The High Frequency Receiver Function

The High Frequency Receiver Function
In summary, this paper analyzes the high frequency Receiver Functions (RFs) to map the intra–
crustal discontinuities and estimate the Poisson's ratio and S–wave velocity beneath Jammu and
Kashmir. The authors assume that the layers beneath stations are flat with isotropic structures and
apply three different methods to confirm their results, however, they also need to focus on the
analysis of observations to support their assumption. There are several places to improve in terms of
clarity, English grammar, syntax from abstract to conclusion. My major comments on each section
are as follow: Abstract: It is great that authors try to incorporate seismicity in the region to map the
intra–crustal interface, but they do not show it. In line ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the authors present RFs from all the backazimuths except in the case of JIMD and THDM
stations (Fig. 4) and I am not sure how can they obtain such a good coverage there (seeing Fig. 3).
There may be problem when the authors sort RFs according to backazimuths. Fig. 4 shows observed
RFs and observations are great, but it needs a significant improvement. First of all, y annotations for
BAZ cannot be seen and read. My understanding is that BAZ extends from 0 to 360, if so it
contradicts with Fig. 3 as mentioned earlier. Secondly, it is not clear from the figure caption and text
whether these RFs are individual or stacked over a small backazimuth and slowness. Thirdly, there
are RFs with first negative arrival (e.g., 3rd waveform from the top and bottom in the case of station
JIMD). These are just examples, there are several others with the same problem. I am not sure how
can the first arrivals be negative unless there is a problem in the instrument gains for horizontal and
vertical components. From the text, it is not clear how do they get the RF for the inversion. The
authors might have stacked RFs from all the backazimuths, but they need to apply coherency
criterion or visual inspection before they stack. If they stack strongly varying RFs, it can result very
simple RFs due to cancellation of negative and positive polarities. Importantly, RFs shown in this
figure challenges an assumption that layers are flat and isotropic.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Tcp/Ip
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite is indisputably one of the most
popular networking protocol suites ever developed. TCP/IP is an industry standard designed for
large networks consisting of network segments connected by routers, and is the protocol used on the
Internet (Hillpot & Ivy, 2005).
TCP/IP's roots can be traced back to research conducted by the United States Department of
Defense (DOD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as early as 1960. In the best
bureaucratic tradition, DARPAs (or ARPA, as it was called at the time) involvement in the creation
of the internet began with a memo dated April 23, 1969 that was authored by Joseph Licklider
(Waldrop, 2012). Between1970 to 1996 the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This layer compares to the Network layer of the OSI model.
TRANSPORT LAYER provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication
services. TCP and UDP are the core protocols at this layer. TCP provides a one–to–one, connection–
oriented, reliable communications service that establishes connections, sequences, and
acknowledges packets sent, and recovers packets lost during transmission. In contrast, UDP
provides one–to–one or one–to–many, connectionless, unreliable communication service which is
used when the amount of data transferred is small (Davis, 2007). For example, when the data would
fit into a single packet or when the applications or upper–layer protocols provide reliable delivery.
This layer is equivalent to the OSI Transport layer.
APPLICATION LAYER is constantly evolving and contains a vast amount of protocols. This layer
allows access, defines protocols for applications to utilize the services of the other layers, and
delineates the exchange of data. Recognizable protocols that help users exchange information are,
HTTP, which transfers files that make up the pages on the World Wide Web, FTP that transfers
individual files for interactive user sessions, and SMTP, which transfers mail messages and
attachments. Protocols that aid in the management of TCP/IP networks are DNS that resolves a host
name, such as www.distance–education.itt–tech.edu, to an IP address, RIP routers use to exchange

Overview Of A Riser System
LITEREATURE REVIEW
OVERVIEW OF A RISER SYSTEM
Conventionally a riser system as part of an offshore drilling or production system, is basically
conductor pipes connecting topside structures on the sea surface (an oil and gas floating, production
and storage facility or a drilling production structure) and subsea structures on the seabed. (Bai and
Bai).
Marine risers have been in existence from the early 1950s, they were used to drill from barges
offshore of California, United States. An important landmark happened in 1961, when drilling took
place from the dynamically positioned barge CUSS–1. Since those early days, risers have been used
for four main purposes, which includes drilling, completion/work over, production and export. ...
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Department of Marine Technology; University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 1999).
Riser Classifications
There are three main classifications of risers, which are; flexible, rigid(steel catenary risers) and
hybrid risers. With rigid and flexible risers as the two main classes, while hybrid risers are a
combination of both the flexible and rigid risers.
Flexible Risers
In the 1960s, the Institut Français du Pétrole tried to develop a flexible drilling system with a down–
hole turbo–drill, called Flexoforage. But Flexoforage failed, however the flexible pipes already
developed were found to be perfectly suited for offshore applications as production and export
risers, also as flow lines, which were fully exploited, from the 1970s.(fundamentals of marine risers
mechanics). Flexible pipe applications include water depths down to 8,000ft, high pressure up to
10,000 psi, and high temperatures above 150°F, as well as the ability to withstand large vessel
motions in adverse weather conditions. (palmer amd king)
Flexible risers are composite pipes constructed from sequential concentric layers of metals and
polymeric thermoplastic materials, with each layer having a specific

The Intervention Plan By Hofstede's Intervention Plan
The Intervention plan, written for the board of directors of Bank X, consists of two parts. The first
part includes a diagnosis of information which define the core issues that should be addressed, and
secondly provide a fitting intervention plan to guide Bank X into the right direction.
The board presented a set of problems, what we should solve, the most concerning are the lack of
loyalty among the employees and the lack of honesty of the Bank towards its environment. We used
two diagnostic approaches to reach the core of the problems Bank X faces, the Onion model
invented by Hofstede, which help us to understand the different layers of the culture in the bank and
the Behaviour approach model, which aims to present a clear summary of the behaviour of your
colleagues. The diagnosed core issue, the outcome of the analysis, is related to the organizational
culture of Bank X. This connection ultimately leads to the question: How can the management of
Bank X overcome these cultural oracles concerning their lack of loyalty, which mainly results
because of the high fluctuation, the high risk–taking of the employees and their self–interest and on
the other hand, the lack of honesty? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These sub–issues lead to the following questions:
· How can the top management of Bank X create motivation amongst all the different types of
employees in the organization towards the change effort?
· How can the top management of Bank X tailor the goal setting to ensure adequate measurement of
employee contribution while contextual factors are addressed?
· How can the top management of Bank X enhance the employee

