EAECM e-CONTENT NOTES.pdf

15EAU15
7
ENERGY AUDIT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
METHODS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
● This course provides the knowledge about energy audit and energy conservation methods
in I.C. Engines.
COURSE OUTCOME:
CO-1: Describe the energy sources, utilization and policies
CO-2: Explain the energy conservation in industries and buildings
CO-3: Describe the various energy developing systems
CO-4: Explain the energy management and auditing
CO-5: Define the cost economics and optimization
UNIT I ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 9
Introduction - fossil fuels reserves - world energy consumption - green house effect, global
warming -Renewable energy sources - environmental aspects utilization - energy prizes - energy
policies.
UNIT II ENERGY CONSERVATION 9
Energy conservation schemes - industrial energy use - energy surveying and auditing - energy
index –Energy cost - cost index - energy conservation in engineering and process industry, in
thermal Systems, in buildings and non-conventional energy resources scheme
UNIT III ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 9
Fuels and consumption - boilers - furnaces - waste heat recovery systems - heat pumps and
Refrigerators - storage systems - insulated pipe work systems - heat exchangers.
UNIT IV ENERGY MANAGEMENT 9
Energy management principles - energy resource management - energy management information
Systems - instrumentation and measurement - computerized energy management - energy
Auditing.
UNIT V ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 9
Costing techniques - cost optimization - optimal target investment schedule - financial appraisal
and Profitability - project management.
TOTAL: 45Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. MurphyW.R. and McKAYG.,“Energy Management, Butterworths, London, 1982.
2. TrivediP.R.,JulkaB.R., “Energy Management”,Common wealth publishers, 1997.
REFERENCES:
3. David Merick, Richard Marshal, “Energy, present and future options”, Vol. I and II, John
Wiley and Sons, 1981.
4. Chaigier N.A. “Energy Consumption and Environment ", McGraw-Hill, 1981.
5. Ikken P.A. Swart R.J and Zwerves.S, “Climate and Energy ", 1989.
6. Ray D.A. “Industrial Energy Conservation ", Pergamaon Press, 1980.

UNIT I- ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuel. ... Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic
materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal,
natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of
millions of years.
INTRODUCTION TO FOSSIL FUELS AND PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
In the first lesson on the world and the U.S. energy supply, we clearly established that the
dependence on fossil fuels is high (about 84 percent of the total energy), and this dependence is
likely to increase in the next two decades.In this section, we are going to look at what the fossil
fuels are and the consequences when these fossil fuels are burnt.
As you may recall from an earlier lesson, these fuels, which we primarily depend on, were
formed over millions of years by compression of organic material (plant and animal sources)
prevented from decay and buried in the ground. They include:
● Coal
● Natural Gas
● Petroleum Oil
Fossil Fuel Reserves and Resources
The availability and costs of fossil fuels influences the future development of the energy system,
and therewith future mitigation challenges. Understanding the variations in fossil fuel availability
and the underlying extraction cost assumptions across the SSPs is hence important. Our fossil
energy resource assumptions in MESSAGE are derived from various sources (Rogner,
1997 [102]; Riahi et al., 2012 [92]) and are aligned with the storylines of the individual SSPs.
While the physical resource base is identical across the SSPs, considerable differences are
assumed regarding the technical and economic availability of overall resources, for example, of
unconventional oil and gas. What ultimately determines the attractiveness of a particular type of
resource is not just the cost at which it can be brought to the surface, but the cost at which it can
be used to provide energy services. Assumptions on fossil energy resources should thus be
considered together with those on related conversion technologies. In line with the narratives,
technological change in fossil fuel extraction and conversion technologies is assumed to be
slowest in SSP1, while comparatively faster technological change occurs in SSP3 thereby
considerably enlarging the economic potentials of coal and unconventional hydrocarbons (Table
3, Fig. 3). However, driven by tendency toward regional fragmentation the focus in SSP3 is
assumed to be on developing coal technologies which in the longer term leads to a replacement
of oil products by synthetic fuels based on coal-to-liquids technologies. In contrast, for SSP2 we

assume a continuation of recent trends, focusing more on developing extraction technologies for
unconventional hydrocarbon resources, thereby leading to higher potential cumulative oil
extraction than in the other SSPs (Fig. 3, middle panel).
Table 3 shows the assumed total quantities of fossil fuel resources in the MESSAGE model for
the base year 2005. Fig. 3 gives these resource estimates as cumulative resource supply curves.
In addition, the assumptions are compared with estimates from the Global Energy Assessment
(Rogner et al., 2012 [101]) as of the year 2009. Estimating fossil fuel reserves is built on both
economic and technological assumptions. With an improvement in technology or a change in
purchasing power, the amount that may be considered a “reserve” vs. a “resource” (generically
referred to here as resources) can actually vary quite widely.
‘Reserves’ are generally defined as being those quantities for which geological and engineering
information indicate with reasonable certainty that they can be recovered in the future from
known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. ‘Resources’ are detected
quantities that cannot be profitably recovered with current technology, but might be recoverable
in the future, as well as those quantities that are geologically possible, but yet to be found. The
remainder are ‘Undiscovered resources’ and, by definition, one can only speculate on their
existence. Definitions are based on Rogner et al. (2012) [101].
Table 3 Assumed global fossil fuel reserves and resources in the MESSAGE model. Estimates
from the Global Energy Assessment (Rogner et al., 2012 [101]) also added for comparison.
Source
MESSAGE (Rogner et al.,
1997 [102])
Rogner et al.,
2012 [101]
Rogner et al.,
2012 [101]
Reserves+Resources [ZJ] Reserves [ZJ] Resources [ZJ]
Coal 259 17.3 – 21.0 291 – 435
Conventional Oil 9.8 4.0 – 7.6 4.2 – 6.2
Unconventional Oil 23.0 3.8 – 5.6 11.3 – 14.9
Conventional Gas 16.8 5.0 – 7.1 7.2 – 8.9
Unconventional
Gas
23.0 20.1 – 67.1 40.2 – 122

The following table (Table 4) presents the ultimate fossil resource availability for coal, oil and
gas, for SSP1, SSP2 and SSP3, respectively.
Table 4 Fossil resource availability for SSP1, SSP2, and SSP3 (Fricko et al., 2016 [27]).
Type SSP1 [ZJ] SSP2 [ZJ] SSP3 [ZJ]
Coal 93 92 243
Oil 17 40 17
Gas 39 37 24

Coal is the largest resource among fossil fuels; it accounts for more than 50% of total fossil
reserve plus resource estimates even at the higher end of the assumptions, which includes
considerable amounts of unconventional hydrocarbons. Oil is the most vulnerable fossil fuel at

less than 10 ZJ of conventional oil and possibly less than 10 ZJ of unconventional oil. Natural
gas is more abundant in both the conventional and unconventional categories.
Fig. 3 presents the cumulative global resource supply curves for coal, oil and gas in the IIASA
IAM framework. Green shaded resources are technically and economically extractable in all
SSPs, purple shaded resources are additionally available in SSP1 and SSP2 and blue shaded
resources are additionally available in SSP2. Coloured vertical lines represent the cumulative use
of each resource between 2010 and 2100 in the SSP baselines (see top panel for colour coding),
and are thus the result of the combined effect of the assumptions on fossil resource availability
and conversion technologies in the SSP baseline scenarios.
Fig. 3 Cumulative global resource supply curves for coal (top), oil (middle), and gas (bottom) in
the IIASA IAM framework (Fricko et al., 2016 [27]).
Conventional oil and gas are distributed unevenly throughout the world, with only a few regions
dominating the reserves. Nearly half of the reserves of conventional oil is found in Middle East
and North Africa, and close to 40% of conventional gas is found in Russia and the former Soviet
Union states. The situation is somewhat different for unconventional oil of which North and
Latin America potentially possess significantly higher global shares. Unconventional gas in turn
is distributed quite evenly throughout the world, with North America holding most (roughly 25%
of global resources). The distribution of coal reserves shows the highest geographical diversity
which in the more fragmented SSP3 world contributes to increased overall reliance on this
resource. Russia and the former Soviet Union states, Pacific OECD, North America, and
Centrally Planned Asia and China all possess more than 10 ZJ of reserves.
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
It is the total energy used by the entire human civilization. Typically measured per year, it
involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavours
across every single industrial and technological sector, across every country. It does not include
energy from food, and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is
poorly documented. Being the power source metric of civilization, World Energy Consumption
has deep implications for humanity's socio-economic-political sphere.
Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agency (EEA) record and publish energy
data periodically. Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal
systemic trends and patterns, which could help frame current energy issues and encourage
movement towards collectively useful solutions.
Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply (TPES),
which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes. Since changes
of energy storage over the year are minor, TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy
consumption. However, TPES ignores conversion efficiency, overstating forms of energy with
poor conversion efficiency (e.g. coal, gas and nuclear) and understating forms already accounted
for in converted forms (e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity). The IEA estimates that, in 2013,
total primary energy supply (TPES) was 1.575 × 1017
Wh (= 157.5 PWh, 157,500 TWh, 5.67 ×

1020
joules, or 13,541 Mtoe) or about 18 TW-year.[3]
From 2000–2012 coal was the source of
energy with the largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth,
followed by hydropower and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any
other time in history during this period. The demand for nuclear energy decreased, in part due to
nuclear disasters (e.g. Three Mile Island 1979, Chernobyl 1986, and Fukushima 2011).[1][4]
More
recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to "renewable" energy. Updating the pie chart
to the right ("World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015") with 2017 measures
from the same source, coal dropped from about 29% of the global total to 27%, and non-hydro
renewables were up to about 4% from 2%.[5]
In 2011, expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD, or about 10% of the world gross
domestic product (GDP). Europe spends close to one-quarter of the world's energy expenditures,
North America close to 20%, and Japan 6%.[6]
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of
the atmosphere) caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and certain
other gases in the air. Of those gases, known as greenhouse gases, water vapour has the largest
effect.

hydrosphere: Buildup of greenhouse gases
One problem that was brought about by human action and is definitely affecting
the hydrosphere globally is that of the greenhouse gases…
The origins of the term greenhouse effect are unclear. French mathematician Joseph Fourier is
sometimes given credit as the first person to coin the term greenhouse effect based on his
conclusion in 1824 that Earth’s atmosphere functioned similarly to a “hotbox”—that is, a
heliothermometer (an insulated wooden box whose lid was made of transparent glass) developed
by Swiss physicist Horace Bénédict de Saussure, which prevented cool air from mixing with
warm air. Fourier, however, neither used the term greenhouse effect nor credited atmospheric
gases with keeping Earth warm. Swedish physicist and physical chemist Svante Arrhenius is
credited with the origins of the term in 1896, with the publication of the first
plausible climate model that explained how gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat. Arrhenius first
refers to this “hot-house theory” of the atmosphere—which would be known later as the
greenhouse effect—in his work Worlds in the Making (1903).
The atmosphere allows most of the visible light from the Sun to pass through and reach Earth’s
surface. As Earth’s surface is heated by sunlight, it radiates part of this energy back toward space
as infrared radiation. This radiation, unlike visible light, tends to be absorbed by the greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, raising its temperature. The heated atmosphere in turn radiates infrared
radiation back toward Earth’s surface. (Despite its name, the greenhouse effect is different from
the warming in a greenhouse, where panes of glass transmit visible sunlight but hold heat inside
the building by trapping warmed air.)
greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is caused by the atmospheric accumulation of gases
such as carbon dioxide and methane, which contain some of the heat emitted from Earth's
surface.Created and produced by QA International. © QA International, 2010. All rights
reserved. www.qa-international.com

