earth science (32)- Syllabus

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KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET)
FOR LECTUERSHIP
Subject: EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, OCEAN Subject Code: 32
AND PLANETARY SCIENCES
Note:
There will be two question papers, Paper-II and Paper-III. Paper II will have 50 objective Type
Questions (Multiple choice, Matching type; True/False, Assertion-Reasoning type) carrying 100
marks. All the 50 questions are compulsory and have to be marked in OMR sheet. Paper III
contains seventy five (75) objective type questions (Multiple choice, Matching type; True/False,
Assertion-Reasoning type) of two (2) marks each. All the 75 questions are compulsory and have
to be marked in OMR sheet
SYLLABUS
Paper II
1. About the Earth : The earth and the solar system; important physical parameters and
properties of the planet earth; abundance of elements in the earth; primary differentiation of the
earth and composition of its various zones; composition of meteorites and the solar photosphere;
shape and internal structure of the earth. Uniformitarianism; geological time scale; use of fossils
and nuclear clocks in the subdivision of geological time.
2. Materials of the Earth : Gross composition and physical properties of important rocks and
minerals; properties and process responsible for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution
of rocks and minerals in different units of the earth; deformations of rocks; folds and faults and
their surface expressions.
3. Surface Features and Processes : Physiography of the earth; landscape and seafloor;
weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth’s material; formation of soil,
sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the earth’s surface processes.
4. Internal Features and Processes : Elastic waves and fine structure of the earth; crust, mantle
and core; thermal, gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth; origin of the main geomagnetic
field; mantle convection and plate tectonics; earthquakes and valcanoes; Isostasy.
5. The Atmosphere : Composition of the atmosphere and its internal structure; prevailing and
adiabatic lapse rates; instability of dry and moist air; geopotential; cloud classification;
condensation nuclei; artificial precipitation. Fundamental forces in the atmosphere; Coriolis
force and the geostrophic wind; basic structure and mechanism of atmospheric general

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circulation; monsoon systems; cyclones, anticyclones and tornadoes; jet streams; climate and
climatic changes; natural and human induced factors.
6. The Hydrosphere : The hydrological cycle; inter-relationship of surface and ground water;
seafloor spreading and hydrothermal vents; marine sediments, their composition and uses;
distribution of temperature and salinity in the ocean; surface circulation, causes of ocean currents
and important current systems; deep circulation. Water masses-their formation and
characteristics; convergence and upwelling of ocean waters; sealevel changes; waves and tides;
chemistry of sea water, biological controls on the composition of the oceans; oceanic modulation
of climatic changes estuary, bay and marine pollution.
7. Geology and Geography of India : Land, biotic and mineral resources and their role in
development; salient aspects of plant zoogeography; geologic setting; location and approximate
reserves of minerals, fuel and water resources of the Indian territory. Important geological
features of the Precambrian shield, the Gondwanas, the Deccan Trap, Indo-Gangetic Plains, the
Himalaya - their physiography, landforms, drainage systems. Soils : their characteristics and
distribution; climate and population; location of important natural resources and renewable
sources of energy in relation to industrial centres.
8. Man and Environment : Ecology, ecosystem and biotic communities; carbon and nutrient
cycling and food-chain; human impact on air, land, soil, water, climate and forest resources;
conservation of resources; coping with natural hazards; problems of pollution and waste;
application of engineering geology to development without destruction; optimum use of energy
alternatives.
SYLLABUS
Paper III
1. GEOLOGY
( i ) Geomorphology : Landforms-their types and development; weathering, transport and
erosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils-their development and
types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated dynamics-