Fxt2 Task 1 Essay
Slide: 1 Presenter's Notes:
Presentation regarding the university's Disaster Recovery Plan/Enterprise Continuity Plan including:
basic structures; roles within the DRP/ECP plan; areas within a company if addressed improve
resilience to catastrophic events, and an employee awareness campaign.
Slide 2: Presenter's notes:
Presenter's notes:
The presentation will cover several areas dealing with the university's ability to prepare for an
emergency or catastrophic event. The areas covered include:
1. Personnel roles within a disaster recovery and emergency continuity plan
2. Areas within the university that when properly addressed provide resilience to operational
disturbances
3. Outline of a DRP/ECP training program.
4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sixth the executive management team must define the procedures that all employees and essential
vendors will use during emergency situations. Seventh, the employee training team must define and
execute an awareness campaign that properly informs each employee of their role within the
DRP/ECP plan and confirm that employee's understanding of their role. Last, the emergency
management team's members must maintain documentation of the DRP/ECP plan including
updating when needed, changing the plan to meet organization changes, and recording of
observations post plan execution.
A2. Resilience Layers
Slide 4: Presentation Notes:
Resilience layers are areas within the university when addressed enable the university to prepare for
emergency situations and catastrophic events. The six layers resilience layers include strategy,
organization, processes, data/applications, technology and facilities/security.
Slide 5: Presentation notes:
The first resilience layer to discuss is strategy. Strategy includes the university's goals for itself as an
entity, the objective directing its operations, and the standards it must abide by. On this layer,
resilience can be measured by examining risks and vulnerabilities of the university. Within this layer
a strategic plan to best implement DRP/ECP rules emerges. Last, are baselines objectives that refer
to the university's basic operational goals. An example of Strategy: The University maintains
operations during an

Essay about Physical Network Layer Concepts
Unit 4 Assignment 1: Computer Basics Review
Chapter 4 Review Activities
Questions
Answers
1. You have created a simple electrical circuit with a battery, wires, and a light bulb. Which of the
following is true about this circuit? (Choose two answers)
B. The battery's positive lead pulls current toward that lead.
C. The circuit creates a direct current
2. A PC NIC and a switch port create one electrical circuit to use when sending data. The sender
creates a (maximum) 1–volt electrical signal with a frequency of 1000 hertz. Which of the following
facts are also true? (Choose two answers)
B. The phase changes over time
C. The amplitude changes over time.
3. A PC NIC and a switch port create one electrical circuit to use when ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cabling pinouts used
8. Which of the following answers best describes the definition of a cabling pinout?
C. The color of the wires and the pin numbers to which they connect on both ends of a cable.
9. A PC NIC connects to a switch port using 100BASE–T. Which of the following is true about what
happens on that link?
A. The switch receives data on a circuit that includes the wire at the switch's pin 2.
10. With a fiber–optic cable, the core of the cable, through which light passes, is made of which of
the following?
C. Glass
11. Which of the following is the type of transmitter used on fiber–optic links that provides the
longest maximum distances?
C. Laser
12. Which one answer lists the most likely place to find a fiber–optic link in a campus Ethernet
LAN?
D. Between two switches in different buildings in the same office park
13. This chapter describes SONET, a family of physical layer standards used in telco networks over
the last few decades. Which of the following are true about the slow and fast end of the optical
carrier (OC) standards mentioned in this book: OC–1 and OC–192? (Choose two answers)
A. OC–1 runs at approximately 52 Mbps
D. OC–192 runs at approximately 10,000 Mbps (10Gbps)

14. What physical medium/media do radio waves need to move from one place to another?
B. The Earth's ionosphere
15. Fred has a smart phone and a contract with SlateRock mobile. He uses his smart phone to call
his friend Barney, on Barney's

Network Layer Of Osi Model
Abstract
Internet Protocol is one of the protocol in TCP/IP protocols suite. This protocol works at Network
layer of OSI model and at Internet layer of TCP/IP model. This protocol has the responsibility of
identification of hosts based upon their logical addresses and to route data between/among them
over the underlying network. Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers
communicate over a network. There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6
(IPv6). This paper focuses on the IPv4 packet structure, Addressing modes of IPv4, Address classes
of IPv4.
Introduction
IP provides a mechanism to uniquely identify host by IP addressing scheme. IP uses best effort
delivery, i.e. it does not guarantee that packets would be delivered to destined host but it will do its
best to reach the destination. Internet Protocol version 4 uses 32–bit logical address.
Internet Protocol is the layer–3 protocol which takes the data Segments from the transport layer that
is layer–4 and divides that data into the packets. The IP packet encapsulates data unit received from
above layer and concatenates its header information. The encapsulated data is referred to as IP
Payload. The IP header contains all the necessary information required to deliver the packet at the
destination. The IP header format is shown in figure (a)
IP header includes information like Version Number which defines the version of the IP protocol,
Header Length etc. Other

Transmission of Multimedia Data over Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks
Transmission of Multimedia Data over Wireless Ad–Hoc networs
A.     Berk Barutlu Abstract Ad–hoc networking has been of
increasing interest and therefore recognized as an important research area in recent years. This paper
is about transmission of multimedia data over wireless ad–hoc networks, the problems and the
related issues. 1. Introduction 1.1     Ad–Hoc Networks An ad–hoc
network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that will dynamically form a temporary network
without the use of any existing network infrastructure. The technological developments that have
enabled ad–hoc networks are divided into two major groups; the first group is the devices that are
small and light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These data objects can be in different data formats, such as text, image, video, audio,... etc. The
objects are ordered spatially, by linking various data objects into a single entity with dealing object
size, rotation, and placement within the entity, or temporally, creating a multimedia object according
to temporal relationship with the requirement of the synchronization of the data objects, to create
composite multimedia objects. The synchronization can be continuous or point. Continuous, like the
video conferencing, where audio and video signals are created at a remote site, transmitted over the
network, and synchronized continuously at the receiver site when presented, it requires constant
synchronization of lengthy events. On the other hand, in point synchronization, a single point of a
media block coincides with a single point of another media block, such as a slideshow with blocks
of audio allotted to each slide. Multimedia data is often classified according to if it is non–temporal
or temporal. Non–temporal data is often called static, such as text, images and graphics, and
temporal data is called dynamic, like audio, video and animation. A multimedia object can consist of
both static and dynamic data objects. An example of this would be a document describing the
weather, with text and a video on the movement of clouds in the area. Dynamic data divides into
two subgroups: Non–changing dynamic data, non–real–time audio, video, animation, and

Data Link And Network Layer Protocols
Data Link and Network Layer Protocols in TCP/IP Protocol
Difference Between Ethernet II and Ethernet 802.2 LLC Frame Structures
Ethernet II framing structure is also commonly referred to as DIX Ethernet (Carrell, Chappell, Tittel
& Pyles, 2013). This frame structure was developed by DEC, Intel, and Xerox and thus the DIX
acronym that represent these major players in its development (Carrell et al., 2013). The Ethernet II
defines a two–octet field of EtherType (Carrell et al., 2013). The MAC address and the destination
come before this Ethernet frame. This precedence helps in the identification of the upper layer of the
encapsulating protocol (Carrell et al., 2013). This Ethernet standard has a unitary data link layer.
Besides, the type field in use in Ethernet II helps to extricate between different client protocols.
Moreover, the Ethernet II applies the MAC frame format in its TCP/ IP protocol (Carrell et al.,
2013). The minimum frame size for Ethernet II is 64 bytes while the maximum frame size for the
same Ethernet II is 1518 bytes (Carrell et al., 2013). The introduction of VLAN made the maximum
frame size to be increased to 1522 bytes to accommodate VLAN tagging (Pyles, Carrell, & Tittel,
2016). The preamble in Ethernet II is 8 bytes long while the destination address contains a data link
address field that is 6 bytes long (Carrell et al., 2013). Furthermore, the source address field and
type field are 6 bytes and 2 bytes respectively (Carrell et al., 2013).

