Duncan Smiths Presentation

Islamic Banking – Products & Operations A practical introduction Duncan R. Smith Arab Banking Corporation March 2008

CONTENT OF PRESENTATION Understanding the context Looking at the products Concluding Remarks

What is Islamic Banking? What prompted Islamic Banking? Origins of Islamic Banking Islamic Finance Perspectives UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT

WHAT IS ISLAMIC BANKING? Interest free banking? Profit and loss sharing? Ethical banking?   

WHAT PROMPTED ISLAMIC BANKING? Emergence of Arab nationalism and the search for identity Oil shocks and petrodollars Privatization and the individual’s right to choose

ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC BANKING Quran Hadith & Sunna Interpretation by Shariaa Scholars Sayings of the Prophet Teachings & Life style of the Prophet i) Sahih Al-Bokhari ii) Sahih Muslim 1) Hanbaly 2) Shafei 3) Hanafi 4) Maliki Two Sects of Islam Sunnah Shia’h 5) Ithna-Ashriah Qiyas - Ijtehad – Ijma’a Surah Verse(s) Al-BAQARRAH (#2) 275-279 AN-NESSA (#4) AL-EMRAN (#3) AR-RUM (#30) 130 161 39

ISLAMIC FINANCE PERSPECTIVES 1.5 billion Muslims (20% of population) Fastest growing and one of most active religions Modern Islamic Banking started in the mid-70s, although financing principles pre-date Islam Financial assets now around US$ 700 billion Liquid Funds in the Islamic Markets looking for quality assets are around US$ 100 – 200 billion Market is growing at 15% pa

LOOKING AT THE PRODUCTS Islamic Finance Principles Short Term Working Capital Medium Term Sales Financing Syndication Islamic Securitization Islamic ABS Islamic Mortgages Islamic Funds

ISLAMIC FINANCE PRINCIPLES Financiers are linked to the underlying transaction Not permitted finance of activity related to: - alcohol, pork, drugs, gambling, etc - speculation or unjustified enrichment Money is not a “Commodity” in itself, merely reflecting “Time Value” for a return Hence, no receipt or payment of Interest (Riba) Transactions must be transparent with all details agreed in advance and ownership undisputed

WORKING CAPITAL – COMMODITIES MURABAHA FOR SAUDI CORPORATE Saudi Corporate (SC) requires US$ 20 million from Islamic Bank (IB) for 3 months under Master Agreement which sets out procedures and means of fixing pricing SC contracts to buy via IB an amount of a commodity with a cash price of US$ 20 million on deferred term of 3 months IB contracts to sell the commodity on behalf of SC for US$ 20 million cash and passes cash to SC SC contracts to pay IB for the commodity after 3 months at the cash price plus an agreed mark up

Saudi Corporate Islamic Bank Commodity Broker Deferred obligation of $ 20 million + mark up (3 months) Buys commodity on deferred terms Sells commodity for cash Cash price ($ 20 million) Commodity for cash Commodity for cash WORKING CAPITAL – COMMODITIES MURABAHA FOR SAUDI CORPORATE

(2) LIBYAN CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT FINANCE TRANSACTION A $ 40 million facility to finance equipment for a project in Libya LC’s issued initially to finance the purchase and import of construction equipment from Italy and elsewhere used on the project LC’s converted into Murabaha leverage financing during 2007 Was initially to be an Islamic lease/Ijara contract but there were tax and legal uncertainties surrounding this Facility amortization over 5 years commenced July 2007

(2) LIBYAN CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT FINANCE TRANSACTION ABCIB Suppliers Client Contractor Equipment Contract payments Opens Letters of Credit $ payments Makes payments against documents Supply goods / equipment

(3) SYNDICATED FINANCING – REVOLVING MURABAHA FOR KUWAITI CORPORATE 3 year revolving facility $ 100 million with ABC Islamic Bank as Investment Agent (underwriter and arranger) Series of individual murabaha transactions with payment of profit only on individual transactions; conventionally a “bullet” payment of principal at maturity

