Part 3 ece
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The document discusses the functional requirements of buildings. It outlines several key principles for building planning including orientation, cross ventilation, damp proofing, and placement of walls and roofs. It also describes factors like comfort, durability, fire protection, insulation, and strength that must be considered in building design. Functional requirements include providing adequate light and ventilation while maintaining dimensional stability, durability, economy, and protection from fire, dampness, and termites.
Part 3 ece
- 1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS Kaustubh J. Sane HJD Institute of Technical Education & Research, Kera PART 3
- 2. Principles and building planning • The term planning of a building refers to mean the arrangement of all the units of a building on all the floors and at all the levels. • There are certain general principles which as a engineer should bear in mind while planning a building.
- 3. Orientation of a building • Cross Ventilation • Damp proof course • Placing of walls • Projections • Roof • Treatment of ground • Wind direction
- 4. • The setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to the directions is known as orientation. • It has a great role in increasing its utility from the view of climate considerations. • Cross ventilation: – Sufficient number of windows and ventilators at suitable level from the floor should be provided to cause movement of air for developing comfortable conditions inside the building. • Damp proof course: – It is desirable to provide damp proof course at suitable level to keep away walls from damp. The overhanging of roofs on south and west sides will help in protecting the walls from the rain.
- 5. • Placing of walls: – The long walls of building should be placed towards north and south. – Short walls on other hand should be placed towards east and west. – Result will be less exposure of area of wall to the sun rays and it will assist in maintaining comfortable temperature inside building. • Wind direction: – The orientation of the building should be such that advantage is available for enjoying the natural breeze.
- 6. • Projection: – If projections in the form of balconies, verandahs, weather sheds, etc. are provided on east and west sides adjoining rooms remain comparatively cool. • Roof: – Roof of building is exposed to the maximum amount for sun and rain. Hence it is necessary to exercise great care in deciding the type of roof and its method of construction. • Treatment of ground: – It the ground surrounding the building is provided with grass or trees or vegetation, it will considerably assist in reducing the temperature inside the building.
- 7. Functional requirement of a building • The structure of the building should be strong and sound enough to resist load comes on it. • The building should be well planned to give maximum comfort and convenience to the occupants of the building. – Comfort and convenience – Dimensional stability – Durability – Economy – Fire protection – Thermal insulation – Light and ventilation – Damp proofing – Strength – Termite Proofing
- 8. • Comfort and convenience- – Building should be provided with enough light during day or night without any effect of glare. – Should be oriented in such a manner to get maximum benefit of natural air and light. – Due weight-age should be given to living, working and health conditions of occupants of buildings. – Grouping should be planned as to ensure better circulation optimum utilization of space and max. efficiency in building. • Dimensional stability: – The change in dimensions of materials structures are caused due to following; • Elastic and plastic deformation or creep due to applied loads. • Expansion and contraction due to temperature variation or moisture content in atmosphere. • Chemical reactions between building materials and moist air.
- 9. • Durability: – Period of time up to which the building remains habitable is called durability. – Factors for durability; • Degree of maintenance • Method of construction • Type of materials used • Exposure conditions to weathering • Effect of frost action • Crystallization of salts by ground water movements • Surface erosion by rain water • Effect of sunlight on paints, plastics, glass asphalt rubber etc.
- 10. • Economy: – At every stage of functional planning, designing, construction, maintenance and operation of a building economics aspects should be considered simultaneously. The building should be functionally and structurally sound. • Fire protection: – To protect building against fire, composite and non-combustible material should be used in construction of walls, columns, beams. – Standard fire safety or fire extinguishers should be provided with quick fire exit.
- 11. • Thermal Insulation: – Properly insulated building cuts down the cost of electric burring in summer as well as in winter. – Exterior walls should be thicker which imparts strength to the building and also provide insulation against heat and cold. – Constructing cavity walls as external walls to protect building from out side heat and cold. – To fill air spaces in walls, roofs, and floor with use of rock wool, mats foamed slag aggregates like insulating materials. – Should be provided with chhajjas, weather shed, trees gardens. – Terrace should be insulated against heat by different flooring methods.
- 12. • Light and ventilation: – In building size shape and numbers of doors and windows are sufficient so as to provide enough glare free sun light in every rooms of buildings. – Ventilation in building means free passage of clean air in a building. • Improper ventilation results in increase of CO2 • Required to control dust and other impurity in air. • Required to suppress odors, smoke, concentration of bacteria. • For removal of body heat liberated or generated by occupants ventilation is necessary.
- 13. • Damp preservation: – Structure should remain dry as far as possible. The presence of moisture in any building decreases the strength of materials and results in reduction in durability. – The moisture in building is mostly due to faulty construction, poor materials and workmanship. – Water leakages are the main problems along terrace roofs and toilets.
- 14. • Strength: – The structure should be stable and resist all loads. – Loads and working stresses should be calculated in accordance with latest design codes of India. – To achieve max. strength proper load factor should be applied. • Termite control: – Termites are known as white ants. – The termites are not only nuisance but they affect structural safety and durability of the building. – It is advisable to adopt pre-constructional treatment for termite proofing. – Post-construction treatment is costly which involves injecting of chemicals under pressure.