Physical, Data Link, Network Layers, Management...
MIS589 Project Milestone 2
Network Requirements 1
Physical, Data Link, Network Layers
Management Integration System
ClearLeaf MIS
Prepared by: Shams Bin Shahid Anaugh
Date: 01/23/2016 Approved by:
Physical media
Physical media is found on the physical layer of the OSI model. Therefore physical media includes
cabling and equipment, wiring and the frequencies defined to transfer data between two points.
Physical media is what physically connects the computers connected on the internet. For this
network two physical media will be used to allow access to the application layers of the system. The
coaxial cables will be used to create a WAN. While a wireless protocol will be used in allowing
users to roam within the network. A LAN will be represented as follows;
Coaxial cable are classified according to it impedance. The one used in this exercise will use the
impedance of 70 ohms with RG–58. This can be used for the discussed high speed internet
requirements discussed above.
The diagram above shows the high level LAN network design that could be implemented. Inter–
office connections could be done using Sate–590553175llite Communication or using a single point
ISP provider to do the networking.
Twisted pair will also be used to plug computers to the main internet socket to aid the roaming of
the wireless users.
Physical media selection: summary
Physical media selection is very daunting task given that there as many products ready in the market
that offer wide range

Social Role Theory : The Communication Theory Of Identity
According to Hecht (2015), the "Communication Theory of Identity" began with the study of "self"
(p. 176), which found its origins in philosophy (Mead, 1913) and, more modernly, in psychology
and sociology (Hecht, 2015, p. 176). The focus on individualism began as early as the 1950's under
the constructs of self–esteem and self–concepts when questions arose about how people thought
and/or felt about themselves. Scholars believed that understanding how individuals thought and felt
about themselves would pave the way to better understand how people communicate. When scholars
referred to "self" in a singular form it assumed that an individual had one single identity. The
problem with this perspective is that, as found later, people assume a "layered" identity. For
example, an athlete may be hard working on the basketball court, but aggressive and self–protected
on the streets of Richmond, California. The more modern study of "self" in the disciplines of
psychology and sociological describes "self" as forming from social interactions and perceptions of
others. For example, how key adults such as teachers, coaches, and/or church leaders influence a
child's development. Over time, the term "self" became the term "identity. "Identity" draws on the
sociological "social role theory" that detailed how people define themselves through the roles they
play in society. Veering away from "self" and assuming the "identity" approach presented a more
complex and precise depiction of people

Nt1310 Unit 1 Network Analysis Paper
Each layer has a specific function and the layers work together to allow an application to send data
over a computer network without really specifying the exact protocols and/or physical wiring within
each layer. In line with the figure above, when the first CEO sends an email message to the second
CEO, email 'application worker' firstly prompts the first CEO to enter a message and specify that the
receiver is the second CEO. The application worker then creates the necessary data package with
message contents and the destination email address and send s this to a 'transport worker'. The
transport worker provides transport integrity. The transport worker may establish a connection with
the receiver (second CEO); monitor the overall flow between sender and receiver, and perform the
overall error control to recover any lost data to protect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'network worker' then takes the data package from the transport worker and adds routing
information as to assign the package with a specific PO BOX address or rather a network address (if
you may) in order to navigate through the network. The 'network access worker' then inserts error–
checking information and prepares the data for transmission. The 'physical worker' finally transmits
the data via a physical or wireless medium so that the second CEO receives the message. The
following figure shows how the data is transmitted from the application layer to the physical layer.
In the case of sending an email, in the same breadth, the OSI model follows similar logical and
physical connections when transmitting the email from one CEO's email mailbox to the other's. The
other difference is that though the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers, the OSI model has seven
layers which basically

We use Barry Center crossing reduction heuristics. This is...
We use Barry Center crossing reduction heuristics. This is a two layer crossing reduction process. It
is applied from top to bottom layer then bottom to top, this completes one iteration.
Assign artificial positions to first layer and calculate barry center weights of nodes at second layer.
Reorder the nodes at second layer in ascending order of their barycenter weights. The above
equation is for top–down sweeps of the layered graph. Similarly use Successors of v in bottom–up
sweeps in the above equation. This process might not remove all edge crossings but gives a good
starting point for further Subgraph Crossing Reduction process.
4.2 Subgraph Crossing Reduction
Global crossing reduction reduces some crossings but can reorder the nodes ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A topological traversal of subgraph ordering graph gives ordering αo denoting which subgraph is
left of other subgraph.
5. POSITIONING
The edge crossings are reduced and nodes are placed according to their subgraphs at each layer.
Now we need to calculate absolute positions for graph nodes such that there will be enough space to
draw subgraph boundaries. To draw subgraph vertical boundaries straight we add trail of dummy
vertical nodes one to the left and one to the right side of each layer in every subgraph.
The goal is to position the long edges as straight as possible and vertical borders of subgraph strictly
vertical without reordering the nodes at any layer. We present a heuristic approach based on
Brandes[] approach. The nodes have different height and width. There should be no overlap between
any two nodes and node and subgraph boundary. The process consists of three steps. The first and
second steps are carried out four times. The first algorithm referred as vertical alignment, to align
nodes with its either median upper or median lower neighbor node. This will give maximum
possible straight long edges positions in upward and downward direction. The alignment conflicts
are resolved with leftmost and rightmost direction. Combination of the directions creates four
alignments namely Upward–Left, Upward–Right, Downward–Left and Downward–Right. In second
step each alignment is given absolute positions according to four alignments. In last step these
alignments

