Ecg Waveforms

Ecg Waveforms
An electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a visual representation of the electrical impulses of the heart. An
ECG is performed with an electrocardiograph, which uses electrodes to record the electrical impulses
of the heart. The ECG represents the heart's electrical impulses as positive or negative deflections
which creates the ECG waveforms. These waveforms are a represented on an ECG as the P–QRS–T
sequence. One of the wave forms is the QRS wave complex. The QRS wave complex consists of
three waves; the Q wave, the R wave, and the S wave. The QRS complex represents ventricular
depolarization or systole. Each individual wave in the QRS complex represents a different deflection.
The Q wave is the negative deflection that occurs before the R
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Roles And Advantages And Types Of Mechanical Thrust...
CONTENTS Title Page No.
College Certificate
NAL Certificate
Declaration
Organisation Profile i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
Nomenclature xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Examples 2 1.2 Types of Thrust Vectoring 4 1.2.1 Mechanical
Thrust Vectoring 5 1.2.1a Paddles, Vanes/Spoilers 5 1.2.1b Adjustable Nozzle 5 1.2.2 Fluidic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nozzle geometry design 30 6.1 Grid diagrams of different geometries 30 6.2 Reasons for the
geometry selection 31 6.3 Various strut positions for 6&10 model 32
7. Softwares used and analysis 34
7.1 Introduction to Fluent 34 7.1.1 Program structure 34 7.1.2 Program capabilities 36 7.1.3 Solver
and conditions used in Fluent 37
7.2 Boundary conditions 38
8. Results and discussion 40 8.1 Comparison of preliminary results

Stephanie Ericsson's Essay: The Ways We Lie
"Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help you God?"
Most people wouldn't be able to honestly swear to this for their entire lifetime and only for certain
periods in time, for instance, when attending court. Why is this? Why is it that humans lie so
frequently? Research shows that this behavior started not too long after language began to be
prominent among human beings and it was, and still is, used as a way to manipulate others without
having to use physical force (Morris). This is not to say that we all use the act of lying for this reason.
Some use it for selfless reasons like the sergeant that Stephanie Ericsson writes about in her essay
"The Ways We Lie" who lied to secure indefinite compensation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is the most self–damaging form a criminal can use. Delusion is when the one who's lying
actually believes their own lies. It might happen from day one or just eventually from saying it so
frequently. While non criminals use delusion as a survival mechanism (Ericcson), criminals use it to
give reason for their sinful acts. Given that lie detectors only pick up on body cues that arise when the
one being tested believes it's a lie, this would benefit the criminal to believe in their lies, or delusions.
The huge fall back of this is they start to lose their grip on reality. This is why delusions are usually
seen among criminals with mental disorders. For example, David Berkowitz, who murdered six
people and claimed that a dog told him to do it, was a paranoid schizophrenic ("Dangerous Minds:
Mental Illnesses of Infamous

Aircraft Simulation Paper
This project is intended to give the student an improved understanding of aircraft dynamic behavior
thought the use of a SIMULINK flight simulation. The student is to use knowledge of flying and
handling qualities to appropriately grade a certain maneuver, of a certain aircraft, under a certain
condition. The student is to modify the performance of an aircraft through the implementation of a
control law.
For the purposed of this project, the aircraft in question will be a Convair 880 at an altitude of 35,000
ft. and Mach number of 0.8. The maneuvers performed will be predetermined pitch, roll and yaw
maneuvers. These maneuvers will be completed by a "pilot" using a joystick to make control inputs
with the aircraft utilizing a feedback control law, and with the aircraft in open loop configuration – no
augmentation whatsoever. The student will also have a hard coded computer pilot perform these
maneuvers to maintain consistency. The first step in creating the control law was placing the CL
poles. The initial poles would then be placed in a K matrix; the pole values are listed in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The figures for the flights were taken directly from the Simulink output plots. As can be noted the
aircraft performed significantly better with the control law than without. No points were obtainable in
the OL flights, while full points were awarded in the FB flights – both piloted and computer
controlled.This project reiterated the understanding of how performance is changes with active
control solutions as opposed to costly, and time intensive conventional solutions. The Convair 880
with no feedback control law could not achieve even adequate scores on the maneuvers, while with
the control law, the aircraft had no troubles achieving desired results consistently, with human and
computer

The Effect Of Outrigger Truss On Composite High Rise...
Study on Effectiveness of Outrigger Truss in Composite High–Rise Buildings by Simplified Method
Ei Ei Khine – Ph.D Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University,
Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar eekmayday83@gmail.com Abstract–The design of tall
and slender structures is controlled by three governing factors, strength (material capacity), stiffness
(drift) and serviceability (motion perception and accelerations), produced by the action of lateral
loading, such as wind and earthquake. Outrigger systems are generally very effective in fulfilling the
serviceability requirements of tall buildings. This research conducted a study on effectiveness of
outrigger truss by simplified method to introduce the normal buildings that can be minimized the
deflection as the buildings with outrigger. Two and three outrigger levels are used in 40 and 50 storey
square shape buildings respectively. From this result, the engineers can run the buildings without
using outrigger to get the minimum deflection as the buildings with outrigger but the base shear is
larger than outrigger buildings significantly. Therefore, for the proposed buildings to get minimum
deflection, the outrigger is more effective than simplified method.
Keywords– Stiffness; serviceability; Deflection; Simplified Method; Outrigger Truss
Introduction: The fundamental design criteria for high–rise building are strength, serviceability and
stability whereas human comfort should also be included

Different Types Of Protection Systems
These protection systems either helps in capturing the rocks or to control their trajectory once it has
fallen down, they are of following types : Rigid barriers Flexible barriers Attenuator system Catch
areas Rock sheds Rigid barriers: These barriers are constructed to either contain or deflect the
rockfall as these structures are so stiff that they can easily withstand the kinetic energy impacted by
the falling boulder with very less or no deformation. So they are mainly constructed near the disaster
place. Catch areas: These are used to stop the capture falling rocks before they cause risk to the
structure. They are usually constructed along the transportation routes. Flexible barrier : These
barriers are the lightweight barriers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Design ( flexible barrier) : The design approach for the flexible barrier is the most developed part of
all the rock fall protection system as it involves the design approach ( MEL & SEL), corrosion
protection of the fence, downward deflection of the fence, sizing of the fence. These all aspects helps
to get a better design of the fences which can withstand very harsh and aggressive environment. MEL
(Maximum energy level): This energy level fence is used at the site where the occurrence of the
rockfall is very low so after the impact with the fence ie. when a boulder hits the fences there is a
need for the repair or the replacement of the fence as the barrier have to catch a boulder with a
maximum energy level of 100% and the residual height after the impacts shows the quality of the
barrier. SEL (Service energy level): This is the type of the fences in which the barrier has to catch the
two impacts of the boulder with ⅓ of the MEL energy being damaged. These type of fences are used
where the occurrence of the rockfall is more. After the first impact of the boulder, the residual height
should be greater than 70% so that the fence can take the second impact which is just to catch the
boulder. Flexible barrier size selection : The selection of the size basically depends upon