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slope, channel, coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major geomorphological features of
the Indian sub-continent; geomorphometric analysis and modelling.
( ii) Sedimentology : Classification of sedimentary rocks; petrography of rocks of clastic,
chemical and biochemical origin. Sedimentary textures and structures. Diagenesis; marine, non-
marine and mixed depositional environments. Facies association, sedimentation and tectonics;
basin analysis; Reconstruction of palaeoenvironments using radioactive and stable isotopes.
(iii) Palaentology : Origin and evolution of life; fossils and their uses; species concept;
functional morphology, classification and evolution of important invertebrate, vertebrate and
plant fossils; biomineralisation and trace fossils; types of microfossils and their applications;
palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology; evolution of man. Oxygen and carbon isotopic studies
on fossils; analysis of palaentological record for tracing plate tectonics processes.
(iv) Stratigraphy : Recent developments in stratigraphic classification : Litho bio and chrono
stratigraphic units and their interrelationships; modern methods of stratigraphic correlation; steps
in stratigraphic studies; approaches to palaeogeography; Earth’s climatic history. Rocks of
Phanerozoic Eon in India-their intercontinental correlation with special reference to type
localities; boundary problems in stratigraphy; geodynamic evolution of the Indian subcontinent
through the Phanerozoic.
( v) Structural Geology and Geotectonics : Concepts of stress and strain; strain analysis using
deformed objects; geometric classification of folds; mechanics of folding; folding in shear zones;
geometry of superposed folding; structural analysis in terrains with multiple deformation;
foliation and lineation; geometry and mechanics of shear zones; brittleductile and ductile
structures in shear zones; geometry of thrust sheets. Classification of unconformities;
mappatterns and their uses in the determination of large-scale structures. Isostasy; seismicity;
sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics; orogenesis; orogenic belts of India; evolution of the
Himalaya and Himalayan tectonics.
(vi) Mineralogy : Concept of symmetry, point group lattice and space group; principles of
crystal chemistry; principles of optical and X-ray mineralogy. Structural classification of
minerals; structure and its interrelation with physical and chemical properties of minerals
important phase diagrams of major rockforming minerals and ore minerals; principles of
geothermo-barometry.

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(vii) Geochemistry : Abundances of elements; structure and atomic properties of elements; the
Periodic Table; geochemical classification and distribution of elements in the earth; principles of
geochemical cycling; principles of ionic substitution in minerals; laws of thermodynamics;
concepts of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant; thermodynamics of ideal,
nonideal and dilute solutions; element partitioning in mineral/ rocks formation and concept of
distribution coefficients; concept of P-T-X. Eh-pH diagrams and mineral stabilities; radioactive
decay schemes, growth of daughter isotopes and radiometric dating; stable isotopes and their
fractionation. Mineral/Mineral assemblages as ‘sensors’ of ambient environments.
(viii) Petrology : Phase equilibria studies of single, binary, temary and quartermary silicate
systems with reference to petrogenesis; magmas, their generation in the crust and mantle, their
emplacement and their relation to plate tectonics; magmatic crystallization, differentiation and
assimilation; classification of igneous rocks; major and trace elements and isotopic composition
of igneous rocks in the context of petrogenesis; petrogenesis of important types of igneous rocks;
volatile components in petrogenesis. Physical and rheological properties of silicate melts-
Bingham liquid; partial melting and fractional crystallization in closed and open system models.
Role of T.P. and fluids in metamorphism; metamorphic facies; mineral assemblages and
important reactions in different facies; types of metamorphism and metamorphic-belts;
relationship among metamorphism, anatexis and grantization. Petrogenetic aspects of important
rocks of India such as the Deccan Trap. the Layered intrusions, charnockites, khondalities and
‘gondites’.
(ix) Ore Geology : Physico-chemical controls of deposition and of post-depositional changes in
ores; geological processes of formation of economic mineral deposits; global metallogeny as
related to crustal evolution; metallogenesis in space and time. Elements of ore petrology; mineral
assemblages and fluid inclusions as ‘sensors’ of ore-forming environments; Live ore-forming
systems. Geological setting, characteristics features and genesis of ferrous and non-ferrous ore
deposits of India. Metallogenic history of India.
(x) Marine Geology : Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor; midocean ridge
systems; seawater-basalt interaction and hydrothermal vents; models and rates of ocean
circulation and of sedimentation in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic
environments; mobility of redox metals; major components of marine sediments and processes
regulating sediment composition; geochronology of marine sediments from radioactivity
measurements; sedimentary markers of palaeoenvironmental conditions; mineral resources of the