Contextual Theory Of Interethnic Communication Theory
The distinction of the differences or similarities between the communicator and conversational
partners can influence whether they chose to engage in association or dissociation. These
dissimilarities and resemblances help to shape our perceptions of each other. Through the analysis of
ethnic proximity, ethnic distance, shared goal structure, separate goal structure, and personal
network integration, the situation layer of Kim's Interethnic Theory will be explored.
A Contextual Theory of Interethnic Communication As conceptualized by Young Yun Kim, the
interethnic communication theory describes the multifaceted layers and factors in communication
event. Described as an open system, interethnic communication occurs between communicators and
their interactant(s) who possess characteristic similarities or differences in terms of their ethnic or
identity markers (Kim, 2005). There are four layers to her theory: behavior, communicator, situation,
and environment. All of these layers contribute to how the communicator and their interactant
decides to interact, whether it is associative or dissociative. This paper will focus on the situation
layer. Implanted between the environment and communicator layer, the situation layer represents the
"interethnic encounter itself" (Kim, 2005, p. 334). Essentially, it is describing the interaction
between the communicator and their conversational partner(s). In this context, the communication
can take form in many ways (e.g., verbal,

Business Related Articles Essay
What does the network layer do? Where does it sit in relationship to the other four layers of our
simplified network model? Network layer is the third layer of the OSI model. It performs switching
and routing by creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transferring data from one node
to another node. Routing and forwarding are the major functions of this layer. It also performs other
operations such as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion, control and packet
sequencing. It maintains the quality of service requested by the transportation layer. It determines
how data are transferred between network devices. It Routes packets according to unique network
device addresses and Provides flow and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer protocol which is the best known example of network
layer and every machine consists of its own IP address. It manages the connectionless transfer of
data one hop at a time, from end system to ingress router, to router to router, and from egress router
to destination end system. It is not responsible for reliable delivery to a next hop, but only for the
detection of eroded packets so they may be removed.
Connection model:
The OSI Network Layer protocol can be either connection–oriented, or connectionless. In general,
the TCP/IP Internet Layer supports only the connectionless Internet Protocol (IP).
Message forwarding: This is the most important function of network layer. Since many networks are
partitioned into sub networks and connect to other networks for wide–area communications,
networks use specialized hosts, called gateways or routers to forward packets between networks.
Datagram Encapsulation:
Network layer performs encapsulation of messages received from higher layers by placing them into
datagrams which are also referred to as packets with a network layer header.
Fragmentation and Reassembly:
The major function of the network layer is transmitting messages down to the data link layer. Some
data link layer technologies consist of certain limitations on the length of any message that can be
sent. If the packet that the network layer wants to send is too large, the network

The Founder of Modern Fluid Dynamics: Ludwig Prantdl
THE FOUNDER OF MODERN FLUID DYNAMICS: LUDWIG PRANTDL
A fluid is defined as a substance that does not have any determined shape and is deformed
continuously by a shear force, thus it can be said that fluid mechanics is considered as a part of
physics which is concerning about gases, liquids and plasmas, in the other words, no solid phases.
[1] Modern fluid mechanics is based on Continuum Hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that a
matter is continuous, hence while a matter is examined, atomic structure is not regarded– because if
a matter is analyzed at a microscopic scale, the matter will be observed as discrete– and
macroscopic scale is preferred instead of microscopic scale.[2]
Fluid mechanics can be divided into some subtitles, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer part of boundary layer area can be assumed inviscid like before Prandtl. The boundary
layer is a very thin layer around the solid body. Prandtl explained the boundary layer with the help
of adhesion. The velocity difference between solid body and fluid is zero, in the other words there is
no slip condition in between since, they are interlocked by adhesion. In the light of this information,
the velocity gradient of flow changes from the surface of solid body to the outer line of boundary
layer, and this means shear stress demonstrates a vast alteration. Therefore, the friction drag force
that observed on the surface of solid body cannot be ignored.[5]
Another Prandtl's explanation is flow separation. Some layers of fluid start to make rotational
motion and then, strive for passing to free fluid flow. The separation starts at a determined point.
This point– is called separation point– is specified by external conditions completely and it is
occurred by friction which observed in the boundary layer. The layers of fluid in which is rotational
motion forms a separation region (it can be called dead region) that has a low energy. As a result of
the flow separation, pressure distribution on the surface of solid body changes and a pressure drag in
which is the direction of stream lines of free flow or friction drag appears owing to the new pressure
distribution.

Crown Cork & Seal Key Sucess Factor
Harvard Business School 378–024 Rev. April 17, 1987 Crown Cork and Seal Company, Inc. In
1977, Crown Cork and Seal Company was the fourth largest producer of metal cans and crowns1 in
the United States. Under John Connelly, chairman and CEO, Crown had raised itself up from near
bankruptcy in 1957. After 20 years of consistent growth, the company had emerged as a major force
in both the domestic and international metal container markets (see Exhibit 1). During those 20
years, Crown Cork and Seal had concentrated its manufacturing efforts on tin–plated cans for
holding beer, soft drinks, and aerosol products. By 1977, however, the ozone controversy and the
trend toward legislative regulation of nonreturnable containers was threatening ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1972 the technique was perfected, and investment dollars had begun to pour into line
changeovers and new equipment purchases. Exhibit 2 illustrates the rapid switch to the two–piece
can in the beverage industry. In the beer segment alone, almost half of the total cans used in 1974
were made by the new process. Growth Between 1967 and 1976 the number of metal cans shipped
from the manufacturers grew at an average of 3.4% annually. As shown in Table A, the greatest
gains were in the beverage segment, while shipments of motor oil, paints, and other general
packaging cans actually declined. A 6% decline in total shipments in 1975 turned around as the
economy picked up in all areas except basic food cans. For the future, soft drink and beer cans were
expected to continue to be the growth leaders. Table A Metal Can Shipments 1967–1976 (000 base
boxes) 1967 1972 168,868 64,773 75,916 31,660 44,256 6,694 21,485 3,095 6,086 5,877 6,427
1973 180,482 68,770 84,617 35,631 48,986 7,121 19,974 2,756 5,562 6,103 5,553 1974 188,383
73,104 89,435 36,499 52,936 7,083 18,761 2,533 5,202 5,765 5,261 1975 177,063 68,127 85,877
33,284 52,593 6,057 17,002 na na 4,808 na 1976 179,449 64,984 90,084 39,488 50,596 6,121
18,391 na na 5,097 na Total metal cans By product Food cans Beverage cans Soft drinks Beer Pet
foods General packaging cans Motor oil Paints Aerosols All other 133,980 67,283 42,117 14,580