Without the heating caused by the greenhouse effect, Earth’s average surface temperature would
be only about −18 °C (0 °F). On Venus the very high concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere causes an extreme greenhouse effect resulting in surface temperatures as high as 450
°C (840°F).
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it is possible that the effect
could be intensified by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the result of
human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution through the end of the 20th
century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent and the
amount of methane more than doubled. A number of scientists have predicted that human-related
increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could lead by the end of the
21st century to an increase in the global average temperature of 0.3 to 4.8 °C (0.5 to 8.6 °F)
relative to the 1986–2005 average. This global warming could alter Earth’s climates and thereby
produce new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall and possibly disrupt food production
in certain regions.
EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's energy
reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and
re-radiated by greenhouse gases. ... The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface
of the Earth.
EXPLAINER: GLOBAL WARMING AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GREENHOUSE GASES TRAP HEAT ON EARTH

Earth’s atmosphere works something like a giant glass greenhouse. As the sun’s rays enter our
atmosphere, most continue right down to the planet’s surface. As they hit the soil and surface
waters, those rays release much of their energy as heat. Some of the heat then radiates back out
into space.
However, certain gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor,
work like a blanket to retain much of that heat. This helps to warm our atmosphere. The gases do
this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are nicknamed
“greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect. Without the “greenhouse effect,” Earth
would be too cold to support most forms of life.
But there can be too much of a good thing. Carbon dioxide is released when we use fossil fuels,
such as coal, oil and natural gas. We burn these fuels, made from the ancient remains of plants
and animals, to run electricity-generating plants that power factory, homes and schools. Products
of these fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, power most of the engines that drive cars,
airplanes and ships.
By examining air bubbles in ice cores taken from Antarctica, scientists can go back and calculate
what the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been throughout the last
650,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been climbing to where
today it is 30 percent greater than 650,000 years ago. That rise in carbon dioxide “is essentially
entirely due to the burning of fuels,” Susan Solomon says. She’s a senior scientist with the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colo., and studies factors that
affect climate.
Humans have further increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the air by changing the
landscape. Plants take up carbon dioxide to make food in a process called photosynthesis. Once
cut down, they can no longer take in carbon dioxide, and this gas begins building up in the air
instead of fueling the growth of plants. So by cutting down trees and forests for farmland and
other human uses, more carbon dioxide is also added into the atmosphere.

“We’ve always had some greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Solomon says. “But because
we’ve burned a lot of fossil fuels and deforested parts of the planet, we’ve increased the amount
of greenhouse gases, and as a result have changed the temperature of the planet.”
Power Words
Carbon dioxide A gas produced by all animals when the oxygen they inhale reacts with the
carbon-rich foods that they’ve eaten. This colorless, odorless gas also is released when organic
matter (including fossil fuels like oil or gas) is burned. Carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas,
trapping heat in Earth’s atmosphere. Plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen during
photosynthesis, the process they use to make their own food.
Climate The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
Deforest The act of removing most or all of the trees lands that used to hold forests.
Fossil fuels Any fuel (such as coal, oil or natural gas) that has developed in the Earth over
millions of years from the decayed remains of bacteria, plant or animals.
Global warming The gradual increase in the overall temperature of Earth’s atmosphere due to
the greenhouse effect. This effect is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons and other gases in the air, many of them released by human activity.
Greenhouse effect The warming of Earth’s atmosphere due to the buildup of heat-trapping
gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. Scientists refer to these pollutants as greenhouse
gases.
Methane A hydrocarbon with the chemical CH4 (meaning there are four hydrogen atoms
bound to one carbon atom). It’s a natural constituent of what’s known as natural gas. It’s also
emitted by decomposing plant material in wetlands and is belched out by cows and other
ruminant livestock. From a climate perspective, methane is 20 times more potent than carbon
dioxide is in trapping heat in Earth’s atmosphere, making it a very important greenhouse gas.
Photosynthesis (verb: photosynthesize)The process by which green plants and some other
organisms use sunlight to produce foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Radiate (in physics) To emit energy in the form of waves.
Renewable energy
The only trouble is, you won't be able to do that forever because Earth itself is running low on
fuel. Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal, which are
gradually running out. Not only that, using these fuels produces air pollution and carbon

dioxide—the gas most responsible for global warming. If we want to carry on living our lives in
much the same way, we need to switch to cleaner, greener fuel supplies—renewable energy, as
it's known. This article is a brief, general introduction; we also have lots of detailed articles about
the different kinds of renewable energy you can explore when you're ready.
What is renewable energy?
Broadly speaking, the world's energy resources (all the energy we have available to use) fall
into two types called fossil fuels and renewable energy:
● Fossil fuels are things like oil, gas, coal, and peat, formed over hundreds of millions of
years when plants and sea creatures rot away, fossilize, and get buried under the ground,
then squeezed and cooked by Earth's inner pressure and heat. Fossil fuels supply about
80–90 percent of the world's energy.
● Renewable energy means energy made from the wind, ocean waves, solar power,
biomass (plants grown especially for energy), and so on. It's called renewable because, in
theory, it will never run out. Renewable sources currently supply about 10–20 percent of
the world's energy.
India today has a vast population of more than 1.20 billions out of which nearly 75% are
living in rural areas. Energy and development are inter-related. In order to have
sustainable growth rate. It is imperative to have sufficient energy for systematic
development in various sectors. Energy sector has received top priority in all Five year
pains so far. During seventh Five Year plans 30% of the plan outlay was allotted to this
sector. The installed capacity of electric power has increased from 1362 MW. At the time
of independence to a staggering 70,000 MW. Despite such achievements, the gap
between demand and supply of electrical energy is increasing every year as power sector
is highly capital-intensive. The deficit in installed capacity was nearly 10,000 MW, by the
and of eleventh five year plan. It is estimated that in 2011 alone India has lost above 10.0
billion US$ in manufacturing productivity because for power is projected to grow by 7 to
10% per year for the next 10 years. The working group on power had recommended
capacity addition program of 46,645 MWduring the twelveth plan period along with the
associated transmission and distribution works at a cost of Rs. 12, 26,000 corer. With this
capacity addition there would have been a peak power shortage of 15.3 percent by the
end of the 12th plans. The proven reserves of fossil fuel in India are not very large. A
major share of scarce foreign currency is earmarked for importing petroleum products.
The bill of which is continuously increasing coal reserve likely to be exhausted by the
middle or centaury. Thus a bleak scenario awaits India in future unless absolutely new
strategies are adopted. In spite of huge plan outlay of energy sector in last 60 years, most
of the rural population has not yet been able to reach the threshold of enough energy to
meet their basic human needs. There appears to be something basically wrong in
planning. The planners have adopted the western model of centralized energy system
without necessary modification to suit Indian condition. In future the energy conservation
would assume more significance globally on the basis of the effect of burning fossil fuel
on environment, particularly the global warming rather than the depletion of fossil fuel
reserves and other consideration.

Fossil fuels versus renewables
Chart: Percentage of total US energy supplied by different fossil fuels and renewables in 2017.
Source: Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, Energy Information
Administration, US Department of Energy. Data published April 2018.
Different countries get their energy from different fuels. In the Middle East, there's more reliance
on oil, as you'd expect, while in Asia, coal is more important.
In the United States, the breakdown looks like this. From the pie chart, you can see that about
80% of US energy still comes from fossil fuels (down from 84% in 2008 and virtually
unchanged since 2014), while the remainder comes from renewables and nuclear. Looking at the
renewables alone, in the bar chart on the right, you can see that hydroelectric and biomass
provide the lion's share. Wind and solar provide just over a quarter of US renewable energy and
are steadily increasing in importance: solar now provides 6 percent of total US renewable energy
(up from 4 percent in 2014), while wind provides 21 percent (up from 18 percent in 2014).
Renewables have increased from 7% to 11% of the total since 2008, which is a much bigger
increase than it might sound.
Please note that these charts cover total energy and not just electricity.
What's the difference between fossil fuels and renewable energy?
In theory, fossil fuels exist in limited quantities and renewable energy is limitless. That's not
quite the whole story, however.
The good news is that fossil fuels are constantly being formed. New oil is being made from old
plants and dead creatures every single day. But the bad news is that we're using fossil
fuels much faster than they're being created. It took something like 400 million years to form a
planet's worth of fossil fuels. But humankind will use something like 80 percent of Earth's entire

fossil fuel supplies in only the 60 years spanning from 1960 to 2020. When we say fossil fuels
such as oil will "run out," what we actually mean is that demand will outstrip supply to the point
where oil will become much more expensive to use than alternative, renewable fuel sources.
Just as fossil fuel supplies aren't exactly finite, neither is renewable energy completely infinite.
One way or another, virtually all forms of renewable energy ultimately come from the Sun and
that massive energy source will, one day, burn itself out. Fortunately, that won't happen for a few
billion years so it's reasonable enough to talk of renewable energy as being unlimited.
What are the different types of renewable energy?
Almost every source of energy that isn't a fossil fuel is a form of renewable energy. Here are the
main types of renewable energy:
Solar power
For as long as the Sun blazes (roughly another 4–5 billion years), we'll be able to tap
the light and heat it shines in our direction. We can use solar power in two very different
ways: electric and thermal. Solar electric power (sometimes called active solar power) means
taking sunlight and converting it to electricity in solar cells (which work electronically). This
technology is sometimes also referred to as photovoltaic (photo = light and voltaic = electric,
so photovoltaic simply means making electricity from light) or PV. Solar thermal power
(sometimes called passive-solar energy or passive-solar gain) means absorbing the Sun's heat
into solar hot water systems or using it to heat buildings with large glass windows.
Wind power
Photo: This wind turbine, in Staffordshire, England makes up to 225kW of electricity, which is
about enough to power 100 electric kettles or toasters at the same time.
Depending on where you live, you've probably seen wind turbines appearing in the landscape in
recent years. There are loads of them in the United States and Europe, for example. A turbine is
any machine that removes kinetic energy from a moving fluid (liquid or gas) and converts it into
another form. Windmills, based on this idea, have been widely used for many hundreds of years.
In a modern wind turbine, a huge rotating blade (similar to an airplane propeller) spins around in
the wind and turns an electricity generator mounted in the nacelle (metal casing) behind. It takes

roughly several thousand wind turbines to make as much power as one large fossil fuel power
plant. Wind power is actually a kind of solar energy, because the winds that whistle round Earth
are made when the Sun heats different parts of our planet by different amounts, causing huge air
movements over its surface.
Hydroelectric power
Hydro means water, so hydroelectricity means making electricity using water—not from the
water itself, but from the kinetic energy in a moving river or stream. Rivers start their lives in
high ground and gradually flow downhill to the sea. By damming them, we can make huge lakes
that drain slowly past water turbines, generating energy as they go. Water wheels used in
medieval times to power mills were an early example of hydro power. You could describe them
as hydromechanical, since the water power the milling machines used was transmitted by an
elaborate systems of wheels and gears. Like wind power, hydroelectric power is (indirectly)
another kind of solar energy, because it's the Sun's energy that drives the water cycle, endlessly
exchanging water between the oceans and rivers on Earth's surface and the atmosphere up above.
Ocean power
Photo: A model of an OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) plant that makes energy using
temperature differences between different layers of ocean water. Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy
of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).
The oceans have vast, untapped potential that we can use in three main ways: wave power, tidal
barrages, and thermal power.
● Wave power uses mechanical devices that rock back and forth or bob up and down to
extract the kinetic energy from moving waves and turn it into electricity. Surfers have
known all about wave power for many decades!
● Tidal barrages are small dams built across estuaries (the points on the coast where rivers
flow into the sea and vice versa). As tides move back and forth, they push huge amounts
of water in and out of estuaries at least twice a day. A barrage with turbines built into it

can capture the energy of tidal water as it flows back and forth. The world's best-known
tidal barrage is at La Rance in France; numerous plans to build a much bigger barrage
across the Severn Estuary in England have been outlined, on and off, for almost a
century.
● Thermal power involves harnessing the temperature difference between warm water at
the surface of the oceans and cold water deeper down. In a type of thermal power
called Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), warmer surface water flows into the
top of a giant column (perhaps 450m or 1500ft tall), mounted vertically some miles out to
sea, while cooler water flows into the bottom. The hot water drives a turbine and makes
electricity, before being cooled down and recycled. It's estimated that there is enough
thermal energy in the oceans to supply humankind's entire needs, though little of it is
recovered at the moment.
Biomass
Biomass is the name given to any crop grown for the purpose of making energy. Biofuels are one
example. Other examples include burning animal waste in a furnace to generate electricity.
Biofuels are controversial because they often take up land that could be used to grow food, but
they are generally a cleaner and more efficient way of making power than using fossil fuels.
Because plants absorb carbon dioxide while they're growing and give it out when they're burned,
biomass can provide energy without adding to the problem of global warming.
Geothermal energy
Photo: A geothermal electricity generator in Imperial County, California. Photo by Warren Gretz
courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).
Earth may feel like a pretty cold place at times but, inside, it's a bubbling soup of molten rock.
Earth's lower mantle, for example, is at temperatures of around 4500°C (8000°F). It's relatively
easy to tap this geothermal (geo = Earth, thermal = heat) energy using technologies such as heat
pumps, which drive cold water deep down into Earth and pipe hot water back up again. Earth's
entire geothermal supplies are equivalent to the energy you could get from about 25,000
large power plants!