Bending of Beam Lab Report Essay
1. Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the bending of a bean when loaded at the center of
its length and examine its deflection when positioned in two different ways, when the flat side of the
beam is support and when the thin side is supported. In addition, try to find linear relationship
between the load applied and the deflection of the beam and comparing the experimental deflection
with the theoretical deflection.
If the load is applied at the mid– length a=b=L/2 then mid span deflection is: δ = PL3/(48EI).
Where P is the applied force, L is the length of beam, E is the modulus of elasticity of aluminum, and
I is the moment of Inertia.
For a beam of rectangular cross section, say of width w and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The beam was loaded the mid–length in 2.745 lbs. increments up to 6.745 lbs. The change in
clearance of every load step was measured and data was recorded.
Case II: The beam was turned around in such way that the shortest side of the cross section is on the
support. The steps described in Case I was repeated and data was recorded.
4. Results:
Following tables and graphs show the result of the experiment. The tables will demonstrate the
experimental and theoretical deflection for each case. The graphs will show the relationship between
the load applied and deflection, in addition to compare the experimental deflection and theoretical
deflection.
Case I: Dimensions of the beam
Length (L)= 29.35 in., Width (w)= 1.008 in., Thickness (t)= 0.125 in.
Inertia (I)= wt3/12 = 0.000164063 in4.
TABLE I P (lbs.) | Initial Clearance (in) | New Clearance (in) | Experimental Deflection (in) |
Theoretical Deflection (in) | 2.745 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.23 | 0.31092 | 3.745 | 0.75 | 1.13 | 0.38 | 0.47587 |
4.745 | 0.75 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 0.63011 | 5.745 | 0.75 | 1.31 | 0.56 | 0.79903 | 6.745 | 0.75 | 1.44 | 0.69 |
0.99236 |
Case II: Dimensions of the beam
Length (L)= 35.5 in., Width (w)= 1.008 in., Thickness (t)= 0.125 in.
Inertia (I)= w3t/12 = 0.010668672 in4.

TABLE II P (lbs.) | Initial Clearance (in) | New Clearance (in) | Experimental Deflection (in) |
Theoretical Deflection | 2.745 | 1.973 | 2.051 | 0.086

Analyzing A Blood Sample Containing Drugs
When analyzing a blood sample containing drugs, often a normal scale or balance cannot detect the
mass of the drugs in the sample due to the small size of the sample. In that case, in order to properly
determine the mass of a drug in a sample, it becomes necessary to utilize a mass spectrometer. A mass
spectrometer can measure the mass of atomic–sized particles with great accuracy (Jeol, 2006). In
forensic toxicology, mass spectrometry can provide scientists with the identity and quantity of a drug
in a sample (Christopher Tilson, personal communication, March 19, 21016). Mass spectrometry
serves as an exceptionally useful method in the field of forensic drug analysis, as its ability to
determine the mass of exceedingly small particles assists in the classification and quantification of
drugs in a sample.
Before analyzation of a blood sample using mass spectrometry can occur, separation of the drugs
from the blood must take place. If sent directly into the mass spectrometer, the blood would create
too many peaks in the results. Not to mention, the blood would make the mass spectrometer too dirty
to provide accurate results (Christopher Tilson, personal communications, March 19, 2016). Due to
these facts, forensic scientists always spate the drugs from the blood sample using one of two
methods. The first method, called liquid extraction, works by adding liquids of different polarities to
the blood sample. By choosing the right solvents, the drugs will separate from the blood.

Neck Drape Research Paper
Figure 216 How to: Step 1: Roll the Shemagh up and drape it over the back of your neck and
shoulders and let the two ends hang over the front of your chest. Step 2: Then place your right hand
on the right front hang and pull it down so the left side end hang piece is just below your left breast
than release both hands. Step 3: Then place your left on the right hang at the level were your right
breast is, then take your right hand around the front and place your right hand the end of the left hang.
Step 4: Then grasping both points bring your left hand up through the middle to the left of your neck
making sure the right end hang stays in the middle. Step 5: Then bring your right hand over the top of
your head to the back of your neck and around to the right shoulder, then bring the loop you have
made on the left side of your neck to the back of your neck and make it comfortably tight. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Section 4: Neck Drape Ready Stance Neck drape ready stance is how you start and hold a Shemagh
in a self–defence situation. Figure 217 How to: Step 1: Roll the Shemagh up and drape it over the
back of your neck and shoulders and let the two ends hang over the front of your chest. Step 2: Then
place your right hand on the right front hang just below your right breast and your left hand on the
left hang just below your left breast then simply bring the Shemagh over your head and hold it to
your chest. (And look scared as this will make most attackers advance). Remember In a self–defence
situation you either need to create distance or close the distance between you and the attacker
depending on your situation and skill sets. Section 5: Slap

The Death Defying Dunk '
The Death–Defying Dunk
Summarize: A 22–year–old male, Joe Hamilton, suffered a cardiac arrest while playing basketball.
Consequently, responders proceeded with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and electrical defibrillations
that lead to a pulse return, however Joe remained in a coma.
Ask: What is a normal ECG and how do you read it?
Access/Generate:
After Joe Hamilton's cardiac arrest, an AED was placed on his chest and proceeded to analyze his
cardiac rhythm (see Figure 1) and returned an inadequate rhythm. Figure 1 In the early 1920 the
development of the electrocardiogram provided objective information about the hearts structure and
function. The evolution of the ECG lead to new inventions that led to the 12–lead electrocardiogram
(1). With this new invention a systematic way of interpreting an Electrocardiograph soon developed.
The layout of the graph is as such: there are 4 columns which correspond to the leads; the first
column – I, II, and III; the second column: aVR, AVL, aVF; the third V1–3; and the fourth V4–6.
Each column is recorded simulation however they are not always displayed on the strip except for the
last rhythm strip which occurs at the bottom of the tracing (lead II and V1).
The labels of the waves indicate a particular action on the heart. P waves represent atrial
depolarization or atrial contraction. The QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization. While
QRS is normally seen not ever complex has Q (negative deflection), R (positive

Stress Analysis Report
1. Introduction The aim of this experiment was to study the behaviour of a beam subjected to
increasing bending moments and to discover the stress distribution in the beam for both the direct and
shear stresses. This was done by applying a known load to the beam and recording the deflection of
the loading points. These readings were then analysed to give the axial direct strains and stresses as
well as the shear strains as stresses at the sites of the strain gauges. As a result, the stress distribution
of the beam can be calculated. The aluminium alloy beam was tested and had a nominal cross–section
50 mm deep by 25 mm wide and was loaded on the 25 mm face. The beam was subjected to a "4–
point bending" system to increasing loads up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also dimensions of the beam were given; therefore the second moment of area (I) of the beam can be
calculated. With these values it was possible to use the superposition theorems of beam and calculate
E of the beam using the Formula and Data book hand–out. From the Formula and Data book, two
equations can be used to calculate the total deflection of the beam in order to calculate the Young's
Modulus. δ1=Wl12EI×l2 [1] δ2=Wl233EI×l2 [2] Equation 1 describes the deflection due to the
moment acting on the beam. Equation 2 on the other hand describes the deflection caused by the
force due to the cantilever at the end of the beam. The total deflection is there the sum of equations
[1] and [2] which is equal to the deflection obtained from the experiment. Rearranged equations [1]
and [2] will therefore give the Young's Modulus. The Shear modulus (G) is then calculated with the
value obtained of Young's Modulus. This is a shown in equation [3] below; G=E2(1+υ) [3] The direct
axial stress needed next to be calculated. This was done using the reading obtained from the
experiment as the different loads up to 8kN. The strains can be converted into stresses. Starting from
the stress–strain relationship, it can be shown that; σx=E(εX+εY)1–υ2 [4] Where εx and εy and the
mean strains in the x and y directions respectively, and v is the Poisson's ratio which is fixed for a
particular material and is also used in