Inspirational Ideas for Baby Shower Cakes Essay
Striking with the most original baby shower cake that is also tasty and affordable has become the
universal recipe after which parents to be are guiding their ideas. But not always is so easy so here
are some suggestions to keep in mind when you're out of inspiration.
Edible cakes
This type of cake is the most popular selection of each parent to be. The possibilities are limitless it's
rather an exercise of imagination for the ingredients and the shape. Here are some ideas:
1) Croquembouche – coming from French croque en bouche, this type of delicacy is not a traditional
cake. It is oftenly used in French and Italy for weddings, baptisms or first communions. Sweet taste
of creme puffs will softly crunch tastes leaving your guests ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Speaking about shapes, there is not something a prefessional baker can't do so decide you theme and
find the best appearance for the cake.
Diaper cakes
A new modern type of cake is the diaper cake which normally is not edible. Usually they are made
up different objects that will help future parents in their accomodation with the new member of the
family.
1) Diaper cake – literally a cake made of diapers. You can roll them in catchy way, tie them with
colorful ribbons and place them together to look like a cake. Afterall with a new born diapers are
always welcomed.
2) Blankets cupcake – what a nice way of transforming some simple blankets into a tasty looking
cupcake. Roll the blankets to look like filling composition, put them in an oversized cupcake shape
and tie them with a sparkling ribbon. Surely parents will be enchatend with your interpretation of a
diaper cake.
3) Socks bouquet – what's more cuter that little colorful baby socks. Roll and gather them together
to look like a rose bouquet. Pick a nice blanket for wrapping material and spread some pearls to look
more elegant.
4) Diaper candies – take some diapers, roll and put them next to each other. Take them a blanket put
the diapers on it and cover them. Then tie the blanket to look like a wrapped bar of three or more
candies.

Baby shower cake ideas are limitless, let your imagination flow away and give you the most
personal and

Application And Application Of Cloud Computing
Introduction With the Internet, users have been able to access information faster than ever. Today,
users have the ability to utilize cloud technologies to access information and services. Users no
longer have to rely on the processing power of their personal computer (PC) to complete task or
limit the ability of accessing pictures or document to a physical location such as their hard drive on
their PC. The Internet is a large network that is continues to provide more services and
opportunities. The Internet is support by a large network of routers, switches, and servers.
Understanding how to network terms and utilization will continue to allow business and user to
optimize the utilization of the Internet and cloud computing.
Ways users use applications in the cloud in today's business environment As information technology
continues to improve, applications no longer are limited to being installed locally on a physical
computer or server. Cloud computing now allows applications be access via a virtual solution knows
as the "cloud". There are many essential characteristics of cloud computing such as on–demand
access, pay per use, connectivity, and resource pooling (Durkee, 2010). Users must be able to trust
the connectivity when relying on access an application over the internet. Today 's cloud servers are
connected to high–speed networks that allow data to flow to the Internet. These high–speed
networks improve reliability and expand accessibility. Cloud computing offers

Tcp And Transmission Control Protocol
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection oriented and reliable service widely used in
internet. TCP offers error correction and the protocol offers guaranteed delivery. This is because of
the property which TCP has, that is flow control. It determines when the data needs to be resent and
stops the flow of data unless the previous transferred data has been successfully transferred. This is
because of the congestion control where the packets of data sent may collide. Congestion control
occurs if the client requests the data from the server and there is any collision, there will be a re–
request where the whole data is transferred complete and identical to the original as requested. TCP
provides a connection oriented service. Connection oriented means, two different applications using
TCP. Considering client and server model, they must establish a TCP with each other before any
data can be exchanged. TCP also provides reliable service. This service can be offered by the
following ways: * The data which is to be exchanged can be broken into bits and sent over to
receive at other end. This process is called segment. * A timer is maintained every time when TCP
sends a segment in order to acknowledge the reception. If the acknowledgement is not received the
data is resent again until an acknowledgement is received. * TCP does an end to end checksum by
maintaining checksum on header and data to make sure that no alterations have been done to the
data. * The flow control

Network Analysis : The Core Layer
The Core Layer, which is the trusted computing base internal network of the GFI network, houses
the servers that are the heart of the organization. The Core acts as the backbone of the GFI network.
The Core has six servers all with specify roles in caring out the daily operations of the business. The
core is primarily responsible for transmitting data, processing instructions, and managing the
network as a whole.
The network architecture used for the GFI network allows for interconnection and communication
between all devices on the network. The only evidence of network segmentation is the access layer 2
VLAN switch connected to the finance department. This flat design allowed GFI to reduce cost and
save on network maintenance and administration. However, as the company has grown beyond a
small startup, their network needs have also grown in size and complexity.
Risk Assessment
The risk analysis of resources, controls, threats, and vulnerabilities of the GFI information system
has outlined many critical areas of concern. All hardware associated with the GFI information
system to include switches, firewalls, servers, workstations and peripheral devices within the
architecture boundary must be secured both physically and logically. All software, databases,
libraries, computer programs, and source code used on GFI systems have been identified as areas of
risk that need to be secured. The severity of the risk impact will be determined by the potential loss
of

Human Culture Exploded With The Invention Of Agriculture
Human culture exploded with the invention of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago in the
Fertile Crescent. For the first time, instead of being largely nomadic, following herds of game
animals through their migrations, humanity could settle down into permanent settlements. For the
first time since the dawn of man, not every waking hour revolved around food. Man finally had a
large amount of leisure time, and energy to spare. This energy went into the creation of vast cities
and temples, great public works of art and engineering marvels. Less than 500 years after wheat and
barley were first grown by humans, we were brewing the first beers, and it was only up from there
(O 'Neil). In the blink of an eye, empires rose and fell again and again: Babylon, Egypt, Rome,
Greece, and countless more. As these empires grew, they spread out. This spreading out increased
trade and globalization in ways never before heard of. Continents no longer connected by land
became connected by people. Ships were sent off to distant lands and returned with new plants and
animals, many of which became the first invasive species. With no natural predators in their new
environment, these newcomers could quickly destabilize an ecosystem, and they often did. Muscles
clinging to the hulls of ships could become detached in foreign ports and establish a foothold on the
ocean floor, quickly decimating the native marine flora and fauna. Rats which had stowed away on
the hulls of ships would sometimes

Differences in Telecommunication Terms Essay
This paper will attempt to define and contrast the following terms:
a. Synchronous and asynchronous
b. Analog and digital
c. XON and XOFF
d. Simplex and duplex
e. Serial and parallel transmission
f. Baseband and broadband
g. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point–to–Point Protocol (PPP)
h. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
i. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
It will also contain a brief description and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Control characters are used when sending data to a printer, monitor, modem, or other device. XOFF
(usually referenced by CTRL+S) is used by the transmitting side at the end of the data pulsed to say
that the transmission batch is complete. XON (usually referenced by CTRL+Q) is used to start the
transmission, and is found at the beginning of the data pulse. (ComputerHope, 2004)
Simplex and duplex
A simplex data transmission is only sent one way and without control characters or error signals. An
example of a simplex transmission would be the alarm codes that are sent to officials at a burglar
alarm company.
A half– duplex transmission can send a signal and then receive a signal, but cannot send and receive
at the same time. An example would be a CB radio that can send a message, and then listen for the
response.
A duplex data transmission is capable of sending and receiving data at the same time. A telephone
line is an example of a full duplex transmission system. (Eserver, 2004)
Serial and parallel transmission
Serial transmission is the consecutive transmission of the signal. The characters are transmitted in a
sequence over a single line, rather than simultaneously over two or more lines, as in parallel
transmission.
Parallel transmission are packets of data sent at the same time, usually over more than one
transmission line. This results in faster transmission of data. Many times, this data is sent
sporadically, and start and stop