Nuclear fusion
Conventional nuclear energy is not renewable: it's made by splitting up large, unstable atoms of a
naturally occurring chemical element called uranium. Since you have to feed uranium into most
nuclear power plants, and dig it out of the ground before you can do so, traditional forms
of nuclear fission (the scientific term for splitting big atoms) can't be described as renewable
energy. In the future, scientists hope to develop an alternative form of nuclear energy
called nuclear fusion (making energy by joining small atoms), which will be cleaner, safer, and
genuinely renewable.
Fuel cells
If you want to use renewable power in a car, you have to swap the gasoline engines or diesel
engine for an electric motor. Driving an electric car doesn't necessarily make you
environmentally friendly. What if you charge the batteries at home and the electricity you're
using comes from a coal-fired power plant? One alternative is to swap the batteries for a fuel
cell, which is a bit like a battery that never runs flat, making electricity continuously using a tank
of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is cheap and easy to make from water with an electrolyzer. Fuel cells
are quiet, powerful, and make no pollution. Probably the worst thing they do is puff steam from
their exhausts!
How much energy do we need?
First off, you'll need to know how much energy the city uses. The amount is going to go up and
down and you'll need to be able to meet huge peaks in demand as well as day-to-day, average
power. But let's just worry about the average power for now. A quick bit of searching reveals that
NYC's average power demand is of the order of 5 gigawatts [Source: Accent Energy]. It may be
more or less, but for this exercise it really doesn't matter.
What does 5 gigawatts actually mean? 5 gigawatts is the same as 5,000 megawatts, 5 million
kilowatts, or 5 billion watts. A big old-fashioned (incandescent) lamp uses about 100 watts, so
NYC is consuming the same amount of energy as 50 million of those lamps glowing at the same
time. If you prefer, think of an electric toaster, which uses about 2500 watts. NYC is like 2
million toasters burning away all at once—a line of toasters stretching 500 km (roughly 300
miles) into the distance! It sounds like we're talking about an awful lot of energy!
How do we make that much energy right now?
And yet... five gigawatts is actually not as much as it sounds. A big, coal-fired power plant could
make about two gigawatts, so you'd need about 3 coal stations to power the city (4 to be on the
safe side). Nuclear plants typically produce less (maybe 1–1.5 gigawatts), but a big nuclear
station like Indian Point (just outside NYC) can make two gigawatts. So going nuclear, you
could manage with perhaps 3–6 good-sized plants. See how easy it is to power a city the old
way? You only need a handful of big old power plants.

Artwork: It takes about 1000 wind turbines (1000 small blue dots), working at full capacity, to
make as much power as a single coal-fired power plant (one big black dot).
How could we make that much energy with renewables?
This is where it starts to get tricky. Let's say you're keen on wind turbines. Great! How are you
going to power NYC with wind? We need 5 gigawatts of power and a modern turbine will
deliver about 1–2 megawatts when it's working at full capacity. So you'll need a minimum of
2500–5000 wind turbines–and an awful lot of land to put them on. Is it doable? One of the
world's biggest wind farms, at Altamont Pass in California, has almost 5000 small turbines and
produces only 576 megawatts, which is about 11 percent of what we need for NYC. Now these
are mostly old turbines, they're really quite puny by modern standards, and we could certainly
build much bigger and more powerful ones—but, even so, powering NYC with wind alone
seems to be a fairly tall order.
What about solar power? For simplicity, let's assume NYC is full of ordinary houses (and not
huge skyscrapers). Cover the roof of a typical house with photovoltaic (solar-electric) panels and
you might generate 5 kilowatts (5,000 watts) of power; stick those panels on a larger, municipal
building and you might get three or four times as much. Let's assume every building could make
10 kilowatts for us. To generate 5 gigawatts, we'd need 500,000 buildings generating electricity
all the time. That sounds like another tall order.
What other options do we have? How about harnessing the tidal power of the East River? That's
been done already: six turbines installed between 2006 and 2008 produce, altogether, about 200
kilowatts of the power used in Manhattan. [Source: Tidal Turbines Help Light Up Manhattan,

MIT Technology Review, April 23, 2007.] That's a good start, but we'd need something like
140,000 of these turbines to generate our 5 gigawatts! There simply isn't enough power in the
river.
Gulp. None of this is meant to put you off renewable energy; as far as I'm concerned, the world
can't get away from fossil fuels fast enough. But looking at the science and the numbers, it's clear
that if we're going to use renewables, and only renewables, we need an awful lot of them.
Switching to renewables means building many thousands (and maybe hundreds of thousands) of
separate power-generating units.
How you can use more renewable energy
Chart: World consumption of renewable energy is currently growing at about 16–17 percent per
year. Chart drawn using data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018.
If you want to make a difference to the planet by making more use of renewable energy, what's
the best way to do it? Given that you spend quite a lot of the money you earn on energy, try to
direct that money where it will have the biggest effect. Here are some simple tips:
Switching supplier
If you get most of your energy from electricity, you can switch supplier (or tariff) to one that uses
more renewable power. Sometimes this is less effective than it sounds. If your supplier mainly
operates hydroelectric power plants and you switch from its ordinary power tariff to a green
tariff, will you actually be increasing the amount of green power in the world or simply paying
the company more money for doing exactly the same as it was doing before? A better option is to

switch to a smaller supplier building new wind turbines or solar plants. That way, you'll be
helping the company to invest in more renewable energy and helping to switch the world away
from fossil fuels.
ENERGY POLICY
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address
issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption. The
attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, incentives to
investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques.
Energy is a core component of modern economies. A functioning economy requires not only
labor and capital but also energy, for manufacturing processes, transportation, communication,
agriculture, and more.
National energy policy[edit]
Measures used to produce an energy policy
A national energy policy comprises a set of measures involving that country's laws, treaties and
agency directives. The energy policy of a sovereign nation may include one or more of the
following measures:
● statement of national policy regarding energy planning, energy generation, transmission and
usage
● legislation on commercial energy activities (trading, transport, storage, etc.)
● legislation affecting energy use, such as efficiency standards, emission standards
● instructions for state-owned energy sector assets and organizations
● active participation in, co-ordination of and incentives for mineral fuels exploration
(see geological survey) and other energy-related research and development policy command
● fiscal policies related to energy products and services (taxes, exemptions, subsidies ...
● energy security and international policy measures such as:
o international energy sector treaties and alliances,
o general international trade agreements,
o special relations with energy-rich countries, including military presence and/or
domination.
Frequently the dominant issue of energy policy is the risk of supply-demand mismatch
(see: energy crisis). Current energy policies also address environmental issues (see: climate
change), particularly challenging because of the need to reconcile global objectives and
international rules with domestic needs and laws.[3]
Some governments state explicit energy
policy, but, declared or not, each government practices some type of energy policy. Economic
and energy modelling can be used by governmental or inter-governmental bodies as an advisory
and analysis tool (see: economic model, POLES).

The Global Energy Prize
The Global Energy Prize recognizes annually outstanding scientific developments in the field of
energy that help solving the most acute and difficult energy problems. The prize was established
in 2002, and for 17 years in a row it has been awarded to the world’s leading scientists, whose
discoveries and technological innovations meet global energy challenges. The monetary part of
the prize amounts to 39 million rubles (about 530.000 euros).
Nominations of the Prize:
1) Nomination "Traditional Energy"
• electric power engineering;
• exploration, extraction, transportation and processing of fuel and power resources;
• heat power engineering;
• nuclear power engineering.
2) Nomination "Non-traditional Energy"
• renewable energy sources;
• bioenergy;
• fuel cells and hydrogen energy.
3) Nomination “New ways of energy application”
• new materials used in power engineering;
• energy efficiency;
• efficient power storage;
• energy transportation.
*Nomination submissions for the “Management in the energy sector” category are accepted in
any of three mentioned nominations.
The history of the Global Energy Prize began in October 2002 when the President of the Russian
Federation Vladimir Putin announced the establishment of this Prize at the Russia – European
Union Summit. The Global Energy Foundation was established to arrange the Global Energy
Prize by three major Russian Energy companies: PJSC Gazprom, PJCS Federal Grid Company
of the Unified Energy Systems (FGC UES, Former JSC Unified Energy Systems of Russia) and
Yukos. In 2005, oil and gas company PJSC Surgutneftegazjoined the group of funding
companies. Afterwards, the Foundation was renamed as the Global Energy Non-profit
Partnership and furthermore the name of the organization was changed to Global Energy
Association on development of international research and projects in the field of energy.
The first Global Energy Prize award ceremony took place in June 2003 at the Konstantinovsky
Palace, Strelna (St Petersburg district, Russia) and was attended by President Vladimir Putin.
The award was presented to three scientists: Mr Nick Holonyak (USA), Chair Professor of
Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois, for his
contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first
semi-conducting light-emitting diodes, Mr Ian Douglas Smith (USA), Chief Manager and Senior

Researcher in ‘Titan Pulse Sciences Division’, for his fundamental research and development in
the field of powerful pulse energy, and a Russian scientist Mr Gennady Mesyats, then-Chairman
of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation, for his
fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.
Indian Power Prices—How Renewable Energy is Cheaper than Coal Consideration of the
deflationary impacts of renewable energy, plus a greater focus on energy efficiency and reduced
grid transmission losses, provide an increasingly economically rational alternative to India.
Privatisation of the Power Generation Sector Faced with the prospect of a significant rise in
electricity demand, from 2004 onwards the Government of India (GoI) renewed its focus on a
partial power sector privatisation. This program involved putting out to private market tender a
large number of electricity power purchase agreements (PPA), most priced in the range of Rs2-3/
kWh. Many Indian firms diversified into the coal and gas-fired power generation sector on the
back of US$1-4bn commitments to build greenfield power plants. The GoI launched its Ultra
Mega Power Projects (UMPP), that involved building massive 4.0 GW coal-fired power
generators on a single site.
A key aspect of this large scale coal-fired power expansion was the contractual agreement to
supply power at the tendered price for up to 25 years. The PPA contracts were generally long
term in nature (15-25 year terms) and included little scope for price indexation to cover for
inflation. At the time, the associated fuel (coal and gas) was expected to be supplied
predominantly from domestic Indian sources.
However, even where there was an expectation that some imported coal would be required to
balance supply sources, the presumption was that cheap coal supplies could be sourced from
Indonesia, often via captive partly owned greenfield coal mine developments. With Indonesia
implementing coal export taxes, Tata Power is looking to sell its Indonesian coal JV and Adani
Enterprises’ consistently unable to deliver on its Indonesian production goals, this strategy is
being reconsidered. Signatories to these contracts were not provided tied coal supply agreements
nor protection from exchange rate volatility.
UNIT II- ENERGY CONSERVATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDIA

India today has a vast population of more than 1.20 billions out of which nearly 75% are living
in rural areas. Energy and development are inter-related. In order to have sustainable growth rate.
It is imperative to have sufficient energy for systematic development in various sectors. Energy
sector has received top priority in all Five year pains so far.
During seventh Five Year plans 30% of the plan outlay was allotted to this sector. The installed
capacity of electric power has increased from 1362 MW. At the time of independence to a
staggering 70,000 MW. Despite such achievements, the gap between demand and supply of
electrical energy is increasing every year as power sector is highly capital-intensive. The deficit
in installed capacity was nearly 10,000 MW, by the and of eleventh five year plan.
It is estimated that in 2011 alone India has lost above 10.0 billion US$ in manufacturing
productivity because for power is projected to grow by 7 to 10% per year for the next 10 years.
The working group on power had recommended capacity addition program of 46,645 MWduring
the twelveth plan period along with the associated transmission and distribution works at a cost
of Rs. 12, 26,000 corer. With this capacity addition there would have been a peak power shortage
of 15.3 percent by the end of the 12th plans.
The proven reserves of fossil fuel in India are not very large. A major share of scarce foreign
currency is earmarked for importing petroleum products. The bill of which is continuously
increasing coal reserve likely to be exhausted by the middle or centaury. Thus a bleak scenario
awaits India in future unless absolutely new strategies are adopted.
In spite of huge plan outlay of energy sector in last 60 years, most of the rural population has not
yet been able to reach the threshold of enough energy to meet their basic human needs. There
appears to be something basically wrong in planning. The planners have adopted the western
model of centralized energy system without necessary modification to suit Indian condition.
In future the energy conservation would assume more significance globally on the basis of the
effect of burning fossil fuel on environment, particularly the global warming rather than the
depletion of fossil fuel reserves and other consideration.
Industry uses many energy sources

Click to enlarge »
Click to enlarge »
The U.S. industrial sector uses a variety of energy sources including
● Natural gas
● Petroleum, such as distillate and residual fuel oils and hydrocarbon gas liquids
● Electricity
● Renewable sources, mainly biomass such as pulping liquids (called black liquor) and other
residues from paper making and residues from agriculture, forestry, and lumber milling
operations
● Coal and coal coke
Most industries purchase electricity from electric utilities or independent power producers. Some
industrial facilities generate electricity for use at their plants using fuels that they purchase or the
residues from their industrial processes. A few produce electricity with solar photovoltaic
systems located on their properties. Some of them sell some of the electricity that they generate.
Industry uses fossil fuels and renewable energy sources for
● Heat in industrial processes and space heating in buildings
● Boiler fuel to generate steam or hot water for process heating and generating electricity
● Feedstocks (raw materials) to make products such as plastics and chemicals

The industrial sector uses electricity for operating industrial motors and machinery, lights,
computers, and office equipment and for facility heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment.
Energy use by type of industry
Every industry uses energy, but three industries account for most of the total U.S. industrial
sector energy consumption. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2017,
the bulk chemical industry was the largest industrial consumer of energy, followed by the
refining industry and the mining industry. These three industries combined accounted for about
58% of total U.S. industrial sector energy consumption.
Energy sources used as feedstocks
Some manufacturers use energy sources as feedstocks—raw materials—in their manufacturing
processes. (Manufacturers are a subset of the industrial sector, which includes manufacturing,
agriculture, construction, forestry, and mining.) For example, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) are
feedstocks for making plastics and chemicals. According to the 2014 Manufacturing Energy
Consumption Survey (MECS), feedstocks accounted for about 5.3 quadrillion British thermal
units (Btu), or about 28%, of total first use of energy by U.S. manufacturers in 2014.1
Feedstock use by manufacturers by type of feedstock, amount (in trillion Btu (TBtu)), and share
of total manufacturing feedstock use in 2014
● Hydrocarbon gas liquids—2,363 TBtu—45%
● Natural gas—554 TBtu—10%
● Coal—484 TBtu—9%
● Coke and breeze—81 TBtu—2%
● Other—1,805 TBtu—34%
Other includes petroleum products such as residual and distillate fuel oils, asphalt, lubricants,
waxes, and petrochemicals.
Energy Surveys & Audits
Our comprehensive energy surveys and audits provide advice on where the main energy
management opportunities lie, and identify the need for more detailed investigations, if required.
We also assess the feasibility of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies,
in order to reduce a building's energy consumption and carbon footprint.

What are energy surveys and audits?
A building energy survey is a practical step to identify, quantify and prioritise tangible
opportunities to reduce energy use, costs and carbon emissions in a building or on a site. It can
also evaluate the feasibility of renewable energy opportunities. We can provide a detailed
feasibility study to help you identify the most appropriate low carbon solution and help you take
advantage of any Feed-in Tariffs (FITs) and Renewable Heat Incentives (RHIs). We can also
provide business case development, technical evaluations, CIBSE TM22 analysis and reporting
and DomEARM assessments.
Why you might need energy surveys
Typically, buildings offer many opportunities to reduce energy use and costs. An energy survey
enables these opportunities to be specifically identified, quantified and prioritised. This can
provide a business case for action and lead to investment on energy efficiency and renewable
technology.
How are energy surveys and audits undertaken?
We start by discussing the project with you in detail; in particular: the project scope, what you're
looking to achieve (energy or carbon reduction, profile-raising, etc), the budget available, and
your time schedule.
● Our experienced energy surveyors examine the energy use on-site.
● We carry out an audit of consumption and review the building's services and its fabric.
● We also review operatoinal and energy management practices.
● Our approach is in line with guidance developed by CIBSE and the Carbon Trust.
An energy survey will typically:
● Estimate the breakdown of energy use on-site, in terms of the main energy users.
● Aim to benchmark the site energy performance against similar premises, based on
available energy use and building data.
● Examine the energy supply and the distribution arrangements, including the main
metering points and the site metering strategy.
● Identify the building occupancy profile, the building's use and any environmental
conditions and requirements.
● Examine the building's fabric, services and controls.
● Review the energy management procedures and policy on-site, including staff resources,
monitoring, targeting, procurement and maintenance.
● Identify a range of energy and cost-saving opportunities, including the most
cost-effective, any costs, payback periods and carbon savings. Typically, energy savings
can be up to 20%.
● Provide recommendations to save energy and costs, ranging from the no and low-cost
opportunities to those that require capital investment.
● Include a prioritised plan of action and basis for investment.
Energy Saving Opportunities Scheme (ESOS)
ESOS is a Government scheme – backed by legislation - that requires UK organizations (with
over 250 employees) to undertake energy efficiency assessments and identify potential energy
savings. It also has the potential to be the first step down the route towards improved energy

efficiency. Over the course of the first tranche of ESOS compliance, we worked with a number
of organizations and identified hundreds of energy-saving opportunities, the potential value of
which was millions of pounds of savings. Using half-hourly energy data, utility bills, finance
records and mileage claims, we identified energy savings equivalent to £2.9 million per year off
fuel and utility bills.
ENERGY AUDITS
The audit will produce the data on which such a programmer is based.12
BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT:
The energy audit in a building is a feasibility study. It establishes and maintains an efficient
balance between a building's annual functional energy requirements and its annual
actual energy consumption.
COST AND ENERGY INDEX:
Cost Energy Index along with Energy Utilisation Index is used to get an objective ranking of
energy usage and associated costs. I'm not familiar with the exact procedure used to determine
these quantities. It's a procedure of taking gross expenditure in a pre-decided currency (usually
dollars) and then divided
b The audit will produce the data on which such a programmer is based 12
BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT:
The energy audit in a building is a feasibility study. It establishes and maintains an efficient
balance between a building's annual functional energy requirements and its annual
actual energy consumption. y consolidated area.
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES:
It provides insight into ways of identifying more important energy efficiency improvements. This
book demonstrates how the principles can be employed to practical advantage. Organized into 12
chapters, this book begins with an overview of the energy situation and a background in
thermodynamics. This text then describes a staged method to improved energy use to understand
where the energy goes and how to calculate the value of losses. Other chapters consider
improving facilities based on an understanding of the overall site energy system. This book
discusses as well the fundamental process and equipment improvements. The final chapter deals
with systematic and sophisticated design methods as well as provides some guidelines and
checklists for energy conservation items. This book is a valuable resource for mechanical, lead

process, and plant engineers involved in energy conservation. Process designers, plant managers,
process researchers, and accountants will also find this book extremely useful.
Energy Conservation in the Process Industries provides insight into ways of identifying more
important energy efficiency improvements. This book demonstrates how the principles can be
employed to practical advantage.
Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the energy situation and a
background in thermodynamics. This text then describes a staged method to improved energy
use to understand where the energy goes and how to calculate the value of losses. Other chapters
consider improving facilities based on an understanding of the overall site energy system. This
book discusses as well the fundamental process and equipment improvements. The final chapter
deals with systematic and sophisticated design methods as well as provides some guidelines and
checklists for energy conservation items.
This book is a valuable resource for mechanical, lead process, and plant engineers involved in
energy conservation. Process designers, plant managers, process researchers, and accountants
will also find this book extremely useful.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ENGINEERING INDUSTRY: A CASE
STUDY
Energy efficiency is extremely important to all organizations, especially those that are energy
intensive. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy balances for specific plant
departments or items of process equipment have been carried out. The energy audit of the
industry (Indo-German Tool Room, Indore) has been done. It has been concluded that total
energy saving potential of 1, 28,560 KWH per year is possible by implementing the
recommendations. Hence achievable saving is 13.85% of total annual electricity consumption.
The total savings Rs.7,71,360/- per year with initial investment of Rs.12,79,000/-.
ENERGY CONVERSION IN THERMAL POWER PLANT
A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In
most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. ... After it passes through the turbine,
the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a
Rankine cycle.

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS
Use these resources to find ways to save.
1. Low- and no-cost energy-efficiency measures.
2. Invest in energy-efficiency measures that have a rapid payback.
3. Engage occupants.
4. Purchase energy-saving products.
5. Put computers to sleep.
6. Get help from an expert.
7. Take a comprehensive approach.
8. Install renewable energy systems.

One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to perform an energy
audit. An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy use and flows for energy
conservation in a building, process or system with an eye toward reducing energy input without
negatively affecting output. This is normally accomplished by trained professionals and can be
part of some of the national programs discussed above. Recent development of smartphone apps
enables homeowners to complete relatively sophisticated energy audits themselves.[7]
Building technologies and smart meters can allow energy users, both commercial and residential,
to visualize the impact their energy use can have in their workplace or homes. Advanced
real-time energy metering can help people save energy by their actions.[8]
Elements of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain application
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and
distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This
is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it
does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.
The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate.
Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal
insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily
to new buildings, but existing buildings can be retrofitted.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
Sources: Flipkart.com
Natural resources like wind, tides, solar, biomass, etc generate energy which is known
as “Non-conventional resources“. These are pollution free and hence we can use these to
produce a clean form of energy without any wastage.
Why do we need non-conventional energy resources?
As the consumption of energy grows, the population depends more and more on fossil fuels such
as coal, oil and gas day by day. There is a need to secure the energy supply for future since the
prices of gas and oil keep rising by each passing day. So we need to use more and more
renewable sources of energy.
Types of Non-convention sources
● Solar Energy
● Wind Energy
● Tidal Energy
● Geothermal Energy
● Biomass

Solar Energy
Solar energy is harnessed by converting solar energy directly into electrical energy in solar
plants. Photosynthesis process carries out this process of conversion of solar energy. In
photosynthesis, green plants absorb solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. Solar
energy is an essential energy of all non-conventional sources but its usage amount is very less. It
is the most important non-conventional source of energy and it gives non-polluting
environment-friendly output and is available in abundant.
Uses of Solar energy
● A solar cooker directs the solar heat into secondary reflector inside the kitchen, which
focuses the heat to the bottom of the cooking vessel. It has a covering of a glass plate. They
are applicable widely in areas of the developing world where deforestation is an issue, and
financial resources to purchase fuel are not much.
● Solar heaters also use solar energy to heat water instead of using gas or electricity.
● Solar cells also use solar power to generate electricity from the sun.