Essay On Allowable Lateral Analysis
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the result and analysis of all case studies indicated in the previous chapter shall be
evaluated. The result of this analysis has been obtained using the Finite Element software,
STAAD.Pro and is discussed thoroughly. In all of the stated cases, the increment of wind speed shall
be checked to see if all are within the allowable lateral deflection limit which has been stated in the
previous chapter as well.
This chapter also discusses on the Wind loads which have been treated as the benchmark in
determining the building lateral strength. The maximum allowable lateral deflection according to
Eurocode 3 is H/200. The relationship between structural height and total deflection due to wind load
are presented graphically further in this chapter.
4.2 Finite Element Analysis Results
Figure 4.1: 3D rendered view for all models
4.2.1 Analysis Data for all Models
A 30, 40 and 50 stories structure was modeled and analyzed for wind pressure using STAAD.Pro
with 20%, 30% and 40% increment of the average wind speed from the most recent data obtained
from the Meteorology Department of Malaysia.
4.2.2 Allowable Lateral Displacement
As a reference for all models, the allowable lateral displacement data has been prepared to make sure
the initial sizes for beams and columns are all acceptable when the average wind speed of 29.13 m/s
is applied on all models. Table 4.1 shows the value of the allowable

Rainbow Formation Research Paper
Everyone enjoys the site of a rainbow expected after it rains on a sunny day; however, although a
rainbow formation is basic optics and geometry, it is highly misunderstood. Many understand the
appearance due to dispersion of light, but most do not realize what that entitles. What most people do
not expect when looking at a rainbow is that it moves as the observer moves (Cartwright, 1992).
Shown in the photo to the left, is a rainbow taken along the countryside in Missoula, Montana. To
further discuss how a rainbow works, one must understand the reflection–refraction theories that
cause such a formation. A wave theory of light developed by Auguste Fresnel describes the bands that
are located beneath a rainbow, which are not as visible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rays of light come from a fixed direction as bundles, which always are red–proving a greater
concentration of light from that fixed direction. This ray is called a caustic ray (Bim 1999). As the
height y of an incident ray increases from 0, the deflection of the outgoing ray decreases towards the
caustic ray, causing the y to pass the caustic ray, and the deflection increases again (Gordon de Pree,
Ph.D, 20) In specific conditions, the observer can see a secondary rainbow behind the primary
rainbow–weaker and inverse in spectra, with red on the inside and violet on the outside. According to
Cartwright's article on Rainbows, the space between red and violet, regardless of direction, is called
the Alexander's Dark band, which is noticeably darker than its surroundings. This way of looking at
the matter along the direction of minimum deviation is shown to be equivalent to Mascart's
approximate method of explanation of the formation of the supernumerary bows by interference of
disturbances coming from the two poles on the special wave–form is the consequence of the
interference of cusped waves, used by George Biddell Airy (Morton,

Beam Project
The goal of the beam project is to design and construct a beam that can hold a given amount of
weight without breaking. The beam is required to hold a concentrated load of 375 lbf on the X–axis
and 150 lbf on the Y–axis. The maximum allowable weight of the beam is 250 grams. The maximum
allowable deflection for the beam is 0.230 in. and 0.200 in. for the X and Y–axis respectively. The
beam is required to be 24 in. in length, and it will be tested on a simply supported configuration
spanning 21 in. All calculations are to be done under the assumption that the density of basswood is
28 lbm/ft3 and the modulus of elasticity for basswood is 1.46x106 lbm/in2. Given the constraints of a
spending cost of $10.50, a maximum beam weight of 250 grams, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When tested, the actual weight of the beam was 210 grams, the beams deflection on the x axis came
out to be .169 in. and the y axis deflection came out to be .137 in. In the calculations for the design of
the beam, it was calculated that the beam would weigh around 233 grams however it turned out to be
nearly 23 grams lighter. One reason why the beam may have been so much lighter is because the
actual density of the wood may have varied from the theoretical density. Since wood is a natural
product, it is not possible to determine the actual density unless the density was calculated
individually for each piece of wood which was not done in this experiment. The fact that the beam
was lighter than anticipated may have also accounted for a higher deflection than what was
calculated. The deflection of the beam was expected to be .1086 in. with a 20% safety factor included
however the actual deflection ended up being .169 in. which could have been caused by the fact that
the wood was not as dense as expected. It may have been possible to achieve a higher efficiency
factor by using a different proposed beam that weighed less than the one used however that would
have risked a significant increase in the deflection. It also would have been possible to achieve a
lower deflection however that would potentially lower the efficiency factor because it would have
required larger, heavier pieces of lumber. The fact that the materials used for the project were limited
to coming from the 1201 lumber yard and the fact that the modulus of elasticity and density of the
wood were assumed could all be reasons as to why there were differences between the theoretical and
experimental values. One way in which it may have been possible to achieve test results that were
closer to the calculated results would have been to calculate the true density of the wood. Another
way to possibly enhance

Corrosion Resistance Of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Contents
Abstract 2
Introduction 2
Corrosion 3
Deflections 5
Thermal 7
Timber Bridges 11
Reference 13
Abstract: Advancement in recent years on the efficiency of glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) in
production and cost benefits have increased their use as alternative means to steel rebar in bridge
deck bases. The purpose in applying rebar is to increase the tensile strength of concrete. Considering
the versatility of bridges there are many factors that need to be analyzed when choosing whether to
use steel rebar or GFRP material such as: cost, tensile strength, and weather resistance. Stress–strain
graphs were calculated, graphed, and analyzed to determine the yield tensile strength and stiffness of
steel rebar and GFRP. Data collected from alkaline bath tests were graphed and analyzed to determine
the thermal and corrosion resistance of each material. Costs per square inch of each material were
also compared as well as each materials quality and life expectancy. The results of the conducted test
analysis found the GFRP to have greater thermal resistance, lower cost, and higher life expectancy
than the steel rebar, however the steel rebar's stiffness was found to be about six times larger than the
GFRP's. These results suggest that the advancements in GFRP can provide longer lasting bridge
structures and will change the future of construction and restoration of bridges.
Keywords: Glass Fiber, Reinforced Polymer, Bridge deck, tensile strength, steel rebar.