Cross-Layer Service Discovery Mechanism For Olsrv2 Mobile...
Cross–Layer Service Discovery Mechanism for OLSRv2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Authors in [66],
present a new service discovery mechanism for detecting services integrated into OLSRv2 . Service
discovery message (SDM) is a new type–length–value structure (TLV) joined to the OLSRv2
protocol aiming to advertise services. Simulation results presented the compared of the proposed
mechanism with OLSRv1 which integrated with AODV protocol. An adaptive clustering algorithm
based on improved particle swarm optimisation in wireless sensor networks NDAPSO in [67], is
presented an energy–aware and clustered nodes architecture with using modern cluster head
competition mechanism, which selecting an optimal cluster ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, the heads of clusters are identified locally according to the predetermined probability rather
than voting. Second, the transmission load and the duration of the clustering are reduced as long as
the connectivity can be achieved. Thus, the retransmissions and ACKs are eliminated. Moreover, the
proposed model is lightweight and completely distributed. The Performance results reveals that the
ICP significantly outperforms the existing clustering methods in terms of degradation the
consumption of time and energy. However, considering the cluster topology, the Cluster Head (CH)
works as an agent between the Gateway (GW) and the Cluster Member (CM), creating a bottleneck
between them and lead to what is known as the "energy hole" problem, which drains energy
strongly. An adaptive clustering approach to dynamic load balancing and energy efficiency in
wireless sensor networks HEBM (Hierarchical Energy–Balancing Multipath routing protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks)[70],introduce a novel hierarchical approach. It is proposed to degrading
the general network energy consumption and balancing the energy clearing away among the sensor
nodes, consequently, prolong the lifetime of the network. In order to achieve these two valuable
approaches, the cluster–heads are carefully designed and distributed appropriately over the area of
interest which. Moreover, nodes radio is turned off periodically according to sleeping control rules,

Chapter 5 Network Layers Questions 3, 5, 8
Chapter 5: Questions 3,4, and 8
9/29/2012
3. What are the parts of TCP/IP and what do they do? Who is the primary user of TCP/IP?
TCP/IP has two parts. TCP is the transport layer protocol that links the application layer to the
network layer. It performs segmenting: breaking the data into smaller PDUs called segments,
numbering them, ensuring each segment is reliably delivered, and putting them in the proper order
at the destination. IP is the network layer protocol and performs addressing and routing. IP software
is used at each of the intervening computers through which the message passes; it is IP that routes
the message to the final destination. The TCP software needs to be active only at the sender and the
receiver, because TCP ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network layer addresses and application layer addresses go hand in hand, so the same standards
group usually assigns both (e.g., www.indiana.edu at the application layer means 129.79.78.4 at the
network layer). It is possible to have several application layer addresses for the same computer.
8. What is a subnet mask? A subnet allows the flow of a network traffic between hosts to be
segregated based on a network configuration. The most recognizeable aspect of subnetting is the
subnet mask. Like IP addresses , a subnet mask contains 4 bytes (32 bits)and is often written using
the same "dotted–decimal" notation. For example, a very common subnet mask in its binary
representation 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 is typically shown in the equivalent, more
readable form 255.255.255.0 A subnet mask neither works like an IP address, nor does it exist
independently from them. Instead, subnet masks accompany an IP address and the two values work
together. Applying the subnet mask to an IP address splits the address into two parts, an "extended
network address" and a host address. For a subnet mask to be valid, its left most bits must be set to
'1 '. For example, 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 is an invalid subnet mask because the
leftmost bit is set to '0 '. Conversely, the rightmost bits in a valid subnet mask must

Cmgt/554 Week 2 Essay example
Patton–Fuller Community Hospital IT Department Patton–Fuller Community Hospital IT
Department In order for an organization to be able to have an efficient and successful organization
the proper Information Technology system (IT) must be in place, this document will demonstrate
what system is in place to make sure system is running successfully. Patton–Fuller Community
Hospital is a prominent hospital that is known for specializing in pharmacy, radiology, surgery, and
physical therapy. This community hospital has numerous departments and each has a different IT
need, so understanding which programs will work and be compatible is their major objective. The
patients of Patton–Fuller Hospital are accustomed to the quality service ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Patton–Fuller Community Hospital runs this type of photo technology to be able to determine
what the situation is with patients that are requiring images to determine the problem that the patient
is facing (Apollo Group, 2011). Patton–Fuller Community Hospital uses layers 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of
the OSI model. The OSI model is broken into seven layers that play a major important role in how
the model functions on a functioning level. Patton–Fuller Hospital uses certain layers of the model,
below is the function of each layer: Layer 1: Physical – This is the level of the actual hardware. It
defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing.
Layer 3: Network – The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this
layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here. Layer 4: Transport – This layer
maintains flow control of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the
devices. Layer 5: Session – Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication with the
receiving device. Layer 6: Presentation – Layer 6 takes the data provided by the Application layer
and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand. Layer 7: Application –
This is the layer that

Communication Theory Of Identity In Advertising
Are you an Apple user or an Android user? I'm sure you've heard a similar debate of differing brands
in your lifetime. I, like others, usually don't put much thought into questions like these and quickly
reply "I'm an Apple user – I love Apple". However, even the simplest questions of preference can
have root in our identities and how we communicate to others around us. Studies show that
consumers often chose brands that they feel align to their self–image (Andreea & Catalin, 2014).
Advertising, along with other communication industries, uses the concept of identity to promote
messages. I would even go as far to say that individual consumers have developed the image of
themselves from what products they use – a very powerful tool in advertising. Scholars have stated
similar saying that identity is a code that consists of symbols (possessions), words (self–description)
and the meanings that you and others give to these things (Littlejohn & Foss, 2011). It is important
to understand how we come to define ourselves since identity effects many aspects of our life, such
as what phone we will use to our overall health.
Michael L. Hecht has developed a theory that explains identity, known as the communication theory
of identity. CTI views identity in the sociocultural tradition, assuming that social relationships
prefigure individual differences, allowing for a unified yet flexible sense of self (Littlejohn & Foss,
2011). CTI is set in the philosophical framework of ontology, or