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oceans and factors controlling their distribution. Ocean margins; nature of deep sea sediments,
their chronology and correlation; tectonic history of the oceans.
(xi) Petroleum and Coal Geology : Origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum; properties
of source and reservoir rocks; structural, stratigraphic and combinations traps. Techniques of
exploration. Petroliferous basins of India. Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen and anthracite.
Classification, rank and grading of coal; coal petrography, coal measures of India.
(xii) Precambrian Geology and Crustal Evolution : Evolution of the early crust, early
Precambrian life, lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granitegreenstone
and granulite belts. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Precambrian terrains of India.
(xiii) Applied Geology :
(a) Photogeology and Remote Sensing : Elements of photogrammetry; elements of photo
interpretation; electromagnetic spectrum emission range, film and imagery; multispexctral
sensors; geological interpretation of air-photos and imagery.
(b) Engineering Geology : Mechanical properties of rocks; geological investigations for the
construction of dams, bridges, highways and tunnels.
(c) Mineral Exploration : Geological and geophisical methods of surface and subsurface
exploration on different scales, sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits;
geochemical and geobotanical surveys in exploration.
(d) Hydrogeology : Ground water, Darcy’s law; hydrological characteristics of aquifers;
hydrological cycle; precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration processes; hydrological
classification of water-bearing formations; fresh and salt water relationship in coastal and inland
areas; ground water exploration and management, water polution, ground water regimes in India.
2. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
( i ) Geomorphology : Land forms-their types and developments; weathering, transport and
crosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils-their development
and types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated
dynamics-slope, channel coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major geomorphological
features of the Indian subcontinent. Geomorphometric analysis and modelling.
( ii) Climatology : Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth-sun relationship; earth’s
radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature humidity, wind
and precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and

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variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; air masses notably monsons, and jet
streams, tropical cyclones and cloud formation, classification of climates; Koppen’s and
Thornthwaite’s scheme as applicable to India. Climate zones of India. Hydrological cycle and
water balance. Climate change; green house warming, stratospheric ozone depletion.
Palaeoclimatology.
(iii) Geohydrology : Ground water as part of the hydrological cycle; precipitation and
evapotranspiration and infiltration processes; rainfall-run off analysis; stream flow,
stagedischarge relationship; hydrograph and flood frequency analysis. Hydrological
classification of a water-bearing formations, fresh and salt water relationship in coastal and
inland areas; ground water regimes in India. Principles of management of water resources;
concept of safe yield; water balance studies and conjunctive use of surface and ground water;
ground water problems and their management in India.
(iv) Biogeography : Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment,
habitat and plant-animal association; zoogeography of India; distribution of major animal
groupings; elements of plant geography, distribution of forests and major plant communities.
National forest policy, conservation of forests; afforestation, social forestry; ecology and man in
India. Ecological balance, environmental pollution and deterioration.
( v) Oceangraphy : Submarine relief, continental shelf, continental slope, ocean deeps;
temperature of ocean water; salinity in the coastal open and enclosed seas; movement of ocean
waters; waves, tides, currents; island arcs and coral reefs and atolls; oceanic deposits.
3. GEOPHYSICS
( i ) Geophysical Fields : Concept of fieds; scalar, vector and tensor; conservation laws; mass,
momentum, energy and charge, constitutive relations and dynamical equations; elastic viscous,
electro-magnetic and thermal; Laws of thermodynamics and entropy; Partial differential
equations of physics; wave, diffusion, potential and schrodinger; analytical (Green’s functions
and integral transforms) and numerical (Spectral, finite difference and finite element) methods
for solving initial value and boundary value problems of geophysics. Linear instability theory
and onset of convection; Benard Cells; Elements of nonlinear instability in fluids; Theory of
Attractors; phase space, critical points, limit cycles and bifucation of nonlinear systems.
( ii) Signal Processing : Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier analysis linear time-invariant
systems with deterministic and random inputs; bandlimited signals and sampling theorem; Z
transform, discrete and Fast Fourier transforms; filter discreate and continuous, recursive and