Rutherfords Gold Turmoil Experiment: Negative Charged Atoms
Towards the end of the 19th century Joseph Thomson, discovered and experimented with cathode
rays it was found that these rays had are constant negative charged particles, then later on they were
called electrons by Thomson, the first subatomic particle he states that it would take about 2000
electrons to weigh the same as the lightest atom, Hydrogen
Thomson had later proposed that are atom is pretty much a ball of positive charge with electrons
planted evenly through it, so overall the atom is electrically neutral. That cathode rays could travel
much further through air than expected for an atom sized particle.
Thomson had purposed a plum pudding model, with positive and negative charge, where in the
pudding itself is positively charged and the plums placed around the pudding would be the negative
charged electrons, this model was sometimes seen as having a cloud of positive charge to the most
recent atomic models which describes the positive nucleus to be surrounded by an electron cloud. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rutherford disagreed with Thomson model of the plum pudding he states that The distribution of
charge would allow all the particles to pass through with no

The Surface Stress on the Microcantilever
Mapped meshes are made according to requirements as it gives user control over size and shape and
deformation of the mesh in all regions The surface stress on the microcantilever surface can be
calculated from the observed microcantilever deflection using Stoney's equation Where Δσs is the
differential surface stresses on the surface of the microcantilever, is the Young's modulus, is the
Poisson's ratio r and h are the radius of curvature and thickness of cantilever beam respectively.For a
two–layer piezoresistive microcantilever, the relationship between the surface stress and the relative
change in resistance ∆R/R for a piezoresistor is given by Where 1, 1 are the Young's modulus and
thickness of the polysilicon while 2, 2 are the young's modulus and thickness of piezoresistive,
whereas T is the distance from bottom to top of the microcantilever beam that contain the
piezoresistive and is the gauge factor of piezoresistive sensor, although above equation applies when
polysilicon and piezoresister both are different here [4]. The surface stress associated with the
deflection of micro cantilever is commonly calculated using Stoney's formula, which is simply relates
an induced substrate curvature to a surface stress. Piezoresistive microcantilever deflection process
involves the embedded of a piezoresistive material such as doped polysilicon on the top surface of the
microcantilever to measure the stress change, while the microcantilever beam deflects a stress

Bending of Open Channel Section Report Essays
Bending of a Channel Section
Experiment Two: Stiffness Report from laboratory work performed on 12 May 2011 as a part of the
unit of study CIVL2201 Structural Mechanics
Abstract
This report has been written to describe an experiment performed on a channel section examining the
stiffness of the beam through two differing types of deformation – curvature and deflection. The aim
of the experiment was to determine the value of the flexural rigidity (EI) in two different ways; using
the curvature, k, and the mid–span deflection. The testing method used for the experiment is
described. The experiment found that the EI values calculated were as follows: – EIcurv = 1.76E+10
Mpa.mm4 when calculated using the curvature, k. – EIdefl ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
7 Table 4.
....................................................................................................................................................................
7 Plotting P against the Mid
span deflection ........................................................................ 8 Figure
5.
..................................................................................................................................................................
8 Table 5.
....................................................................................................................................................................
8 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 9
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 9
References ........................................................................................................................... 9
22/05/2001
2
Bending of a Channel Section
Introduction
This report aims to describe the experiment performed to investigate the stiffness of a channel
section, and in particular calculate the flexural rigidity (EI) of the beam by two different sets of
calculations based on the results gained in the experiment. The EI of an object is used

Effect Of Effect On Crack Prevention
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Externally prestressed structures, initially developed for bridges, are now becoming popular in bridge
construction and strengthening or rehabilitation of existing structures. Comparing with an internal
prestressing system, an external prestressing system has some advantages, such as being simpler to
construct and easier to inspect and maintain. Prestressed composite beams have been studied by
several authors. In this chapter, a review of the research works carried out on external prestressed
composite steel–concrete beam is presented.
2.2 Simply supported plate girders
2.2.1 Behavior and strength
Two papers to study the behavior of partially prestressed continuous composite beams consisting of a
concrete slab supported by a steel beam were presented by Basu et al. (1987) [7, 8]. In these
researches, the prestress was introduced in the negative moment regions only . The first paper
presented analytical study on the effect of prestressed on crack prevention in the negative moment
region and savings in material due to superior structural action. It was concluded that partial
prestressing increased the load capacity of the beam by about 20% and eliminated the problem of
concrete deck cracking in the negative moment region. It was also concluded that the deflection of
the prestressed beam is about thirty percent less than that of the non–prestressed beam. The results of
tests on a model of continuous

Examples Of Find Meaning In Life With Logotherapy
Find Meaning in Life with Logotherapy Have you ever wondered about the meaning of your own
life? How about how to find the meaning of life? Logotherapy was a therapy designed to help people
figure out their meaning in life. Logotherapy uses three different techniques; deflection, paradoxical
intention, and Socratic dialogue. All of these techniques can help someone figure out the true life
meaning. Viktor Frankl is the founder of Logotherapy, and he was in his mid 40's when he discovered
Logotherapy. Frankl was motivated by the nature around him to find the meaning in his life. "Frankl
developed this theory while spending three years in various concentration camps, such as:
Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Daunau all in the time frame ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Frankl once stated, "We have the freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience or
at least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering." This is very true
because if something happens to us that we do not have control over it is up to us to determine the
attitude we will hold upon the situation. Some things happen that we have to deal with and this is just
simply a part of life. The unique thing about logotherapy is it has been proven to help terminally ill
and dying patients cope with these situations because they are to better understand everything
happening to them. This is because when you decide to have that positive outlook on life, it brings
positive vibes to you. Determining the coping process is probably the hardest thing to do when
dealing with logotherapy because most humans do not realize that most situations are overcomable
they just choose the easy way out. Unavoidable suffering mostly consists of situations where
something happened to you as a child so you have trauma or even something can happen to you as an
adult that leaves that traumatic mark on how you handle things from here on out in life. "Our main
motivation in life is our will to find our meaning, to feel like we belong." (Viktor Frankl). This is
important because many people today do not understand or know where they truly belong so the help
of

What Is Somatosensation?
Somatosensation is the collective sense of touch which enables us to feel our environment through
the specialized receptors in our skin. While in primates, the glabrous hairless skin of the hand palm
and fingers serves as sensory organ to palpate objects and obtain tactile information, rodents use their
whiskers, organized in a series of rows and columns on the whisker pad located on each side of the
snout (Fig.X). Rodent whiskers acquire somatosensory information by their deflection onto objects in
the environment, like the digits of the human, they obtain information regarding their shape, texture
and location. Somatosensation is an active process involving sensory/motor systems, where in
humans a hand will press an object of interest in order to feel its textile features, the rodent
macrovibrassae (whisker) will position itself in space, scanning the environment in a series of timed
protractions and retractions cycles (5–10Hz). The interruption of the whisking cycle caused by the
contact of a whisker onto an object provide the necessary spatio–temporal information for the
construction of a sensory percept. A whisker touch contains numerous information carried out by the
amplitude of the whisker deflection, the direction, duration, accelation/decelaration on contact,
frequency of the contact, force along the axial shaft and resonance frequency of the whisker.