(4) SUKUK ISSUE – “ISLAMIC ABS”; SAUDI HOUSEBUILDER Dar Al-Arkan is a major Saudi builder Requirement for raising finance to develop houses to meet underserved Saudi market In 2007 raised $ 1.6 billion in two sukuk issue Complexity because of Saudi law on property ownership Total market of approx $ 100 billion of sukuk in issue end 2007

(4) SUKUK SUMMARY ABC Islamic Bank (E.C.); Arab National Bank; Deutsche Bank AG; Dubai Islamic Bank PJSC; Gulf International Bank B.S.C.; Kuwait Finance House (Malaysia) Berhad; Unicorn Investment Bank, B.S.C. (c) Joint Lead Managers and Joint Bookruners Saudi law for property-related documents English law for Trust Deed and Certificates Governing Law Sukuk Al-Ijara Issue Type Application made to Dubai International Financial Exchange (DIFX) and Labuan International Financial Exchange (LFX) Public Listing US$ LIBOR plus 225bps Coupon 3-month US$ LIBOR Floating Rate 5 years, bullet Maturity Dar Al-Arkan International Sukuk Company (a limited liability company incorporated in the Cayman Islands) Issuer 5 Year US$[*] Trust Certificates due 2012 Issue Dar Al-Arkan Real Estate Development Company (Dar Al-Arkan) Guarantor

Sale Proceeds (US$) Sale of Real Estate Assets (Transfer of Title Deeds) Issue Proceeds (US$) Guarantee 5 Year Lease (Use of Real Estate Assets) Lease Payments On-shore Offshore Certificates Payment for Real Estate R ights (US$) Transfer of Real Estate Rights SAUDI SPV Dar Al-Arkan ISSUER (Dar Al-Arkan International Sukuk Co.) SUKUK HOLDERS (4) TRANSACTION STRUCTURE (SUKUK AL IJARA)

(5) CONTAINER SUKUK ISSUE Al Hamila is an ABC – established SPV which owns shipping containers Al Hamila finances its purchases through the issue of floating rate and fixed rate sukuk. The sukuk “coupons” match the profit of underlying leases Client (shipping company) gets lease finance with funds raised from Arab and International markets

ISLAMIC MORTGAGES – DIMINISHING MUSHARAKA Requirement for British Muslims to buy their own houses without borrowing at interest Approximately 2 million Muslims in UK with potential “mortgage” market size of £ 6 billion Marketed under the “alburaq” brand Bank and customer buy the property jointly and over period Bank sells its share to customer; Bank charges rent on the share that it owns Rent re-fixed semi-annually vs. Libor benchmark

Property / Asset Customer (20% share) (“Customer Share”) Bank (80% share) (“Bank’s Share”) (6) DIMINISHING MUSHARAKAH / IJARAH STRUCTURE Customer Bank Customer (as tenant) Bank’s Share Increasing ownership Acquisition cost instalments to purchase 80% share Joint Purchase Based on Shirkat-al-milk. Bank takes title Customer agrees to repay principal by the buying over time, the Bank’s share. Consequently the customer’s ownership interest in the property increases and the Bank’s decreases The Customer leases the Bank’s share, with periodic adjustments made to rental to reflect the fact that a reducing bank share is being leased Rental Lease of reducing Bank’s share

ISLAMIC INVESTMENT PRODUCTS – 320 Worldwide; top 93 1 Non Investment Islamic Fund 1 Islamic Mutual Funds 1 Islamic Infrastructure Funds 1 Islamic Hybrid Funds 2 Islamic Hedge Funds 3 Islamic Growth Funds 3 Islamic Murabaha Funds 3 Islamic Index Funds 3 Islamic Funds of Funds 4 Islamic Commodity Funds 5 Islamic Leasing Funds 7 Islamic Balanced Funds 10 Islamic Real Estate Funds 18 Islamic Income Funds 31 Islamic Equity Funds

CONCLUDING REMARKS Matching needs of surplus with shortage Oil price, available Sharia technology, volatility in home markets create supply Credit crunch (possibly short tem), desire for diversification as a strategy, more familiarity with Sharia compliance create appetite Potentially more benign regulatory treatment Potential for investment products and serving local market needs (10 million-plus Muslims in Western Europe)

Duncan Smiths Presentation

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Duncan Smiths Presentation