Ece part 2
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This document discusses building bylaws and design loads for structures. It explains that building bylaws are regulations established by local authorities to prevent uncontrolled development and ensure safety. The objectives of bylaws are outlined, including disciplined growth, safety from hazards, efficient use of space, and occupant comfort. Specific bylaws like building frontage, open spaces, height limits are described. Design loads including dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads are defined. Foundation types and superstructure components like columns, beams, floors, walls and roofs are also summarized.
Ece part 2
- 1. DESIGN LOADS AND INTRODUCTION OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS Kaustubh J. Sane HJD Institute of technological Education & Research, Kera Part-2 https://sites.google.com/a/gtu.edu.in/be_085_06_head/home
- 2. Building bylaws •During planning and construction of any building, certain regulations are laid by Municipal bodies, authorities, and other government departments as town planning so as to prevent haphazard development of city such rules and regulations are called as building by laws. e.g. CIDCO- City & Industrial Development Corporation AMC- Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation AUDA- Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority BMC- Bombay Municipal Corporation
- 3. Objectives of Building bylaws • Building by laws allow disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent haphazard development • Building bye-laws protect safety of public against fire, noise, health and structural failure. • They provide proper utilization of space, hence maximum efficiency in planning • They provide health, safety, and comfort to peoples living in the building.
- 4. Different bylaws • Building frontage • Open spaces • Exterior open space • Rear open space • Height of Building
- 5. Building frontage • It is the margin to be left beyond the extreme edge of the road to the front of the building line. • It depends upon Status of area, Nature of Road. • Residential building requires minimum clearance. Public building requires more clearance. • The purpose of this frontage is to facilitate • Widening of road in future • More sight distance at corners • Minimum sound pollution
- 6. Frontage based on type of building
- 7. Open spaces • Open spaces are essential to satisfy the lighting and ventilation requirement. • Outer open space: They are additional margins to be left within the plot to isolate the building from road and neighboring buildings. • Inner open space: They are open spaces within the building. They are needed in heavily congested area to Provide lighting to the interior rooms create inner courtyard.
- 8. Exterior open space • Exterior open space maybe in front , rear or sides of the building. • Front open space: Every building fronting a street shall have a front space.
- 9. Rear open space • Every residential building shall have a rear open space of 3m and in no case it should be less than 1.8m. • Side open space: Detached building should have a minimum 3m side open space at both the sides, where as semi-detached building will have 3m on one side only. • The open spaces mentioned are for residential building up to height 10m.
- 10. Types of Loads • Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure. • Dead loads; • Live load; • Wind loads; • Snow load; • Earthquake loads
- 11. • Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs including all other permanent construction in the building. • Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof and its capacity to retain the snow. The load due to snow may be assumed to be 2.5kg/m3per cm depth of snow.
- 12. • Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent static pressure in the direction of the wind. • Wind pressure=kv2 • Where k=co-efficient, V=wind velocity • Wind pressure always acts in the vertically exposed surface of the walls and columns.
- 13. • Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due to people or occupants, their furniture, temporary stores, machineries. • Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every possible direction below ground. As per intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location of the building in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of earthquake loads are decided.
- 14. Components of a structure – Sub structure • Foundation – Super structure • Column • Beam • Slab • Plinth • Stair and staircase • Wall • Lintel • Flooring • Roof
- 15. Sub structure • Foundation: • The basic function of foundation is; • To Transmit the load from building to the subsoil, in such away that settlement are within permissible limit • The soil does not fail in shear • Reduce the load intensity • Even distribution of load • Provide level surface
- 16. Types of Foundation • Foundations may be broadly classified as (a) shallow Foundation (b) Deep foundation (a) Shallow Foundation – Spread footing – Combined footing – Strap Footing – Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation
- 17. • Spread Footing:-Spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed load of wall or column over larger area. Spread footing support either column or wall.
- 18. • Combined Footing: A spread footing which supports 2 or more columns is termed as combined footing. – Rectangular combined footing – Trapezoidal combined footing – Combined wall footing
- 19. • Strap Footing: If a Independent footing of two columns are connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing. A strap footing may be used where the distance between the column is so great that trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow. The strap does not remain in contact with soil and does not transfer any pressure to the soil.
- 20. • Raft foundation:- A raft Foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and support all the wall and column. • They are used in areas where the soil masses contains compressible lenses or the soil is sufficiently erratic so that differential settlement would be difficult to control.
- 22. Deep Foundation Deep foundation may be of following types • Pile foundation • Pier • Well or caissons
- 23. Pile Foundation • Pile Foundation is that type of foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be timber, concrete or steel. Pile foundation may be adopted when no firm bearing strata is available and the loading is uneven.
- 24. Pier foundation • A Pier foundation consist of cylindrical column of large diameter to support and transfer large superimposed load to the firm strata below. • Generally, pier foundation is shallow in depth than the pile foundation.
- 25. Well Foundation • Well Foundation are box like structures which are sunk from the surface of either land or water to the desired depth. • They are much larger than the pier foundation. Caisson foundations are used for major foundation works like; • Bridge piers • Docks • Large water front structure such as pump house.
- 26. Super structure • Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground surface and floor space immediately above the ground. • Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the building, entry of animals, insects & Rodents. • General plinth height is 45,60, 75, 90, 120 cm
- 27. Wall • The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the building space into various space into various rooms. • They support slabs and beams. • They safely transmits the loads coming on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. • They provide privacy and protection against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust winds.
- 28. • Columns are vertical members along which beams and slab/ roof is supported. • They are square, rectangular and circular in shape.
- 29. • Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture's, and equipments. • Roof: The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. • The Slab and roof encloses the space and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are 10, 12, 15 cm the.
- 30. Beams • Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are provided. • The beams are instead supported on walls and columns • They are generally 20, 39, 45, 60 cm thick depends as per structural design
- 31. Lintels • Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening.
- 32. Steps and stairs • Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels. • Stairs should be properly located to provide easy access and fast services to the building. • In one flight maximum 8 steps should be provided for more than 8 steps it is recommended to provide them with lending. • Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0m and 1.2m • No of risers=Total height of floor/ Height of riser • No of tread= Number of riser-1