AM 317 Experiment 1 Essay
AM 317
MECHANICS LAB
EXPERIMENT 1
BEAM DEFLECTIONS
TEST PERFORMED: FEBRUARY 4, 2015
REPORT SUBMITTED: FEBRUARY 11, 2015
BY
HAGOP MERTEKHANIAN
Student I.D # 105200288
Wednesday 7:00 pm
GROUP 1
ABSTRACT
Deflections of a beam are important to be able predict the amount of deflection for a given loading
situation. This experiment addresses determining the yield point for a material to fail, so the stress in
the material does not have to reach to that point. This is where understanding beam deflection
becomes a useful tool. This experiment is using beam deflection theory to evaluate and compare
observed deflection per load values to theoretical values. Beam deflection experiment done by four
parts. Part 1 –Simple Supported Bean, part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(LB)
I–moment of inertia (IN4)
E– The modulus of elasticity.(Psi)
Ymax–amount of the deflection due to applied load (IN).
L–length of the beam.(IN) a– distance from beginning of the beam to the reference point (IN)
P–single applied concentrated load.(LB)
I–moment of inertia (IN4)
E– The modulus of elasticity.(Psi)
Ymax–amount of the deflection due to applied load (IN).
Test Procedures
Part 1– Simple Supported Beam
1. Calibrate the micrometer.
2. Measure the dimensions and record them.
3. Calculate area moment of inertia (I) using the equation–4
4. Calculate maximum permissible loads for mid–span using equation–3,where maximum stress =

18,000 psi
5. Calculate maximum permissible loads for quarter–span using equation–3, where maximum stress

Deflection Of Cantilever Beam Lab Report
INTRODUCTION: The study of large deflection of cantilever beam comes from theory of elasticity.
Theory of elasticity state that "solid material will deform under the application of an external force it
will again regain their original position when external force is removed is referred to as elasticity".
We took beam made of nickel titanium alloy which regain their original shape after removing
external force act on the beam. It's a prismatic circular cross section beam. Initial shape and curvature
of nickel titanium alloy depend upon its length and self–weight of the beam large deflection of
combined loading was proposed by kyongoo lee [1] finding deflection of non–linear elastic cantilever
beam and solved governing equation using numerical integration of one– parameter shooting method.
Bishop and drucker [2] investigate large deflection of cantilever beam of linear elastic material. We
are using nitinol (nickel titanium alloy) beam it's having a low modulus of elasticity (E) which shows
good spring back behavior which regain its original shape after removing external load. Who's
bending stiffness is low compared to other material like stainless steel. Due to this property at very
low external load large deflection take place in the beam. We are going to find the deflection in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This bending moment equation was only valid when the entire point load is in same direction. In this
paper we are dealing about single segment continuum robot and the load experienced on each disk
are dependent upon load provided at end disk through secondary back bone and the direction of each
disk was also depend upon end point load direction. Important assumption
p>p1>p2>p2>p3..........>pn point load pat free end of the beam must be greater than p1 which is
present next to point load at distance L1 same will be followed to one

Animal Vaporization
According to Dickerson et al., many animals, including dogs, have loose skin that is beneficial to
shaking off water. Through video evidence, it was determined that the maximum deflection of dog fur
while shaking is 90°. The average dog's dermal tissue, all substance between the fur and muscles, has
a maximum deflection of 60°, measured by rotating the skin around the dog's bodies while standing
stationary. Through subtraction, it can be deduced that the maximum vertebral deflection is 30°. This
extra skin is advantageous, as it triples the amplitude at which the fur oscillates. An animal will shake
at the maximum speed possible, in attempts to shed the most water. A greater amplitude will increase
the distance over which the fur travels, Δd, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaporization is a process that requires an input in energy to allow the liquid molecules to overcome
intermolecular attractions and separate, which would be partially taken from the animal. George S.
Bakken calculated an estimate coefficient for this issue, providing the efficiency of evaporation, (heat
of vaporization supplied by the animal)/(heat of vaporization supplied by the animal + heat of
vaporization supplied by the environment), to be approximately .37 for a large–sized dog of torso
diameter 20 centimeters (Bakken, 1976). Further, through observation, it was seen, on average, an
animal would be able to remove up to 70 percent of its accumulated water via shaking (Dickerson, et
al., 2012). Given the heat of vaporization formula, q=mHv, where q=heat, m=mass of the water, and
Hv=heat of vaporization, the heat loss in an animal through water evaporation can be calculated. A.
K. Dickerson et al. distinguished a trend for the relation between the mass of an animal and the mass
of the water held by its fur: MWater=0.047MAnimal0.97. Lastly, the heat of vaporization of water is
2.257x106 J/kg. Thus, the simulated calculation of energy loss due to evaporation in a large dog is
found

Finite Element Results Of The Beams Model
5.7.7. Finite element results of the beams model: 5.7.7.1. Principal stress and principal strain for
beam models: This section contains structural parts. The F.E. results are mainly shown in graphics.
They are also compared to the experimental results obtained in the laboratory. Figure (5.126), Figure
(5.127), Figure (5.128), Figure (5.129), Figure (5.130) and figure (5.131) show the principal stresses Ӏ
for B1 up to B6. Figure (5.126): Principal stresses Ӏ for B1 Figure (5.127): Principal stresses Ӏ for B2
Figure (5.128): Principal stresses Ӏ for B3 Figure (5.129): Principal stresses Ӏ for B4 Figure (5.130):
Principal stresses Ӏ for B5 Figure (5.131): Principal stresses Ӏ for B6 Figures from (5.132) to (5.137)
show the principal stresses ӀӀ for B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6. Figure (5.132): Principal stresses ӀӀ for
B1 Figure (5.133): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B2 Figure (5.134): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B3 Figure
(5.135): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B4 Figure (5.136): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B5 Figure (5.137):
Principal stresses ӀӀ for B6 Figures from (5.138) to (5.143) show the principal strain Ӏ for B1, B2, B3,
B4, B5 and B6. Figure (5.138): Principal strain Ӏ for B1 Figure (5.139): Principal strain Ӏ for B2
Figure (5.140): Principal strain Ӏ for B3 Figure (5.141): Principal strain Ӏ for B4 Figure (5.142):
Principal strain Ӏ for B5 Figure (5.143): Principal strain Ӏ for B6 Figures from (5.144) to (5.149) show
the principal strain IӀ

Q Waves Research Paper
Q– waves are a sign of previous myocardial infarction. The Q wave is defined as the first downward
deflection after the P wave. It may be present and it can be absent in a normal ECG. The Q wave
represents the depolarization of the interventricular septum. Never to be considered abnormal if it is
missing from any particular lead.The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the
graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram. The Q wave is usually the central and most
visually obvious part of the tracing. The Q wave corresponds to the depolarization of the right and
left ventricles of the human heart. For adults it will normally last 0.06–0.10 s; in children and
physical activity, it may be shorter. The R wave follows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pathologic Q waves occur when the electrical signal passes through stunned or scarred heart muscle;
as such, they are usually markers of previous myocardial infarctions, with subsequent fibrosis. A
pathologic Q wave is said to have a defection amplitude of 25% or more of the subsequent R wave,
or being 0.04 s (40ms) in width and 2mm in amplitude. Diagnosis requires the presence of this
pattern in more than one corresponding lead. The point where the QRS complex meets the ST
segment is the J–point. The J–point is easy to identify when the ST segment is horizontal and forms a
sharp angle with the last part of the QRS complex. When the ST segment is sloped or the QRS
complex is wide, the two features do not form a sharp angle and the location of the J–point is less
clear. In conclusion, the Q wave once developed usually never go away for good. Any Q–wave in
leads V2–V3>0.02 s or QS complex in leads V2 and V3; Q wave 0.03 s and 0.1 mV deep or QS
complex in leads I, II, aVF, or V4–V6 in any two leads of a contiguous lead grouping. Absence of
pathologic Q waves does not exclude a myocardial infarction! Lead III often shows Q waves, which
are not pathologic as long as Q waves are absent in leads II and aVF the contiguous