(Source: Wikipedia)
Wind energy
Wind energy describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. As the wind
increases, power output increases up to the maximum output of the particular turbine. Wind
farms prefer areas, where winds are stronger and constant. These are generally located at high
altitudes. Wind turbines use wind to make electricity. There is no pollution because no fossil
fuels are burnt to generate electricity. One of India’s largest windmill farm is
in Kanyakumari which generates 380mW of electricity.
Biomass energy
Biomass is the organic matter that originates from plants, animals, wood, sewage. These
substances burn to produce heat energy which then generates electricity. The chemical
composition of biomass varies in different species but generally, biomass consists of 25% of
lignin, 75% of carbohydrates or sugar. Biomass energy is also applicable for cooking, lighting,
and generation of electricity. The residue left after the removal of biogas is a good source of
manure. Biomass is an important energy source contributing to more than 14% of the global
energy supply.

Tidal energy
Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity. In areas
where the sea experiences waves and tides, we can generate electricity using tidal power. India
may take up “ocean thermal level conversion” by which it will be able to generate 50,000mW of
electricity to meet the power requirements.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is the heat energy that we get from hot rocks present in the earth’s crust. So
Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped within the earth and but these emissions are
much lower per energy unit than the fossil fuels. This energy generally involves low running
costs since it saves 80% on fossil fuels. Due to this, there is an increase in the use of geothermal
energy. It helps in reducing global warming and does not create pollution.
CONCLUSION
As the fossil fuels are one of the most the biggest pollutants on the planet, demand for the
non-conventional sources is developing. These sources not only instigate greenhouse effects but
also reduce the dependence on oil and gas. Therefore in order to meet the energy demand of the
increasing population, the scientists are developing methods for us to tap into various
non-conventional sources of energy, which are not only renewable but also non-polluting.

UNIT 3 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.
Fossil energy was a fundamental driver of the Industrial Revolution, and the technological,
social, economic and development progress which has followed. Energy has played a strongly
positive role in global change.
However, fossil fuels also have negative impacts, being the dominant source of local air
pollution and emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. The world must
therefore balance the role of energy in social and economic development with the need to
decarbonise, reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, and transition toward slower-carbon energy
sources.
FUEL CONSUMPTION:
This entry presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas - global and national
production, consumption, reserves, prices and their consequences.
From small businesses to large economies, the long-term availability of energy worldwide is
paramount to growth and development. Energy provides industry with a means to manufacture
goods, generates the electricity and heat that we require on a daily basis, allows for the rapid
transport of people and products, and enables food production and access to potable water.
The availability of energy in our current global framework relies extensively on the availability
of fossil fuels: the oil, natural gas, and coal that together constitute 80 percent of global energy
consumption.
Consumption of fossil fuels varies by region and by country. The biggest consumers are the
United States, China, and the European Union, accounting for more than half of all fossil fuel
consumption (see below). Coal, which is not easily transported long distances, accounts for a
large percentage of consumption where it is locally available, while oil and natural gas can be
consumed far from their source of extraction---in 2004, trade in fuels totaled US$715 billion
worldwide (World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006).
The fuel economy of an automobile relates distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount
of fuel consumed. Consumption can be expressed in terms of volume of fuel to travel a distance,
or the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is
a significant factor in air pollution, and since importation of motor fuel can be a large part of a
nation's foreign trade, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy. Different methods
are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to
overcome various losses (wind resistance, tire drag, and others) encountered while propelling the
vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various
strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the chemical
energy in the fuel and the kinetic energy of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy;
maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy braking waste energy.

Electric cars do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence
measures, such as miles per gallon gasoline equivalent have been created to attempt to compare
them.
Steam Boiler | Working principle and Types of Boiler
Boiler or more specifically steam boiler is an essential part of thermal power plant.
Definition of Boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically a closed vessel into which water is heated until the
water is converted into steam at required pressure. This is most basic definition of boiler.
Working Principle of Boiler
FURNACE:
A furnace is a device that produces heat. Not only are furnaces used in the home for warmth,
they are used in industry for a variety of purposes such as making steel and heat treating of
materials to change their molecular structure.
History

Waste Heat Recovery
With the high cost and environmental impact of fossil fuels, heat energy is a precious commodity
that cannot be wasted.
Any exhaust gas stream with temperatures above 250°F has the
potential for significant waste heat recovery. Consumers of waste heat energy can be found in
almost any facility and are easy to locate.
Typical examples include plant process heating, combustion air pre-heating, boiler feedwater
pre-heating, and building heat. In addition to savings in everyday fuel consumption, many
facilities can market and sell carbon credits back to industry. State and / or federal funding is
often available for waste heat recovery projects helping to reduce capital costs and expedite
system payback.

●
●
●
Heat Energy Recovery Audits
Sigma Thermal engineers are heat energy management experts. In addition to constantly
optimizing our heating systems to provide the most cost effective operation possible, we provide
energy audits and/or technical consulting to assist customers in determining if they have waste
energy that can be recovered to further reduce their operating costs. If the audit results in
recommendations for heat recovery equipment, we can provide that equipment and guarantee the
energy savings, ensuring that your recovery potential is fully realized.
Common Waste Heat Producers
● Thermal Oxidizers
● Steam Boilers
● Fired Heaters
● Kilns
● Dryers
● Exothermic Processes
● Steam System Exhaust / Blow-down

Common Waste Heat Consumers
● Combustion Air Pre-heat
● Boiler Feedwater
● Steam Ejectors
● ORC Generators
● Building Comfort Heat
● Wash Water Pre-heat
● General Process Heat
Complete Closed Loop Systems
A closed loop system is an efficient way of capturing wasted
energy and transferring it to various users. With experience in a broad range of transfer fluids, we
can show you your options and design a system that best fits your needs.
Sigma Thermal offers complete closed loop, liquid phase, waste heat recovery systems utilizing
water, glycol solutions and thermal oils.
Combustion Air Pre-Heat System (CAPH)
A combustion air pre-heat system increases overall system
efficiency and minimizes system operating costs. Heater exhaust gasses are utilized to pre-heat
the incoming combustion air. This is a more efficient utilization of the energy consumed, which
results in lower natural gas operating costs. The estimated overall efficiency when using this
system can exceed 93% (LHV basis). A typical summary of combustion air pre-heat system
components is as follows:
● Air to air heat exchanger
● Modified burner to accommodate elevated combustion air temperatures

● Combustion air ductwork from combustion fan to heat exchanger and from heat exchanger to
heater
● Exhaust gas ductwork from heater to heat exchanger, and from heat exchanger to stack (if
applicable)
High Particulate Systems
Sigma Thermal specializes in biomass combustion and gasification systems, and has extensive
design experience in capturing waste heat from high particulate exhaust gas. Once energy has
been recovered from high particulate exhaust gas, it can be utilized with any traditional waste
heat consumer.Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical
models for heat pumps and refrigerators. A heat pump is a machine or device that
moves heat from one location (the "source") at a lower temperature to another location (the
"sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature using mechanical work or a high-temperature heat
source.[1]
Thus a heat pump may be thought of as a "heater" if the objective is to warm the heat
sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a "refrigerator" if the objective is
to cool the heat source (as in the normal operation of a freezer). In either case, the operating
principles are identical.[2]
Heat is moved from a cold place to a warm place.
Thermodynamic cycles
According to the second law of thermodynamics heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder
location to a hotter area; work is required to achieve this.[3]
An air conditioner requires work to
cool a living space, moving heat from the cooler interior (the heat source) to the warmer
outdoors (the heat sink). Similarly, a refrigerator moves heat from inside the cold icebox (the
heat source) to the warmer room-temperature air of the kitchen (the heat sink). The operating
principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as
a heat engine. A heat pump can be thought of as a heat engine which is operating in reverse.
Heat pump and refrigeration cycles can be classified as vapor compression, vapor
absorption, gas cycle, or Stirling cycle types.
Vapor-compression cycle
Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration
The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in many large
commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of the
components of a typical vapor-compression refrigeration system.

Figure 1: Vapour-compression refrigeration
The thermodynamics of the cycle can be analysed on a diagram[4][5]
as shown in Figure 2. In this
cycle, a circulating working fluid commonly called refrigerant such as Freon enters
the compressor as a vapor. The vapor is compressed at constant entropyand exits the
compressor superheated. The superheated vapor travels through the condenser which first cools
and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional
heat at constant pressure and temperature. The liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion
valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash
evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid.
Figure 2:Temperature–Entropy diagram of the vapor-compression cycle.

That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure. The cold
liquid-vapor mixture then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes and is completely
vaporized by cooling the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) being blown by a fan
across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet
to complete the thermodynamic cycle.
The above discussion is based on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, and does not
take into account real-world effects like frictional pressure drop in the system,
slight thermodynamic irreversibility during the compression of the refrigerant vapor, or non-ideal
gas behavior (if any).
Vapor absorption cycle
Main article: Absorption refrigerator
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor absorption cycle using water-ammonia
systems was popular and widely used but, after the development of the vapor compression cycle,
it lost much of its importance because of its low coefficient of performance (about one fifth of
that of the vapor compression cycle). Nowadays, the vapor absorption cycle is used only where
heat is more readily available than electricity, such as waste heat provided by solar collectors,
or off-the-grid refrigeration in recreational vehicles.
The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle, except for the method of raising the
pressure of the refrigerant vapor. In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an
absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid, a liquid pump which raises the
pressure and a generator which, on heat addition, drives off the refrigerant vapor from the
high-pressure liquid. Some work is required by the liquid pump but, for a given quantity of
refrigerant, it is much smaller than needed by the compressor in the vapor compression cycle. In
an absorption refrigerator, a suitable combination of refrigerant and absorbent is used. The most
common combinations are ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent), and water (refrigerant)
and lithium bromide(absorbent).
Gas cycle
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but does not change phase, the
refrigeration cycle is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid. As there is no
condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the
condenser and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot and cold gas-to-gas heat
exchangers.
For given extreme temperatures, a gas cycle may be less efficient than a vapor compression cycle
because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle.
As such, the working fluid never receives or rejects heat at constant temperature. In the gas
cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in
temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, gas
refrigeration cycle machines require a larger mass flow rate, which in turn increases their size.
Because of their lower efficiency and larger bulk, air cycle coolers are not often applied in
terrestrial refrigeration. The air cycle machine is very common, however, on gas
turbine-powered jet airliners since compressed air is readily available from the engines'