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non-recursive, optimal, inverse filters, deconvolution. Estimation of signal parameters system
identification. Hypothesis testing.
(iii) Solid Earth : Gravity and figure of the Earth : Spheroid and geoid mass inhomogenetics and
associated gravity anomalies; geoidal undulations and deflection of the vertical; isostasy; local
and regional compensation mechanisms. Seismology; causes and space distribution of
earthquakes; theory of seismic waves; (body and surface waves), free oscillations, application for
estimating earth structure and earthquake source parameters; earthquake hazard assessment.
Geomagnetism; main field, its secular variation and reversals; remanent magnetization,
palaeomagnetism and lithospheric movements; geodynamo theory and hydromagnetic waves;
magnetosphere and geomagnetic stroms. Electrical structure of the earth; geomagnetic and
magnetotelluric depth sounding. Plate tectonics theory; kinematics, dynamics and evolution of
plates; types of boundaries, processes and corresponding geophysical and geological signatures.
Heat flow thermal and mechanical structure of continental and oceanic lithosphere; role of fluids
in crustal processes; mantle convection. Mineral physics; constraints on earth structure from
seismological and petrological investigations.
(iv) Geophysical Exploration : Basic principles; various methods, their distinctive features,
scope, limitations and prospects of conjuctive use. Geophysical exploration from the air on the
ground in bore holes, across drill holes in underground mines and in the oceans.
Instruments used : theory, behaviour and precision of spring-mass systems, magnetomeres
(suspended magnet type, nuclear procession, nuclear resonance, flux gate and superconducting),
Gravimeters (land, shipborne, spaceborne and borehole), wide band seismograph and geophone
skystems. Electrical systems, (resistivity, IP, MT, EM, TEM), Well logging units (caliper,
electrical, radiation, acoustic, dipmeter, televiewer, induction, nuclear magnetism log) and
seismic sources. Principles of measuring complex signals; measurements in time and frequency
domain. Pseudorandom sources for electrical and seismic exploration.
Signal Analysis : Gravity (free air, Bouguer, terrain drift and Eotovos correction) and magnetic
(diurnal) and latitude (corrections) data reduction; regional and residual separation; derivatives,
continuation and reduction to pole of potential field data. Electrical/EM data processing, Seismic
(velocity analysis, signal enhancement, deconvolution, migration and time to depth conversion),
Shear wave, VSP, 2-D/3-D multifold and marine data processing. Numerical experiments for
computer aided design of high resolution field measurements; sensivity analysis of various
control parameters for maximum information/uncertainty ratio.

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( v) Geophysical Inversion and Interpretation : Distinction between well-posed and illposed
problems. Generalized inversion techniques; error analysis and the study of resolution and
uniqueness in geophysical interpretation; Backus-Gilbert inversion method; linear and non-linear
programming methods; Joint inversion of geophysical data and effective strategies for integrated
geophysical exploration from a systems view point. Interpretation for average value of physical
properties of rocks and minerals and their structure; direct detection of hydrocarbons (fluid
content); lithostratigraphy, ground water, ore deposit, engineering sites, environmental
parameters.
4. OCEANOGRAPHY
( i ) Physical Oceanography : Equation of State of sea water, current system including
undercurrent, their formation and theories, oceanic fronts. Subtropical current system-Western
and Eastern boundary currents; Somali current; thermohaline and abyssal circulation; formation
of water masses mixing and double Diffusion TSV diagrams computation of divergence and
estimation of vertical velocity; acoustics and optics.
( ii) Dynamical Oceanography : Equation of motion of frictionless ocean current scalae
analysis; barottropic and baroclinic approximation; geostrophic currents in a stratified ocean, the
2-layer approximation and White-Margules equation; gradient current and mass stratification;
relative currents and slope currents; Ekman’s theory, Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s theories;
Upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean.
(iii) Ocean Waves and Tides : Small amplitude ocean waves; wave celerity; wave energy and
group velocity. Finite amplitude waves, long waves and internal wave, wind waves, their origin,
growth, propagation and decay; significant wave height and period. Wave spectrum, Principles
of wave forcasting SMB and PNJ methods; tides their causes, variation and types; tidal currents;
harmonic analysis, finite difference method and prediction of tides.
(iv) Air-Sea Interaction : Laminar and turbulent flows, Reynolds stresses; Richardson’s crierion
for turbulence; principle of Prandtl’s mixing length theory; Taylor’s statistical theory and
Kolmogoroffs similarity theory, Air-sea interaction at various scales; planetary and laminar
boundary layer, surface layer and spiral layer; Sea surface as a lower boundary of air-flow and its
geometry; wind field in the first few meters of the sea surface, wind structure in the maritime
frictional layer; transfer of heat and water vapour, determination of air-sea fluxes; energy