Identify That Moving Charged Particles In A Magnetic Field...
Ideas and Implementations:
1. Explain why the apparent inconsistent behaviour of cathode rays caused debate as to whether they
were charged particles or electromagnetic waves.
– Arguments for cathode rays as waves.
– Effectively unaffected by gravity (the extremely low mass makes it almost undetectable)
– No obvious appearance to be deflected by electric fields
– Could travel through certain thin sheets of metal (and were in fact so small they could travel
through the crystal lattice of some metals)
– Produce florescence. –Arguments for cathode rays as particles.
– Do not reflect at equal angles
– The rays are deflected by both magnetic and electric fields
– Travel slower than the speed of light or any other electromagnetic waves ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
– Combining these two results Thompson was able to find out the mass–charge ration of an electron.
9. Outline the role of electrodes in the electron gun, the deflection plates or coils and the fluorescent
screen in the cathode ray tube of conventional TV displays and oscilloscopes.
CATHODE RAY TUBE:
 Electron Gun – used to produce fast–moving streams of electrons. o The electrodes have two roles:
1) emit electrons to form a stream 2) accelerate the electrons (accomplished by a very large potential
difference between the cathode and anode) o The anode has a hole in it to allow the stream of
electrons to leave the electron gun.
 Deflection system – used to change the direction of the electron stream o For the electron beam to
create an image on the screen, the beam must sweep over the screen rapidly.
 This is accomplished by the deflection plates that guide the electron bean to particular parts of the
screen.
 Fluorescent Screen – coated in phosphorus that emits light when struck by the electrons. o This
makes the position of the electron beam visible.

Comparison of Pre-Stressed Concrete, Partially...
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The report will mainly focus on the differences between reinforced, prestressed and partially stressed
concrete. These concrete reinforcing methods differ in the period they have been used. Reinforced
concrete was developed by a nursery owner in Paris in 1867, Joseph Monier, applying it to practical
use for the first time (Salmon & Wang, 2007). Prestressed concrete's discovery dates back to the late
1800's. Freyssinet was one of the first engineers who used this method and realised that, for this
method, high quality concrete with very high tensile steel wires, stressed as high as possible was
needed (Chris Burgoyne, 2005).
The chief purpose of reinforcement methods is to strengthen concrete in its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sealants also have to be applied to ensure that corrosion does not take place ( Darwin, D. 2000.).
COSTS
This concrete method is probably the cheapest one available for removing tensile stresses in concrete.
This is mostly a result of the fact that no special equipment is needed for the installation of this
reinforcement. Reinforcement is only placed in concrete, without any specialized procedures.
DEFLECTION
Acceptable deflection is controlled by the serviceability requirements for a structure, for example, the
total allowable deformation of the interacting components which are supported by the component
undergoing deflection. General reinforced concrete does not have a significant influence on
deflection and cannot be precisely predicted (Salmon & Wang, 2007). Reinforced concrete can
control the deflection in a beam to a small extent, causing the beam to bend less.
ELASTICITY & STRENGTH
Strength is defined as the maximum load that a material can carry. The strength of concrete usually
increases when other properties of the material improves. Combined with the simple tests for
strength, it makes strength a common and reliable way of measuring the quality of concrete.
The reversible deformation of material is known as elasticity. When a material displays elastic
behaviour, when subjected to a stress, the strain developed is fully recovered when the stress is
removed from the material. Materials have a critical level, the elastic

Materials Lab Report
MECH3362: Materials II
Laboratory Report
Brittle Rupture of Glass Plates
Guirguis Rezk SID 199991603 Objectives:
  To understand mechanisms of the fracture of brittle materials (in this case, glass) To recognize
the variations in deformation and failure mechanisms which occur with a difference in flaw size, (i.e.
between scratched and unscratched samples) Defining flaw sizes in glass plates by employing linear
elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) Utilizing the Weibull statistics approach in predicting probable
failure in brittle materials.
 
Testing Procedure:
1. The thickness (t) and width (w) of the rectangular glass sample is measured. The first glass slide is
placed in the Instron 3–point bending apparatus with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tension is produced by the bending moment of the load. For this reason the plates were placed
with scratches facing downwards so that the procedure could test the effect of flaw size on fracture
stress. Otherwise the experiment would have probably shown little difference between scratched and
unscratched samples. The scratched samples also showed consistent directions in that they were
nearly always perpendicular, this was due to linkage of cracks. Whereas for unscratched glass, the
crack will propagate according to the local shape and direction of the defect. The three point bending
test is used for brittle materials only for two reasons. The first is because brittle materials cannot be
tested with conventional uniaxial tension tests because of early failure at the grips. The second reason
is that LEFM can only be applied in bending tests to brittle materials because yielding occurs around
the same point as failure, so failure stresses can be used to calculate normal tensions in the beam
using σ = Mc/I. That is the stress versus strain diagrams remain nearly linear up until failure. Fracture
toughness is the ability of a material to withstand brittle fracture in the presence of a crack or flaw.
The equation as mentioned earlier is derived from linear elastic fracture mechanics and stipulates that
crack length is inversely proportional to fracture stress. The

Strain Gauges
T.C.D | Measurement of Strain using Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges | 3B3 – Mechanics of Solids
| | Adam McCreevey | 3/15/2013 |
This is a laboratory to learn how to make measurements using a strain gauge by using different
configurations, also to determine experimentally the axial and transverse stress at the surface of the
beam and compare them to theoretical calculations |
Introduction
If a length of wire is subject to a stress within its elastic limits, the resulting elongation and change of
diameter alters the resistance. The resulting principle is used in the resistance strain gauge, which
consists of many turns of resistance wire, wound on an insulating former, the strain gauge wire is
selected for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Δ=–mx22EI+c1x+c2
Now we work out the values for c1 and c2, we do this by looking at the boundary conditions. These
are:
1. x=0, Δ=0
2. x=l, Δ=0
Using the first set of conditions we realise that: c2=0 Using the second set of condition we realise
that: c1=ml2EI Subbing these into the full equation, we get:
Δ=–mx22EI+mlx2EI
Finally, we want to measure the deflection at a point where it is a maximum. Because this is a
symmetrically loaded beam, the point where max deflection occurs is at the centre, where x=l/2.
Subbing this into the equation we get:
Δ=–ml28EI+ml24EI
When calculating the experimental axial stress, we used the formula: σaxial=E1–ν2×εax+ν.εtr When
calculating εx, εy and τxy using the rosette strain gauges, we use the following set of simultaneous
equations: ε1= εxcosα2+εysinα2+τxysinαcosα ε2= εxcosβ2+εysinβ2+τxysinβcosβ ε3=
εxcosϕ2+εysinϕ2+τxysinϕcosϕ
Where ε1, ε2 and ε3 are the measurements from the rosette gauges and α, β and ϕ are the angles each
strain gauge makes to the axis of the beam.
When analyzing the mohr circle, we used an equation to calculate the centre of the circle, and an
equation to calculate the radius of the circle. Here they are: c=εx+εy2 for the centre and : r=
(εx+εy)22+τxy22 for the radius of the circle.