compressor sections. These jet aircraft's cooling and ventilation units also serve the purpose of
heating and pressurizing the aircraft cabin.
Stirling engine
Main article: Stirling engine
The Stirling cycle heat engine can be driven in reverse, using a mechanical energy input to drive
heat transfer in a reversed direction (i.e. a heat pump, or refrigerator). There are several design
configurations for such devices that can be built. Several such setups require rotary or sliding
seals, which can introduce difficult tradeoffs between frictional losses and refrigerant leakage.
Reversed Carnot cycle
Since the Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle, the four processes that comprise it, two isothermal
and two isentropic, can all be reversed as well. When this happens, it is called a reversed Carnot
cycle. A refrigerator or heat pump that acts on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a Carnot
refrigerator and Carnot heat pump respectively. In the first stage of this cycle (process 1-2), the
refrigerant absorbs heat isothermally from a low-temperature source, TL, in the amount QL. Next,
the refrigerant is isentropically compressed (process 2-3) and the temperature rises to the
high-temperature source, TH. Then at this high temperature, the refrigerant rejects heat
isothermally in the amount QH (process 3-4). Also during this stage, the refrigerant changes from
a saturated vapor to a saturated liquid in the condenser. Lastly, the refrigerant expands
isentropically where the temperature drops back to the low-temperature source, TL (process
4-1).[2]
Coefficient of performance
The efficiency of a refrigerator or heat pump is given by a parameter called the coefficient of
performance (COP).
The COP of a refrigerator is given by the following equation:
COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Cooling Effect/Work Input = QL/Wnet,in
The COP of a heat pump is given by the following equation:
COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Heating Effect/Work Input = QH/Wnet,in
Both the COP of a refrigerator and a heat pump can be greater than one. Combining
these two equations results in:
COPHP = COPR + 1 for fixed values of QH and QL
This implies that COPHP will be greater than one because COPR will be a positive
quantity. In a worst-case scenario, the heat pump will supply as much energy as it
consumes, making it act as a resistance heater. However, in reality, as in home
heating, some of QH is lost to the outside air through piping, insulation, etc., thus
making the COPHP drop below unity when the outside air temperature is too low.
Therefore, the system used to heat houses uses fuel.[2]
For an ideal refrigeration cycle:
COP = TL/(TH-TL)

For an ideal heat pump cycle:
COP = TH/(TH-TL)
For Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps, COP is expressed in terms of
temperatures:
COPR,Carnot = 1/((TH/TL) - 1)
COPHP,Carnot = 1/(1 - (TL/TH))
PRINCIPLES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Simplified heat exchanger concepts
Heat exchangers work because heat naturally flows from higher temperature to lower
temperatures. Therefore if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are separated by a heat conducting surface
heat can be transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid.
Figure 1 Simplified Heat Exchanger
The rate of heat flow at any point (kW/m2 of transfer surface) depends on:
● Heat transfer coefficient (U), itself a function of the properties of the fluids involved,
fluid velocity, materials of construction, geometry and cleanliness of the exchanger
● Temperature difference between hot and cold streams
Total heat transferred (Q) depends on:
● Heat transfer surface area (A)
● Heat transfer coefficient
● Average temperature difference between the streams, strictly the log mean (DTLM)

Thus total heat transferred Q = UADTLM
● But the larger the area the greater the cost of the exchanger
Therefore there is a trade-off between the amount of heat transferred and the exchanger cost.
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
INSULATED PIPE WORK SYSTEM:
Insulated pipes (called also preinsulated pipes or bonded pipe [1]
) are widely used
for district heating and hot water supply in Europe. They consist of a steel pipe, an insulating
layer, and an outer casing. The main purpose of such pipes is to maintain the temperature of the
fluid in the pipes. A common application is the hot water from district heating plants. Most
commonly used are single insulated pipes, but more recently in Europe it is becoming popular to
use two pipes insulated within the same casing. By using insulated pipe supports, direct heat
transfer between pipes and their supports are prevented.[2]

The insulating material usually used is polyurethane foam or similar, with a coefficient of
thermal conductivity k=0.033-0.024 W/mK (thermal conductivity). Outer casing is
usually high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Production of preinsulated pipes for district heating
in the European Union is regulated by the standard EN253. According to EN253:2003, pipes
must be produced to work at constant temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) for 30 years, keeping
thermal conductivity less than or equal to 0.033 W/mK. There are three insulation thickness
levels.
Insulated pipelines are usually assembled from pipes of 6 metres (20 ft), 12 metres (39 ft), or 16
metres (52 ft) in length, laid underground in depth 0.4–1.0 metre (1 ft 4 in–3 ft 3 in). Efficient
working life of district heating pipelines networks is estimated at 25–30 years, after which they
need to be replaced with new pipes.
Electrical Hot Insulation Materials
Removable insulation is specifically designed to insulate piping systems transporting gas and
substances at high temperatures. The materials used to construct the insulation work to prevent
your pipes from overheating, while keeping the warmth inside the pipe. This helps to cut down
on energy bills for your facility, saving you money in the long run.
So, what materials are used during circumstances that require hot insulation? Well, that depends
on the intended purpose of the pipe being insulated. There is a laundry list of materials to choose
from all with different purposes. Below are 3 common materials:
▪ Cray Flex: This material has a high thermal, heat and chemical resistance, while still
produced from high quality raw materials.
▪ Resin Bonded Rockwool: Used in both cold and hot insulation, resin bonded rockwool has
high thermal, chemical and heat resistance with an unmatched dimensional stability.
▪ Spiral-wrap Fiberglass: This type of fiberglass is difficult to install, but extremely
inexpensive for your hot insulation needs. It both keeps the contents being transported at the
proper temperature, while ensuring the excess heat remains within the piping system.
The most important part about picking a hot insulation material is understanding the maximum
temperature the insulation will be covering. Components less than 350°F can be covered with off
the shelf pre-molded fiberglass. When components are near or above temperatures of 1000°F,
silica or ceramic insulation is usually required. It is very important to adhere to manufactures
suggestions when picking and installing insulation for hot components.
Cold Insulation Materials
Just like hot insulation materials, some of the materials used to produce cold insulation vary
dependent upon the system of pipes they are insulating. Therefore, the materials used in either
hot or cold insulation are dependent on the customization of the particular piping system. Two
common materials used in cold insulation are:

▪ Polyurethane Foam: Perfect for handling low thermal conductivity and substances with
below freezing temperatures. Polyurethane foam also allows for low smoke emission and low
water vapor permeability.
▪ Rubber Foam: Rubber foam is also often recommended for condensation control as the
closed cell technology is highly resistant to moisture vapor.
With chilled insulation, keeping the cold in is as important as keeping the heat out. There are
many types of insulation used on chilled water pipes. The two most popular are foam glass and
rubber insulation or Armaflex. Although a little more difficult to work with than pre molded
fiberglass, when installed correctly, these materials do a great job of stopping condensation and
preventing energy loss.
Insulation may be used for metal pipes for corrosion prevention.
STORAGE SYSTEM:
A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data
files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be
internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device.
A warehouse storage system is also called a warehouse management system because it refers to
storage equipments that are used to help you easily manage your warehouse and keep the
workers as well as the products and items inside the warehouse safe.
What are the common types of warehouse storage system and what are their uses?
● Storage cabinets. Storage cabinets are used to store small or big items depending on the
size of the cabinets.
● Pallet storage systems. This works just like a cabinet when it comes to storing items and
the only difference is that instead of cabinets, the items are stored in pallets and they are
stacked on racks to avoid mess.
● Mezzanine storage system. This type of storage system adds more space to the warehouse
to stack items high up.
● Automated system. This refers to any type of storage equipments in the warehouse that
are automated or can be operated automatically.
Benefits of a Warehouse Storage System
A warehouse storage system is considered as one of the best storage solutions because of the
many benefits it can offer to warehouse owners. These benefits are:
● A more organized warehouse. A warehouse storage system makes the warehouse more
organized. In fact, the organization of a warehouse is the main purpose of these systems
and so, they are created to provide warehouse owners and workers the convenience of
managing or maintaining a warehouse. It can be hard to maintain or manage a warehouse
especially if the products are in a total mess and since a storage system can help you have
a more organized warehouse, you will be saved from the stress of maintaining a
warehouse.

● A safer warehouse for products and workers. A warehouse storage system makes a
warehouse organized and an organized warehouse is a safer warehouse as it means there
is no mess that can threaten the safety of the workers while working. Plus, with these
systems, the products or goods are also kept safe and protected as they are placed inside
their proper places.
● Time and effort savings. Maintaining a warehouse can be very time-consuming especially
if you are manually keeping track of all the items and manually taking the items out of
other containers and back. But if you have a warehouse storage system, you can save
time and effort since it would be easier for you to keep track of the items, store or take
these items out of their containers.
● Space-savings. Since a warehouse storage system organizes a warehouse, it also saves
space since this system allows the stacking of items high up above instead of cramming
them all in one post making the warehouse crowded.
When managing a warehouse, it is not enough to envision that you will be storing a lot of
products or items inside it so you need a bigger warehouse. Rather, you also need to envision
how you are going to manage such a big warehouse and therefore, it means you need to ensure
you have a warehouse storage system to help you as well.
UNIT IV- ENERGY MANAGEMENT
ENERGY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES:
SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Rising energy costs have again made energy management a priority for facilities managers.
Many new energy-saving technologies are available, such as automated management systems,
but they do not, in themselves, guarantee a successful energy program. Facility managers should
keep the following principles in mind as they consider “new” approaches to energy management.
1. Without knowing how, when and where energy is used, there is no way to gauge the
relative importance of energy management projects. Identifying and tracking energy use
patterns is the first step in any energy program.
2. More energy savings may be obtained by simply controlling a system’s use (e.g.,
lighting) than by installing more efficient components (e.g., T-8 lamps and electronic
ballasts).
3. Most successful energy management programs are found in the best managed and
maintained facilities, not in those with the greatest quantity of technological equipment.
4. Good maintenance practices and good energy management go hand in hand. Some of the
highest rates of return on energy conservation are generated simply by performing
maintenance.

5. Preventive maintenance is still critical, and reactive maintenance (waiting for a crisis to
occur) is still foolish, despite funding limitations. It is easy to ignore preventive
maintenance when systems are new, calibrations are precise, seals are tight, and
heat-exchanger surfaces are clean. As systems age, these and other items need care. No
amount of technology will obviate the need for regular care or compensate for its
absence.
6. Maintenance and energy management serve different purposes. One cannot be substituted
for the other. For example, cleaning light-fixture lenses and re lamping them is good
maintenance; installing more efficient lamps and ballasts is good energy management.
These distinctions must be remembered when budgets are being prepared.
7. Automated energy management systems cannot compensate for poor HVAC system
design. If heating and cooling loads are incorrectly estimated or equipment is
inappropriate, automation cannot wring more performance out of system components
than they were designed to provide.
ENERGY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Examine the four major components of energy management—supply, demand, regulation and
environment—and the concepts and principles behind successful energy management. Learn the
basics of:
● Auditing and economic analysis
● Management control and maintenance systems
● Sustainability and high performance green buildings
● Alternative energy systems
● Boilers and fired systems
● Cogeneration and HVAC systems
● Ground source heat pumps
● Lighting and electrical management
● Natural gas purchasing
● Thermal storage
● Codes and standards
● Indoor air quality
● Utility deregulation and energy systems outsourcing
● Energy security risk analysis methods
● Financing energy management projects
Plant energy managers, utility energy auditors and analysts, consulting energy managers and
engineers, demand-side managers, architects, construction planners and designers benefit from
this overview and prerequisite for the UC Davis Extension Energy Resource Management
Certificate Program.

