RDMU and National Societies 82. Number of National Society MRC, PMI,
National Societies and the on-the- take initiative to do planning (when/ staff who attend on-the-job CRC, CVTL,
job training from National Societes where/who/what and how) training VNRC, LRC,
to RDMU and vice versa MRCS, TRC
Develop monitoring and evaluation - Review existing documents related to 83. Number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
indicators for existing CBDP/ CBDP/CBDRR programmes with a monitoring and evaluation CVTL, LRC,
CBDRR programmes (eg programme document, LFAs, etc) framework MRCS, TRC
- Develop monitoring and evaluation
guidelines and tools through
workshop(s)
- Increase the accountability of
CBDP/CBDRR programmes
- Train National Society staff and
volunteers to conduct monitoring,
evaluation and reporting

Interested
Societies
Identify and develop case studies - Study which kinds of issues for 84. Number of case studies PMI, CRC,
with best practices in the region and advocacy will be most effective for developed CVTL, VNRC,
beyond to learn from each others DRR 85. Number of case studies/lessons LRC, PNRC,
- Develop an outline for DRR case learnt adopted by NS MRCS
studies
- Publish case studies at regional level
and disseminate
- Translate into local languages and
publish
Continue to accelerate HFA as - Incorporate HFA components in 86. Number of National Societies PMI, CRC,
guidance for “building the resilience programme applications that translate and disseminate CVTL, LRC,
of nations and communities to - Encourage National Societies to HFA in local languages MRCS, TRC
disasters” and the Framework for document and review existing 87. Number of DRR plans aligned
community safety and resilience programmes related to HFA to HFA and DRR Framework
- Translate into local languages and
disseminate to local government and
Red Cross Red Crescent branches
Relating gender and HIV/AIDS to - Appoint one focal point for gender to 88. Generate a list of gender focal PMI, CRC,
DRR ensure sensitivity and mainstreaming points and facilitate a network VNRC, LRC
of DRR programmes and activities of them
- Review existing policy, strategy, tools, 89. Develop guidelines/frameworks
documents related to gender and on gender mainstreaming
DRR issues 90. Develop a gender checklist
- Develop gender strategies or 91. Number of National Society staff
frameworks at regional and or participating in gender training
national level 92. Types and number of IEC
- Develop gender checklists and materials produced
monitoring and evaluation tools 93. Number of women representing
- Build National Society staff capacity as board members.
on gender mainstreaming into DRR
through training, workshops, etc
- Increase awareness and knowledge
of board members about gender
mainstreaming on DRR
- Conduct advocacy and socialization
(external and internal) about gender
mainstreaming on DRR
- Develop IEC materials to support
advocacy on gender sensitivity
Photos: Myanmar Red Cross, Indonesia Red Cross, Rob Few & Kyaw Kyaw Min

The International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
promotes the humanitarian activities of
National Societies among vulnerable
people.
By coordinating international disaster
relief and encouraging development
support it seeks to prevent and alleviate
human suffering.
The International Federation, the
National Societies and the Inter-
national Committee of the Red Cross
together constitute the International
Red Cross and Red Crescent Move-
ment.
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