Measurements in Boundary Layer Flows
Abstract: In this experiment, the velocity profile for a flat plate at zero pressure gradient of a
boundary layer at two different stream wise points were acquired. The investigation was also based
on and how changes in Reynolds number affect the velocity distribution within boundary layers.
Parameters such as the Momentum Thickness, Displacement Thickness, Shape Factor, shear stress
and coefficient of friction was also calculated to gain a better understand of boundary layers. The
experimental values calculated were compared to the theoretical Blasius for laminar flow and Power
Law Solutions for turbulent flow to see how they varied. It was found out the higher the Reynolds
number the greater the boundary layer thickness. As the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[5] The boundary layer can also be measured by other factors. One factor is the Displacement
Thickness, δ*. It is defined as the distance by which the free streamlines are displaced in the y–
direction due to the formation of the boundary layer. The formation of the boundary layer reduces
the mass flow rate per unit area. This is because near the surface the molecules are travelling slower,
meaning less flow rate per unit area is going out compared to coming in. In order to compensate for
this loss in mass flow rate, the external streamlines (free streamlines) will be displaced. The distance
it displaced is the δ*. [5] When deriving this equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and
steady. Another factor is the Momentum Thickness, ϴ. It is defined as the thickness of a layer of
freestream fluid carrying a momentum flow rate equal to the reduction in momentum flow rate
caused by the formation of the boundary layer. Closer to the surface of the object, the flow is slower.
This means that the momentum is also slower. ϴ is a measurement of the compensation that makes
us the momentum flow rate that was lost due to the formation of the boundary layer. The momentum
thickness is useful in determining the skin friction drag on a surface. [5] When deriving this
equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and steady. Momentum Thickness is an indication
of Drag. Two parameters that

Questions On Primary Conversions And Multiples
Table 2 present arrival times of primary conversions and multiples, but it is challenging to see those
multiples in the RFs and look like noise. Additionally, the authors do not use such a long window in
the inversion.
Methodology: The authors try to summarize three different methods, but few statements are not
correct and others give different meaning. They can move "Receiver Functions" section to the
observations section as those are really the secondary observations obtained using the deconvolution
of seismograms. I present here few examples of problematic statement.
The authors say "Gaussian width of 2.5 Hz is applied", but the Gaussian width does not have any
unit. The authors can check Ammon's webpage for more details ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Importantly, this is how we solve the most of the geophysical inverse problem and works well with
some limitations. It is also not clear why the authors do not apply Neighborhood Algorithm (NA) for
the Moho depth and other interfaces.
The authors apply NA, which has two important tuning parameters. Those parameters help to
achieve faster convergence. It is important to note that those parameters depend on the problem, but
the authors never mention how those parameters were tuned and convergence was decided.
The authors also mention that they use 24 parametric bounds of Shibhutani et al. (1996), Clitheroe et
al., 2000, Fontaine et al. 2013 with six layers without any proper justification. My understanding is
that each layer has 4 parameters (thickness, S–velocity, Vp/Vs ratio, and density). However, the
authors mention that the layer properties are represented by thickness, S–velocity and Vp/Vs ratio.
In that case, is the density fixed to some values? Additionally, why do they decide to fix it to six
layers, why not five/seven?
The authors say in line 240 that "the set of 24 parameters in the inversion are relatively well
constrained" and not sure relative to what?
Section 4.4: Mathematics on the H–K stacking is not required unless the authors have done this
differently. Mathematics also suffers from the same notations used for different variables (e.g.,
variance and Poisson's ratio). Moreover, the authors derive relations for standard deviation of

Case Study Layar
University of Amsterdam – Business Studies International Entrepreneurship March – 2010 dr. Tsvi
Vinig "Ubiquity First, Revenue Later" A descriptive case study on the entrepreneurial venue Layar
B.V. Bendert Katier Studentnumber: 5927752 Bendert.katier@gmail.com
http://twitter.com/BendertKatier 2 "Ubiquity First, Revenue Later" A descriptive casestudy in the
entrepreneurial venue Layar B.V. Bendert Katier – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Big technology companies such as Intel, Apple and HTC are developing mobile–
‐ phone software
and services for the use of augmented reality services, and big retail companies use it for their
marketing campaigns. Also multiple start–
‐ups are developing interesting applications that allow
anyone to create tags for the real world. These days, anyone with a mobile device or a computer can
tag physical structures and sites around the globe with informatory text, or multimedia content
found on various other more 'traditional' web pages. One could for example point their phone at
Dam Square Amsterdam, and see information pulled up from Wikipedia, photos taken there by users
from Flickr, news related items or just find out what friends said about

Types Of Standards And Protocols In Computer Network Systems
The documented agreements with precise criteria are standards. It stipulates how a product or
service should be designed or performed. Standards form the fundamental building blocks for a
product by establishing consistent protocols which can be globally adopted and accepted. For a
device to communicate over a computer network, standards and protocols gives rules that helps the
hardware and software to work together. There are different standards like ANSI, IEEE etc.The
advantage of TDM is as follows:
(i)When multiplexed between the signals there is low intrusion.
(ii)There is bandwidth savings.
(iii) TDM provide more flexibility and efficiency, by dynamically allocating more time periods to
the signals which need more bandwidth, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, this layer moves entire frames from one network element to adjacent one and the service
provided by link layer is protocol dependent.
5. Physical Layer: It gives physical media and at each node, it moves individual bits of frames to
next node.
5. What is an application–layer message? A transport–layer segment? A network– layer datagram? A
link–layer frame?
Ans: Application layer message: The data which an application wants to send and passed onto the
transport layer.
Transport–layer segment: Its generated by the transport layer and encapsulates application layer
message with transport layer header.
Network layer Diagram: It encapsulates transport layer segment with a network layer header.
Link–Layer Frame: It encapsulates network layer diagram with a link layer header.When we send
many signals through a communication link to form a single, complex signal at the same time is
multiplexing. The DSL modem of each customer uses the existing telephone line so that it can
exchange data with digital subscriber line access multiplexer(DSLAM) which is located at the local
central office of Telco. The DSL modem of home takes the digital data and translates it to high–
frequency tones for transmission over telephone wires to the CO. At the DSLAM many analog
signals are translated back into digital format. The residential telephone line carries both data and
traditional signals at the same time, which are encoded at different