Method and Rig
We used a rig which consisted of a beam which is symmetrically and simply supported on each side.
The 5 strain gauges were an

_x000C_Formwork for Concrete Structures
Formwork for Concrete Structures About the Authors Robert L. Peurifoy (deceased) taught civil
engineering at the University of Texas and Texas A&I College, and construction engineering at Texas
A&M University and Oklahoma State University. He served as a highway engineer for the U.S.
Bureau of Public Roads and was a contributing editor to Roads and Streets Magazine. In addition to
authoring the McGraw–Hill publications Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods and
Estimating Construction Costs, 5th ed., coauthored with Garold D. Oberlender, Mr. Peurifoy wrote
over 50 magazine articles dealing with construction. He was a long–time member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, which presents an award that bears his name. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is
strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these
terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED "AS IS." McGRAW–HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO
GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR
COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK,
INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA
HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw–Hill and its
licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your
requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw–Hill nor its
licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of
cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw–Hill has no responsibility for the
content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw–Hill
and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar
damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised
of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of

Personal Narrative Analysis
To my mind velocity isn't as significant, as the weight and size of the projectile. The larger and
heavier the projectile, the less deflection. That is why the larger pistol calibers are preferable. I
possess no experience with bonded bullets. However, I can see how they would be a better option in
shooting through laminated windscreens, if the manufacturing process claim is correct that the design
will control expansion, have higher weight retention, and deeper penetration. FMJ shares some of
these characteristics and therefore in theory at least, if not in practice lesser fragmentation when
hitting the windshield and in turn penetration into the vehicle.
I suspect bonded or FMJ may work better than hollow points that you raised in the OP. Although if
the hollow point went through the windscreen, it would fragment easier which is not necessarily a
bad thing if you aren't concerned with hitting others in the vehicle as well as the driver. Even if
deflected, I suspect repeated hits on the windscreen that would have hit the driver, but for the
deflection would result in the driver changing direction which would be a natural effect in self
preservation mode. A further point, that I think has already been mentioned is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A pellet gun will go through car windscreens if the angle is right, as will a stone hurled by a lawn
mower or a 22 caliber bullet as shown in one of the posted links. If standing directly in front of the
vehicle at say a car distance away and shooting inward if there was time I would aim 4 to 6 inches
higher than the point I wanted the bullet to hit as the deflection would be downward, and if shooting
out through the vehicle windscreen, I would aim lower as the deflection is inclined to make the
projectile rise if that makes sense.The grounds for this is because of an unequal deceleration of the
projectile caused by hitting the glass at an

Investigating Hooke 's Law And The Euler Bernoulli Bending...
In this lab, deflection and strain are measured in an attempt to confirm Hooke's law and the Euler–
Bernoulli bending beam theory. In addition, the measured data allows us to calculate the modulus of
elasticity (Young's Modulus) or E of the cantilever beam. Through the course of the experiment our
observations revealed that the addition of weights deformed the beam in response to the applied
stress. This deformation can be modeled using the Euler–Bernoulli beam bending theory. Our
experimentation and calculations revealed that our data did indeed prove the theories mentioned in
this lab. Furthermore, our values for the modulus of elasticity or E came within the range of
established values found online.
Engineering involves a wide array of problems that must be overcome. A great deal of time is spent
researching materials and their properties. Materials compromise all aspects of our society, from
buildings to roads to even the equipment that was used in this lab. Problems arise in regards to how
strong or flexible the material is, with the official terms being stress, strain, and elasticity. Improper
use of such materials results in tragedies such as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington that
failed to due resonance and stress beyond its elastic limit [1].
This lab teaches us the importance of stress, strain, and elasticity. Their relationships are explored
through the deformation of a cantilever beam. Stress is introduced as weights and the beams
experiences strain.

The Physics Of Electric Force
Theory Electric force can be defined as an attraction or repulsion between two particles that is
directly related to the charge of the two particles. So when a different voltage is applied to two metal
plates the opposite charges that are applied produce an attraction. To be able to figure out the
magnitude of the field on these plates one must know the charges, surface area, and the vacuum
dielectric constant. With knowing the value of the electric field one can then calculate the value of the
electric force that is being experienced between the two plates.
Experimental Description This experiment consisted of four separate parts. The first part was to
adjust the balance to make sure it was working properly, and to measure its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That value was .0161m^2. Next we had to check the check the voltage for deflection by turning on
the power supply and adjusting the voltage. Once everything checked out properly we were able to
move onto the next section. In part 2 of the experiment we had to measure the deflection of the plates
with the laser. First we turned on the laser and measured the initial ho value of .52m, then we touched
the two plates together for the ht value and that number was .44m. Next we measured the distance
from the mirror to the ruler and it was 1.67m. With all of these values from the first two parts we
could plug them into the formula yo=(ho–ht)(X/2D). This will give us the distance between our plates
so when we plugged those values into that equation we got yo to equal .00515m which is a very close
value to our original y estimate of .005m. In part three of the experiment we had measure deflection
using mass, so we started by placing .0001 kg in the center of the pan and then plugging it into the
formula F=mg to find out the force it was exerting on the top pan. This force was .00098N and it
pushed the pans about half of the way closer together from the original spot. Then the h1 value was
obtained by reading the spot of the laser on the ruler. This was repeated three times and we got h1
values of .475m, .473m, and .475m. These values were then plugged into formula y1=(h1–ht)(x/2D).
The three–y1 values were .00225m, .00212m,

A Biphasic Compound Action Potential
DISCUSSION
Biphasic CAP. For the recording of a biphasic compound action potential, both the positive and
negative recording electrodes were used, with the negative recording electrode at position 'D' and the
positive recording electrode at position 'E' (refer to Figure 1). The extracellular bipolar recording
takes the difference between what the negative electrode picked up and what the positive electrode
picked up. The first, positive deflection of the CAP was caused by the extracellular negative charge
of the action potential recorded by the negative electrode subtracted from the positive resting charge
at the positive electrode–a positive value minus a negative value yields a positive value, hence the
positive, upward deflection of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The compound action potential adds up all the action potentials that each individual neuron
experiences in the sciatic nerve. Different stimulus amplitudes cause different neurons to fire an
action potential; this is due to the fact that each neuron has a different threshold potential, or the
minimum voltage the neuron needs to fire an action potential. The individual neuron action potential
is an 'all–or–nothing' event, but the CAP, as a summation of different individual neurons, is not. The
CAP amplitude will increase with larger stimulus potentials because more neurons with higher
individual thresholds will be recruited. For this frog sciatic nerve, there are three fiber types, A, B,
and C. A fibers are further divided, in the order of decreasing diameter, into α, β, γ, and δ fibers.
There is an inverse relationship between the diameter of the nerve fiber and the threshold potential:
the larger the diameter, the lower the threshold. Thus, as the largest fibers, the Aα neurons will be the
first to be stimulated at a low stimulus potential, and the Aδ neuron fibers will be the last to be
recruited. Because the sciatic nerve is mostly composed of A fibers, the recruitment of A–subtype
nerve fibers are more readily distinguishable from the data. The minimum potential required to
stimulate the Aα fibers was between 75 mV and 80 mV. Once the stimulus potential reached 90 mV,
Aβ neurons were recruited and contributed to the increase in amplitude of the CAP. At a stimulus