Energy and resource management
● Conserving resources
● Energy management
● Resource management
Conserving resources
Every day, METRO Cash & Carry provides millions of professional customers across the world
with high-quality food products and consumer goods. This also causes need for energy and other
resources like water, wood or metals. As these resources are limited and worth looking after,
efficient business practices are a central pillar of our commitment to sustainability. We aim to
consistently improve our energy and resource management. As the international leader in
wholesale trade and the most international sales line of METRO, we have a special responsibility
to contribute to the company’s climate target.
Energy Awareness Programme
To enable employees to contribute to energy reduction within the company, METRO Cash &
Carry has initiated the Energy Awareness Programme (EAP). Here, employees are invited to take
action themselves.
In this way, the company wants to raise awareness and demonstrate that everyone can contribute
to protecting the environment, while saving money at the same time.
Identification of climate-damaging factors
We use state-of-the-art measurement technology to evaluate our stores' usage of electricity, gas
and heating oil, outlining actual consumption. These data demonstrate efficiency potentials and
form the basis for concrete energy saving measures. Approximately 600 stores around the world
are involved in the evaluation – that is about 90 percent of our METRO Cash & Carry locations.
Building on this, we can optimise our stores’ energy consumption, implement innovative
concepts and efficiently use technology that harnesses renewable energies.
Use of renewable energies
In the long term, we also aim to lessen our dependency on finite resources such as oil and gas.
For this reason, we are actively extending our use of renewable energies at several locations.
Examples of this are:
Resource management
An essential part of our commitment is to save energy and increase energy efficiency.
Furthermore, we need to lower our consumption of other non-renewable resources like water,
wood and metal along the entire value chain. We therefore promote resource conservation at

product level by developing optimised manufacturing standards and pursuing sustainable
procurement strategies. We also aim to reduce the volume of used resources by implementing
efficient, cyclical process structures as well as by reusing and recycling materials.
In Germany, for example, we have established an efficient waste management process. Our
stores collect cardboard, paper, cardboard boxes, foils and wood in containers that are regularly
transported to recycling centres. More than 98 percent of all waste materials are reused.
Packaging Policy
Our resource management also includes packaging. By 2018, we will have taken a critical look
at how 10,000 own-brand products are packaged. Our aim is to reduce the environmental
footprint of our packaging throughout its entire life cycle. It is also important to us that products
and packaging materials are disposed of in an environmentally friendly fashion. At the end of
their useful lives, we look at how raw materials can be reclaimed or disposed of with the
minimum environmental impact.
METRO Cash & Carry continually strives for own brand packaging solutions that leverage the
3R’s principles:
● REDUCE - To reduce the weight, the thickness, the dimension or the complexity of the
packaging
● RECYCLE - To use recycled or recyclable material
● RENEW - To use renewable material
ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
EMIS gives property owners and managers the ability to see their
energy use and take action to reduce waste. This toolkit gives an
introduction to EMIS.
● TOOLS
A Primer on Organizational Use of Energy Management and
Information Systems (EMIS) Report
This framework can be used as a first orienting step; it does
not detail specific technology features, but instead provides a
high-level overview of primary applications within each
category.
Synthesis of Existing EMIS Resources General
Energy Management Information System
Businesses are continually learning how
information systems, benchmarking and
diagnostic systems, automated system o
Technology Research Team, partners he
develop procurement templates, and org
of best practice approaches to operating

The Synthesis of Existing EMIS Resources provides brief
summaries of over 40 EMIS publications. Key findings as
well as access information are provided for each resource in
the synthesis.
EMIS Specification and Procurement Support
Materials Specification
This package of materials guides you through the
specification, procurement, and selection of an Energy
Information System (EIS) or related building energy
performance monitoring and diagnostic technology.
Regional Guide to EMIS Incentives Guidance
This guide introduces incentive and financing programs
available to support the installation and use of EMIS in
commercial buildings.
EMIS Technology Classification Framework Guidance
This framework provides a common reference that can be
used to understand key distinguishing factors and core
attributes of different solutions within the family of EMIS
technologies.
EMIS Crash Course for Successful EMIS Use Guidance
This webinar provides an introduction to critical aspects of
successful EMIS use in a 30-minute presentation.
EMIS Crash Course Slides General
Slides from the EMIS Crash Course webinar.
ENERGY INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT LIST:
Energy audit Instrument list:
We use the following portable instruments for relevant operating parameters measurements
during the field energy audit.

Accurate measurements are very important to understand operations and estimate energy
efficiency values.
S.No Energy audit Instrument- Purpose of Measurement
1. Power Quality Manger/Three & single phase power Analyser for Balanced / Un-Balanced
Load -To measure, record real time Power Consumption, analysis of electrical load, demand
control, harmonics and transient. It is done without interrupting the connections.
2. Lux meter -To measure illumination level
3. Digital Multimeter -To measure voltage, Current and resistance.
4 Digital Tachometer Stroboscope- To measure speed of rotation equipment.
5 Thermo-hygrometer- To measure air velocity & humidity
6 Anemometer -To measure air flow and velocity
7 Digital Temperature & Humidity monitor- To measure temperature and humidity
8 Digital Ultrasonic Flow Meter -To measure flow of water and other liquids through pipelines.
9 Portable Flue Gas Analyser- To measure oxygen and CO in ppm and temperature in flue gas
of boilers, furnaces etc..
10 Temperature Indicators- To measure temperatures of gases/air, liquids etc.
11 Thermal Imager -To measure loss of energy from hot/cold insulated surfaces.
12 Digital Pressure Meter- To measure differential pressure.
13 Digital Infrared Thermometer -To measure surface temperature from distance.
14 Surface Temp Meter -To measure radiation loss from hot/cold insulated surfaces.
15 Digital TDS meter -To measure total dissolved solids in water.
COMPUTERIZED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
This paper discusses why computerized energy management systems have displaced the time
clocks and mechanical controllers, and how these new systems perform.
A brief review of the development of computerized energy management systems and how they
compare with hard-wired digital controllers is presented first. Then the energy management
needs of a facility are discussed. Various factors include size of operation, type of equipment and
process, and geographical location.

Four levels of energy management functions and the corresponding systems are identified.
These are:
(i) Level 1 system — basic energy management,
(ii) Level 2 system — advanced energy management,
(iii) Level 3 system — total energy management, and
(iv) Level 4 system — total engineering applications.
The hardware used in these systems range from simple demand controllers to minicomputers.The
evaluation criteria for energy management systems (EMS) are discussed.
A classification of EMS hardware and features is presented. This also includes discussion on the
plant size and type, computer facility, number of control points and features.
Computer-Based Energy Management Systems: Technology and Applications reviews
technological developments and applications of computer-based energy management systems for
industrial plants.
Topics covered include the philosophy of control for energy processes; refrigeration management
systems; energy accounting and system diagnostics; and plant study procedures for energy
conservation projects. Optimization techniques and management of steam plants and electrical
power are also discussed.
This book is comprised of 10 chapters and begins with an introduction to the concepts of
computer-based energy management systems, approaches, and trends, along with the benefits of
implementing advanced controls by upgrading plant instrumentation.
Optimization techniques, including those for solving complex energy allocation problems, are
analyzed, and the specification and selection of a computer system are considered from the
perspective of both the user and supplier.
The following chapters explore the major utilities in process plants with respect to specific
energy-savings potential and related computer functions. Energy management opportunities in
six selected industries (pulp and paper, steel, refining, chemical, textile, and energy production)
are also described.
The final chapter presents some ideas for analyzing plant data and developing a sound,
documented basis for potential energy savings. This monograph will be of value to practicing
engineers as well as undergraduate and graduate students interested in energy management.

Energy Audit: Definition, Objectives and Approach
UNIT V
COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
COSTING TECHNIQUES
Costs can be simply defined as the money or resources associated with a purchase / business
transaction or any other activity. Different industries adopt different methods of ascertaining
costs of their products depending on the nature of the production and the type of output.Cost
sheet is the statement that shows various components of total cost of a product. It indicates per
unit cost in addition to total cost. Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of historical cost and
estimated cost.
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH COSTING:
1. Fixed cost:
Fixed costs are those costs that do not vary with respect to changes in output and would accrue
even if no output was produced. E.g. Rent, interest payments, property taxes and employee
salaries. However, fixed costs are restricted to specific time frame, since over the long run fixed
costs can vary. For example, a manufacturer may decide to expand capacity in tandem to the
increase in demand for its product, requiring a higher level of expenditure on plant and
equipment.
2. Variable Cost:
Variable cost changes proportionately to the level of output. For manufacturers, the key variable
cost is the cost of materials.
3. Total Cost:
It is defined as the sum of fixed, variable and semi variable costs.

4. Direct and Indirect cost:
Direct costs typically include the major components for manufacturing goods and the labor
directly required to produce those goods. Direct costs are also referred to as prime costs. On the
other hand, indirect costs include plant-wide costs such as those resulting from the use of energy
and fixed capital. Indirect costs are also referred to as overhead.
5. Incremental cost:
It is mainly the extra cost associated with manufacturing one additional unit of production. It is
also referred to as differential cost.
6. Opportunity Cost:
It is defined as the cost of an alternative that is forgone (benefit, profit, value given up) in order
to pursue a certain action.
7. Sunk Cost:
It is the cost that is already incurred and cannot be recovered.
TYPES OF COSTING:
A. Marginal Costing:
Through this method only the variable cost is allocated i.e. direct materials, direct expenses,
direct labour and variable overheads to production. It does not include the fixed cost of
production.
B. Absorption Costing:
It is the technique to absorb the fixed and variable costs to production. In this method, full costs
i.e. fixed and variable costs are absorbed to the production.
C. Standard Costing:
When the costs are predetermined on certain standards in a given set of operating conditions, it is
called standard costing.
D. Historical Costing:
In this method the costs are determined in terms of actual costs and not predetermined standard
costs. Costs are determined only after it is incurred. Almost all organizations adopt this method
of costing.

IMPORTANT METHODS OF COSTING:
Unit costing:
It is also called the single output costing. It is used in costing of products that are expressed in
identical units and suitable for products that are manufactured by continuous activity.
Example: Cement manufacturing, Dairy, Mining etc.
Job costing:
Under this method, costs are ascertained for each work order separately as each has its own
specification and scope. Tailor made products also get covered by this type of costing.
Example: Repair of buildings, Painting etc
Contract costing:
In this method costing is done for jobs that involve heavy expenditure and stretches over long
period and across different sites. It is also called as terminal costing.
Example: Construction of roads and bridges, buildings etc
Batch costing:
Through this method the costing is done for units that are produced in batches that are uniform in
nature and design.
Example: Pharmaceuticals
Process costing:
It is used for the products which go through different processes. Like in the process of
manufacturing cloth, different processes are involved namely spinning, weaving and finished
product. Each process gives an output that is a finished product in itself and can be sold. That is
why; process costing is used to ascertain the cost of each stage of production.
Service or operating costing:
It is the method used for the costing of operating a service such as Public Bus, Railways, Nursing
home. It is used to ascertain the cost of a particular service.
Multiple costing:
When the output comprises different assembled parts like in televisions, cars or electronic
gadgets, cost has to be ascertained for the component as well as the finished product. Such
costing may involve different / multiple methods of costing.

Product Costing:
Product costing methods are used to assign cost to a manufactured product. The main costing
methods available are process costing, job costing and direct costing. Each of these methods
apply to different production and decision environments.
The main product costing methods are:
● Job costing:This is the assignment of costs to a specific manufacturing job. This method
is used when individual products or batches of products are unique, and especially when
jobs are being billed directly to customers or are likely to be audited by customers.
● Process costing:This is the accumulation of labor, material and overhead costs across
departments or entities, with the total production cost then being allocated to individual
units. Process costing is used when large quantities of the same product are
manufactured, usually in long production runs.
Inventory Costing:
Different inventory costing methods are best suited to different situations and financial goals.
● First In, First Out
Under the First In, First Out (FIFO) method, the oldest costs are assigned to inventory
items sold, regardless of whether the sold items were actually purchased at that cost.
When the number of inventory items purchased at the oldest cost is sold, the next oldest
cost is assigned to sales.
● Last In, First Out
The last in, first out method (LIFO) is the exact opposite of the FIFO method, assigning
the most recent inventory costs to items sold
● Average Cost Method
The average cost method assigns inventory costs by calculating a moving average of all
inventory purchase costs.
● Specific Identification Method
The specific identification method perfectly matches inventory costs with units sold,
assigning the exact cost of each sold inventory item when the specific item is sold.
COSTING METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING:
TRADITIONAL METHODS: PROCESS AND JOB-ORDER COSTING:
There are two conventional costing approaches used in manufacturing, namely process and job
order costing. Process costing method analyzes the net cost of a manufacturing process. Since
most manufacturing processes involve more than one step, calculation is made for each step to
arrive at a unit cost average for the entire production system.