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exchange and global heat and water budgets, convection and its role in tropical circulations,
effects of upwelling and sinking on the ocean-atmosphere system.
(v) Coastal and Estuarine Oceanography : Factors influencing coastal processes;
transformation of waves in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction,
phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and surflitoral currents; wave
action on sediments-movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability ocean beach
nourishment; harbour resonance; seiches; Tsunamis; Interaction of waves and structure. Sea
Walls, groynes, revetments etc.
Estuaries : Classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing,
depth-averged and breadth-averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in
estuaries; Effect of stratification; coastal pollution; mixing and diffusion dispersal of pollutants
in estuaries and nearshore areas; standing concentration; coastal zone management.
(vi) Chemical Oceangraphy : Major and minor constituents of sea-water and their residence
times; processes controlling the composition of sea-water, Dissolved gases in sea-water, their
sources and sinks. Carbondioxide system, distribution of alkalinity; Physical chemistry of sea-
water; dynamic equilibrium in chemical composition of the ocean including trace metals, organic
materials. Biogeochemical cycling and its effect on atmospheric composition and climate. Inter-
relationship between ocean circulation, primary productivity and chemical composition of the
atmosphere and ocean. Stable and radioactive isotopes; chemistry of interstital waters and
transfer of solutes across the sediment-water interface; marine pollution, pathways of transfer of
various pollutants (petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, trace metals etc.) and their fates in the
sea. Chemistry of marine natural products; biomedical potential of marine biota; remote sensing
of the oceans.
(vii) Marine Geology : Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor. Mid-oceanic
ridge systems, hydrothermal vents and sea-water basalt interaction; modes and rates of
sedimentation in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments, mobility of
redoxmetals; nature of deep sea sediments and processes and regulating sedimentary
composition; geochronology of marine sediments, sedimentary markers (biological and
chemical) of paleoenvironmental conditions. Mineral resources of the ocean - phosphorites,
manganes and other deposits and the factors controlling their distribution.

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(viii) Marine Biology : Sea as a biological environment; divisions of the marine environment
and their characteristics fauna and flora and their adaptations. Marine ecosystems; rocky shores,
sandy shores, estuarine, mangroves and coral reefs; description of communities, community
structure and function; plankton, nekton and benthos; primary, secondary and tertiary
production; food web and trophic structure; living resources of the Indian seas; mariculture;
culture of molluses, crustacean, fishes and seaweeds.
5. METEOROLOGY
( i ) Climatology : Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth-sun relationship; earth’s
radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, humidity, wind
and precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and
variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; air masses notably monsoons, and
jet streams, tropical cyclones, and cloud formation, classification of climates; Koppen’s and
Thornthwaite’s schemes as applicable to India. Climatic zones of India. Hydrological cycle and
water balance. Climate change; green house warming, stratospheric ozone depletion.
Palaeoclimatology.
( ii) Physical Meteorology : Layered structure of the atmosphere and its composition. Radiation;
basic Laws - Raleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar
constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of terrestrial
radiation, radiation windoes, radiative transfer. Greenhouse effect, net radiation budget;
Derivation of radiance parameters from satellite observations. Thermodynamics of dry and moist
air; specific gas constant, Adiabatic and Non adiabatic processes, entropy and enthalphy,
Moisture variables, virtual Temperature; Clausius - Clapeyron equation, adiabatic process of a
moist air; thermodynamic diagram; Emagram, tephigram, skew T-log p and Stuve diagrams.
Hydrostatic equilibrium; Hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with height, geopotential,
standard atmosphere, altimetry. Vertical stability of the atmosphere; Dry and moist air parcel and
slice methods, Entrainment, Bubble theory, Diurnal variation of lapse rate, convection in the
atmosphere.
(iii) Atmospheric Electricity : fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential
gradients, ionisation in the atmosphere, conduction currents, air-earth currents, point discharge
currents. Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm electrification, lightning
discharges.