Structural Suitability and Modelling of Glass Fiber...
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture.
Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be
attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The
complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in
developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and
concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building
materials such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction,
geometrically complex free form shapes are realised by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and
glass type, the volume fractions of the fibres and the matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed
and the material properties of its constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and
highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used
resins in the production of GFRP are polyester and epoxy resins, which are both thermosetting
polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing
process, making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins
were investigated here, with the focus eventually shifting towards polyester resin. The two most
common reinforcement layouts used in the manufacturing of GFRP are woven rovings and chopped
strand mat. Woven rovings are made up of long glass fibres aligned in the resin matrix and
interwoven in two perpendicular directions, resulting in an in–plane orthotropic material of increased
specific stiffness in the directions of the glass fibres. Chopped strand mats are made up of randomly
distributed discontinuous short fibres which form a quasi–isotropic layup of

Design Of Precast Structural Elements
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.1 Preamble
The precast structural components are manufactured off or on the sites, transported to the site and
with suitable handling and erection procedures, they are assembled so as to form a structural system.
The design should cater to the conditions encountered during the various stages of construction. The
Different types of precast elements manufactured are listed below. Floor and Roof units: Hollow core
slabs, Double T, Single T, and Precast Planks. Precast Beam & Girders: can be rectangular, L,
inverted T, I and U shapes. They are usually prestressed with projecting stirrups. Precast Decked Slab
Beams: Reduce number of beams, eliminate cast–in–place concrete, rapid installation, Shallow
superstructure. Precast concrete columns: may be single or multiple storey height Precast wall panels:
Non–load–bearing panel (cladding), Load–bearing panel: Solid, Hollow core, Ribbed, Sandwich
In this study design of a few precast elements such as Hollow core floor units, RC load bearing solid
wall, columns with corbels are considered. The designs are automated using semi–automation tools
available in EXCEL. These are presented in the following sections.
6.2 Design of Hollow Core Units
This is a precast and prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids to reduce the self–weight.
They are immensely used as roof o floor deck systems. They are used as spandrel members, bridge
deck and wall panels units. Slabs are

Deflection of an Eccentric Tie
Deflection of an Eccentric Tie Student Name Soh Zheng Pei 0303341 Group Members Toh Khai
Liang Fong Woei jiunn Lee Deng Cherrng Date of Experiment: | Report due date: | Report
submission date: | Checked by: | Item/marks | | Format/10 | | Abstract and Introduction/10 | | Figures
and Diagrams/15 | | Materials and Method/10 | | Results Discussions/45 | | References/10 | | Total | |
Date of Experiment: | Report due date: | Report submission date: | Checked by: | Item/marks | |
Format/10 | | Abstract and Introduction/10 | | Figures and Diagrams/15 | | Materials and Method/10 | |
Results Discussions/45 | | References/10 | | Total | | School of Engineering ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3. RESULTS & DISCCUSION 3.1 Tables Applied Load (N) | End Moment (KN.mm) | Gauge
Reading (No of divisions) | Central Deflection (mm) | Central Deflection,' from simple formula
(mm) | '/e | Central Deflection from exact formula (mm) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 10 | 0.75 | 79 | 0.79 | 1.28 | 0.017 | 1.26 | 20 | 1.50 | 289 | 2.89 | 2.56 | 0.034 | 2.49 |
30 | 2.25 | 321 | 3.21 | 3.84 | 0.051 | 3.69 | 40 | 3.00 | 411 | 4.11 | 5.12 | 0.068 | 4.85 | 50 | 3.75 | 513 |
5.13 | 6.41 | 0.085 | 5.98 | 60 | 4.50 | 618 | 6.18 | 7.69 | 0.102 | 7.08 | 70 | 5.25 | 719 | 7.19 | 8.97 | 0.120
| 8.15 | 80 | 6.00 | 821 | 8.21 | 10.2 | 0.137 | 9.20 | Table 1: 75mm eccentric Applied Load (N) | End
Moment (KN.mm) | Gauge Reading (No of divisions) | Central Deflection (mm) | Central
Deflection,' from simple formula (mm) | '/e | Central Deflection from exact formula (mm) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 20 | 1.1 | 147 | 1.47 | 1.88 | 0.034 | 1.83 | 40 | 2.2
| 300 | 3.00 | 3.76 | 0.068 | 3.56 | 60 | 3.3 | 448 | 4.48 | 5.64 | 0.102 | 5.19 | 80 | 4.4 | 600 | 6.00 | 7.52 |
0.137 | 6.75 | 100 | 5.5 | 730 | 7.30 | 9.39 | 0.171 | 8.22 | Table 2: 55mm eccentric Applied Load (N) |
End Moment (KN.mm) | Gauge Reading

Frontal Impact Analysis
CRASHWORTHINESS OF FORD F250® TRUCK "ROLL OVER –INVERTED VEHICLE DROP
TEST (SAE J996)" by Pritesh K Shah B.E. Mechanical Engineering, January 2003, Pune University,
INDIAA Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING in DESIGN &
MANUFACTURING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August
2011 [pic] ME–11–0082 CRASHWORTHINESS OF FORD F250® TRUCK "ROLL OVER –
INVERTED VEHICLE DROP TEST (SAE J996)" by Pritesh K Shah B.E. Mechanical Engineering,
January 2003, Pune University, India A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion
University in Partial Fulfillment of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rollover crashes constitute to a meager 2 percent of all collisions and yet account for 24 percent of
passenger fatalities. Rollovers are one of the most dangerous forms of vehicle crashes because of the
high occurrence of occupants catastrophic head injuries and fatalities. [pic] Figure 1 Highway
rollover fatalaties In 2007, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) made it
mandatory that all vehicles to be equipped with electronic stability control (ESC). By the 2008 model
year, ESC was standard on 65 percent of passenger cars, 96 percent of SUVs and only 11 percent of
pickups. The ESC technology helps minimize skidding, as well as maintains control when drivers
swerve. ESC senses when a driver may lose control and automatically applies brakes to individual
wheels (Outer front wheel to counter over steer or inner rear wheel to counter under steer) to help
stabilize the vehicle and avoid a rollover [6]. Considerable research has been undertaken over the
years to differentiate rollover according to severity and to develop a standard rollover test. In most
cases the studies are applicable to passenger cars. However, many of the

Ecg Waveforms

More Related Content

Similar to Ecg Waveforms (20)

More from Sheri Elliott (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Ecg Waveforms