The second major costing method, job-order costing, involves costing based on an individual
product basis. This is useful where each unit of production is customized or where there are very
few units produced. Under this method, the exact costs incurred in the production of a particular
unit are calculated and are not necessarily averaged with those of any other unit, since every unit
may be different.
ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING:
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a secondary / somewhat complementary method to the two
traditional costing techniques.
While traditional methods classify costs into categories like direct materials, labor and other
overheads, ABC considers all the costs associated with a single manufacturing task, regardless of
whether they fall under the headings of labor or materials or something else.
The benefit of this method is that management can keep track of tasks that cost the most versus
which add the most value; indicating any disproportionate amount of money being spent on
low-value activities, thereby indicating the need for process change.
Steps for Performing ABC:
1. Analyze the Activities
2. Gather all the Costs
3. Trace Costs to the Activities
4. Set up Output Measures
5. Analyze the Costs
Features of ABC:
● Indicates High Cost activities
● Helps in establishing and monitoring performance measures
● Is useful for forecasting financial baselines
● Captures the current cost of performing any activity
● Top of Form
COST OPTIMIZATION:
The performance of single home by implementing the hybridization of two techniques, i.e.
Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) and Enhanced Differential Evolution (EDE).
Appliances are categorized in three different types on the basis of their usage. For the calculation
of electricity bill, Real Time Pricing (RTP) is used. The objective of this paper, is to minimize
the cost and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) and to maximize the user comfort. However, results
explain that there is a trade_off between user comfort and cost.

Moreover, in this paper, connection between electricity cost and power consumption is verified
through solution space. Results explain that proposed technique performs better in terms of PAR
and user comfort and EDE performs better in terms of cost.
Cost Optimization is the continuous process of obtaining the best pricing/cost with no impact or
reduction in scope of service delivery and maintaining the customer satisfaction scores.
Below I've summarized the familiar and favorite cost optimization tactics;
● Improved contract Negotiation & Novation
● Effective Utility Monitoring & Rationalization - New technology implementation
which is more energy efficient, LED’s, Occupancy Sensors, HVAC monitoring via
BMS, Heat recovery, effective use of building management systems
● Going Green - Improving ambient lighting in office, Solar panels & cells,
implementing processes for reducing & recycling
● Outsourcing - Non Critical functions could be outsourced
● Process streamlining & automation
● Improved use of Technology, Digitization, Data Management
● Benchmarking
● Effective procurement & supply chain optimization
● Analytics
● Improved operational efficiency, six sigma project rollout
Let me enumerate a few steps to make cost optimization successful

● Set targets and obtain top management buy-in
● Plan areas to optimize to identify key improvement areas and potential quick wins
● Roll out a cost optimization plan that is implementable & impactful
● Develop a proper monitoring and tracking system with appropriate governance around
it.
OPTIMAL TARGET INVESTMENT SCHEDULE:
Assuming loss aversion, stochastic investment and labour income processes, and a
path-dependent target fund, we show that the optimal investment strategy for defined
contribution pension plan members is a target-driven ‘threshold’ strategy.
With this strategy, the equity allocation is increased if the accumulating fund is below target and
is decreased if it is above. However, if the fund is sufficiently above target, the optimal
investment strategy switches discretely to ‘portfolio insurance’.
We show that under loss aversion, the risk of failing to attain the target replacement ratio is
significantly reduced compared with target-driven strategies derived from maximising expected
utility.
Assuming the loss aversion framework of Tversky and Kahneman (1992), stochastic investment
and labour income processes, and a path-dependent fund target,
we show that the optimal investment strategy for defined contribution pension plan members is a
target-driven ‘threshold’ strategy, whereby the equity allocation is increased if the accumulating
fund is below target and is decreased if it is above.
However, if the fund is sufficiently above target, the optimal investment strategy switches to
‘portfolio insurance’.
We show that the risk of failing to attain the target replacement ratio is significantly lower with
target-driven strategies than with those associated with the maximisation of expected utility.
FINANCIALAPPRAISALAND PROFITABILITY
Each organization is employing a lot of money in various projects.
It's success is depending on the ability to generate profitability Hence the profitability and return
on investment of the firm should be assessed.
Thus, present study is made to evaluate worth wild of investment employed in the Toddy
bottling project of palmyra and coconut development society of Sankani. Sophisticated and
non-sophisticated techniques can be used to appraise the project.
In the present study, NPV, IRR, and PI as well as actual and budget comparisons are made to
evaluate the investments and efficiency of management.
The study revealed that Toddy bottling projects is profitable and worthwhile. But the project
fails to achieve the budgetary outcomes. Finally, some recommendations are given to keep the

project worthwhile and effectively Project is an organized endeavor to accomplish a specified
non-routine or low volume task.
Although projects are repetitive, they take significant amounts of time to complete and are large
scale or complex enough to be recognized and managed as separate undertakings.
Generally the amount of time that an individual or a work center is involved in a project is
greater than that involved in a typical manufacturing or service assignment.
An operations person may work only with other operations people on a project that pertains to
operations, or the same person may work with a team of people from various functions who are
assigned to study and solve a problem or to perform some other task.
For example. Selecting a software package, developing a new office plan or layout, and starting
up a new manufacturing or service facility.
Project Management
What Is Project Management?
Project management involves planning and organization of a company's resources to move a
specific task, event, or duty towards completion. It can involve a one-time project or an ongoing
activity, and resources managed include personnel, finances, technology, and intellectual
property.
Project management is often associated with fields in engineering and construction and, more
lately, health care and information technology (IT), which typically have a complex set of
components that have to be completed and assembled in a set fashion to create a functioning
product.
No matter what the industry is, the project manager tends to have roughly the same job: to help
define the goals and objectives of the project and determine when the various project
components are to be completed and by whom. They also create quality control checks to ensure
completed components meet a certain standard.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
● On a very basic level, project management includes the planning, initiation, execution,
monitoring, and closing of a project.
● Many different types of project management methodologies and techniques exist,
including traditional, waterfall, agile, and lean.
● Project management is used across industries and is an important part of the success of
construction, engineering, and IT companies.
Understanding Project Management
Generally speaking, the project management process includes the following stages: planning,
initiation, execution, monitoring, and closing.

Different industries have developed project management methodologies or frameworks that are
specific to their unique needs.
From start to finish, every project needs a plan that outlines how things will get off the ground,
how they will be built and how they will finish. For example, in architecture, the plan starts with
an idea, progresses to drawings and moves on to blueprint drafting, with thousands of little
pieces coming together between each step. The architect is just one person providing one piece
of the puzzle. The project manager puts it all together.
Every project usually has a budget and a time frame. Project management keeps everything
moving smoothly, on time, and on budget. That means when the planned time frame is coming to
an end, the project manager may keep all the team members working on the project to finish on
schedule.
Example of Project Management
Let's say a project manager is tasked with leading a team to develop software products. They
begin by identifying the scope of the project. They then assign tasks to the project team, which
can include developers, engineers, technical writers, and quality assurance specialists. The
project manager creates a schedule and sets deadlines.
Often, a project manager will use visual representations of workflow, such as Gantt
charts or PERT charts, to determine which tasks are to be completed by which departments. They
set a budget that includes sufficient funds to keep the project within budget even in the face of
unexpected contingencies. The project manager also makes sure the team has the resources it
needs to build, test, and deploy a software product.
When a large IT company, such as Cisco Systems Inc., acquires smaller companies, a key part of
the project manager's job is to integrate project team members from various backgrounds and
instill a sense of group purpose about meeting the end goal. Project managers may have some
technical know-how but also have the important task of taking high-level corporate visions and
delivering tangible results on time and within budget.
Types of Project Management
Many types of project management have been developed to meet the specific needs of certain
industries or types of projects. They include:
Waterfall Project Management
This is similar to traditional project management but includes the caveat that each task needs to
be completed before the next one starts. Steps are linear and progress flows in one
direction—like a waterfall. Because of this, attention to task sequences and timelines are very
important in this type of project management. Often, the size of the team working on the project
will grow as smaller tasks are completed and larger tasks begin.
Agile Project Management
The computer software industry was one of the first to use this methodology. With the basis
originating in the 12 core principles of the Agile Manifesto, agile project management is an
iterative process focused on the continuous monitoring and improvement of deliverables. At its

core, high-quality deliverables are a result of providing customer value, team interactions and
adapting to current business circumstances.
Agile project management does not follow a sequential stage-by-stage approach. Instead, phases
of the project are completed in parallel to each other by various team members in an
organization. This approach can find and rectify errors without having to restart the entire
procedure.
Lean Project Management
This methodology is all about avoiding waste—both waste of time and resources. The principles
of this methodology were gleaned from Japanese manufacturing practices. The main idea behind
them is to create more value for customers with fewer resources.
There are many more methodologies and types of project management than listed here, but these
are some of the most common. The type used depends on the preference of the project manager
or the company whose project is being managed.
Quality Management: An Inside Look
Quality management is a comprehensive approach to building long-term success for one's
company by improving systems, procedures, and attitudes.
Distinguishing between "strategic" and "tactical" financial management
Strategic financial management is when a company uses all of its resources intentionally, in ways
that will achieve its goals and create profit.
Understanding Gantt Charts
A Gantt chart is a visual representation of a project schedule, showing the start and finish date of
several elements of a project.
How Asset/Liability Management Helps Companies Meet Their Obligations
Asset/liability management is the process of managing the use of assets and cash flows to reduce
the firm’s risk of loss from not paying a liability on time.
Understanding Scope
Scope is a project management term for the objectives necessary to complete a project, allowing
managers to estimate costs and time required.
How Critical Path Analysis (CPA) Works
Critical path analysis is a management technique used to chart each task in a planned project
while identifying the last date each can be completed without jeopardizing the overall deadline.

ENERGY AUDIT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION METHODS
2018 QUESTION PAPER - VISTAS
PART A
1.Define Energy Auditing? States its uses.
2. State the process of auditing in energy systems.
3. What are the different types of systems in which Energy Conservation is used?
4. Explain the concepts of Energy Index.
5. State the difference between Insulators and Refractories.
6. What is a heat exchanger? Write the type of heat exchanger used in storing elements.
7. What are the different Compressed Air Systems?
8. Explain how to conserve energy in cooling tower.
9. What do you meant by Payback Period in energy management?
10. State the Principle of costing Technique in energy audit system
PART B

11. (a) Explain about the Need, Types, Methodology and Barriers of Energy Auditing.
(OR)
(b) Why do we need Energy conservation and what are the methods used?
12. (a) Write about the different types of Energy Audit.
(OR)
(b) Write a short note on special audit Techniques andexplain
any two of them Briefly.
13. (a) Explain about Economizer and Efficiency computation
used inheat exchangers.
(OR)
(b) Explain about boiler, furnace and Explain how to increase
efficiency of thermic fluid heaters.
14. (a) Explain the concept of conserving energy refrigeration system.
(OR)
(b) Explain the concept of Computerized Energy management
system used in Various Systems.
15. (a) Explain About Energy Audit Method For Industrial Plants.
(OR)
(b) Explain about Discount rate and costing Technique Used in Energy Conservation.

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