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(iv) Cloud Physics : Cloud classification, condensation nucleii, growth of cloud drops and
icecrystals, precipitation mechanisms; Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process-
Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail supression, fog and cloud-
dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation, rain-drop spectra, radar
echoes of hail and tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.
( v) Dynamical Meteorology : Basic equations and fundamental forces; Pressure gravity,
centripetal and coriolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates.
Momentum equations in rotating, cartesian, and spherical coordinates; scale analysis, Inertial
flow, Geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind. Divergence and vertical motion, Rossby,
Richardson, Reynolds and Froude numbers. Circulation vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese
circulation theorem and applications, Vorticity and divergence equations, Scale analysis,
Potential vorticity, Stream function, velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence; Mixing length
theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Ekmann layer eddy transport of heat,
water vapour and momentum, Richardson criterion. Linear perturbation theory; Internal and
external gravity waves, Inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves; wave motion in the tropics,
barotropic and baroclinic instabilities; Taylor - Goldstein instability; theorems of Mines,
Fjortozt, Howard and Pedlosky. Atmospheric energetics; Kinetic, potentiai and internal energies
- Conversion of potential and internal energies into Kinetic energy, available potential energy.
(vi) Numerical Weather Prediction : Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity
waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter
baroclinic model relaxaation method, two layer primitive equatier, model, short, mediun and
long range weather prediction models; objective analysis; Initialisation of the data for use in
weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques.
(vii) General Circulation and Climate Modelling : Observed zonally symmetric circulations,
meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy,
angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation;
standing eddies; east-west circulation in tropics; climate variability and forcings; feedback
processes, low frequency variability, ENSO, QBO and sunspot cycles. basic principles of general
circulation modelling; Grid-point and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling;
interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and its relationship with
monsoon, concepts of ocean - atmosphere coupled models.

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(viii) Synoptic Meteorology : Synoptic charts, Weather observations, and transmission.
Analysis of surface, upper aiar and other derivative charts; Stream lines, isotachs and countour
analysis; tilt and slope of pressure/weather systems with height. Synoptic weather forecasting,
Prediction of Weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature and fog;
hazardous weather elements like thunderstorms, duststorms, tornadoes, dates of onset, and
withdrawal of monsoons, break monsoon; formation and movement of western
distrurbances,depressions and tropical cyclones; intensification, weakening, deepening and
filling of surface pressure systems. Air masses and fronts; Sources, origin and classification of
air masses; classification of fronts, frontogenesis and frontolysis; structure of cold and warm
fronts; Weather systems associated with fronts. Extra-tropical synoptic scale features; jet
streams, extratropical cyclones; anticyclones and blockings. Tropical synoptic meteorology;
Trade wind inversion; ITCZ; monsoon trough; Tropical cyclones, their structure and
development theory; Monsoon depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; Somali Jet; Waves in
easterlies; western distrurbances; SW and NE Monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset,
withdrawal, break, active and weak monsoons.
(ix) Aviation Meteorology : Meteorological hazards to aviation; take-off, landing, inflighticing,
turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms.
( x) Satellite Meteorology : Meteorological satellites : Polar orbitting and geostationary
satellites, Visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner ratiometers; identification of synoptic
systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST and cloud top
temperatures, winds, and rainfall; temperature and humidity soundings.

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