Stable and Self Adaptive Routing for Mobile and Ad Hoc...
System Design
The cross layer based reliable routing algorithm, is designed using the metric from the physical
layer, data link layer and transferring it to the network layer to make the routing decisions. This
algorithm involves the mobile node cooperatively to establish the route and introduces the radio link
stability with extensive cross layer cooperation to establish reliable and stable routes. We have
developed this algorithm by modifying the underlying principle of dynamic source routing protocol.
Dynamic source routing is known for its benefits of routing in multiple paths avoiding the overhead
of new route discovery whenever the route in use breaks [10. Hang Shen et.al, 2008]. The route
discovery and route maintenance easily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In our approach of cross layer design along with link SNR, fading effect and FEC role is also
accounted to find a stable routes.
Route discovery in CL–DSR
Route discovery consists of link metric computations to decide on the stability, quality of the link to
prioritize the route. The components of the link metric is the link instability index contributed by the
average bit error probability from the soft output decoder and path loss from the received signal
strength.
Similar to DSR, the route discovery is initiated by the source only when it has to send data packets
to the destination. The source node broadcasts a RREQ packet to its neighboring nodes. The
receiving nodes of the RREQ packet will update the RREQ packet with its ID, next hop and link
metric computed based on the CL–DSR rules. At the destination node populates its RREP packet
with both metric and unicasts to the source node.
The path instability index denoted by 'Ψ' indicates how instable is the link. Hence lower the value of
Ψ, better the path. The source node on receiving the RREP packet from multiple routes selects the
route with lowest path instability index and initiates the data transmission. The other routes are
stored in the path cache in the ascending order of the path instability index.
Computation of Link metric
The individual link metric is computed from the soft outputs provided by the channel decoder. The
soft outputs are retrieved for the previous processing like

Compare And Contrast The Ttp/Osi Model And TCP/IP Model
A computer is a universe of connections , information and a computer language do not necessarily
know when we use within this universe there is the ISO / OSI model and TCP / IP ( Internet model
used ) Model . Three new things that I have learned from these videos are, ISO / OSI model TCP /
IP model Funtions of ISO / OSI model and TCP / IP This research addresses these two models in the
case of the ISO / OSI model, is disclosed in its infancy and generally know how this model, and
finally there are 7 layers in the ISO / OSI model and In Model TCP / IP, Internet model used to first
know how the Internet works which leads to insight into their model, as in the previous model we
know works and focus on their coats that unlike the ISO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that some of the layers of the TCP / IP model have the same name as the
layers of the OSI model. Application Layer The designers of TCP / IP thought the higher level
protocols should include details of the session and presentation layers. Just created an application
layer that handles high–level protocols, issues of representation, encoding and dialog control. The
TCP / IP model combines all aspects related to applications in a single layer and ensures that these
data are properly packaged for the next layer. Then you will see a graph that associates these layers
and see which is easier than it seems. Transport layer The transport layer relates to aspects of quality
of service with respect to reliability, flow control and error correction. One of its protocols, the
protocol for the transmission control (TCP), provides flexible and high–quality products to create
reliable communications network flow smoothly and with a lower error level ways. TCP is a
connection–oriented protocol. Maintains a dialogue between the origin and destination information
while packaging the application layer in units called

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Network Layer
Core The core layer is the backbone layer of the network running at high speed switching,
transferring large amounts of data and also handling the requests of the distribution layer . This layer
has high speed devices; the most implementations have layer 3 switches or high end routers. Its key
characteristics are: redundancy, fast transport of large amounts of data, high reliability and
availability, low latency. The core layer should not do any packet manipulation.
The distribution layer acts as a services and control border between the access and core layers. This
layer is the place where routing and packet manipulation, policy enforcement, access control are
performed. The distribution also has high redundant connectivity, both toward the access layer and
also the core layer. In this section, layer 3 switches or routers are typically used. ... Show more
The purpose of the access layer is to grant user access to network resources; in my case mostly
through wireless access points. The access layer's main characteristics are: high availability, layer 2
switching, QoS, Power over Ethernet.
5.5. SERVERS
For a school the convenient server topology is a centralized server farm design . Due to this design
the Network traffic enters and leaves the server farm at a defined point which makes it easier to
secure, filter, and if needed to prioritize traffic. The essential server types are the following for any
network.
The first server is the Domain controller which stores the users account information and responsible
for authentications while also enforces security policy due to the Active Directory Domain

IPAddressing : IP Operates On The Network Layer Of The...
IP Addressing
IP operates on the Network Layer of the reference model. IP addressing is important because IP
helps in routing packets, just us the Post Office needs an address on a packet or letter for correct
delivery.
IPV4 is made up of 32–bit addresses, as opposed IPV6 which has 128–bits, and this obviously larger
address space has become necessary because the world is running short of IPV4 addresses. Most of
the internet now uses IPV4, so this discussion will mostly concentrate on IPV4. A lot of the ideas
discussed here have been gleaned from a web site of a company called TutorialsPoint, and also
credit is due to Tanenbaum and Whetherall (2011).
First, the format or the composition of the IP Address is made up 32 bits grouped into ... Show more
A class A network may be written in the format like 10.0.0.0/8, to signify the 8 bits of the network
part. There is also the distinction between Public and Private addresses, where public addresses are
recognized world–wide, as they are allocated by designated organizations, and that is how they are
running out; almost all valid addresses have been allocated. On the other hand, private addresses are
used within an organization or a home, however, they require the help of a publicly recognized
address to communicate globally, and this is through a process called Network Address Translation
(NAT). The allocation of Public IP addresses falls under the authority of IANA (Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority), a global body that oversees regional organizations, and these organizations are
more directly involved in IP Address allocation.
Subnet Masking
The meaning of Subnet can be derived from its name, by taking the beginning of the name ("Sub"),
which means underneath or a part of, in this context of a network. The idea is to sub–divide a
network into smaller parts for manageability by routers. There is also the converse, Aggregation,
which is scaling the network to accommodate more hosts in one network. In this discussion, I will
only dwell on Subnets, but before further discussion let me bring up the concept of Masking. The
mask is also a 32–bit

Computational Model of Neural Networks on Layer IV or...
Topic: Computational Modeling of Neural Networks on Layer IV of Primary Visual Cortex
Confirms Retinal Origin of Orientation Map
Results section Orientation selectivity is one of the properties of neuron in primary visual cortex that
a neuron response maximally when particular orientation of stimulus is given. The orientation map
is a map showing the orientation preferences of cortical neurons in primary visual cortex. This
research provides evidences for support of the theory posit that the orientation selectivity map is a
product of a Moiré interference pattern that originates in retinal ganglion cells. This paper shows
that interactions between excitatory neurons and inhibitory neurons in neuron network modeled by
NEURON simulator having a Moiré interference pattern which results in an orientation selectivity
map on the primary visual cortex.
The LGN neural network
The Feed Forward Input Network
The On and Off mosaics of magnocellular LGN cells were created. Examples of the mosaics are
shown in the figure 5. The networks act as feed forward input to the cortical neural network. Figure
5. The On and Off KGN mosaics. A) The ideal mosaic when there is no spatial noise.
B) The mosaics that created following the real physiological data constraints.
A shows more interference pattern than B.
Layer 4C of Primary Visual Cortex Cortical Network Model
There are two types of cortical neurons being considered in the model, excitatory neurons and
inhibitory neurons.

Environmental Pollution: Change In The Air Essay
Change In The Air
Our understanding of atmospheric chemistry is the best it's ever been. And yet in our modern age of
technology finding solidifying proof that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming has yet to
occur. We do not as of yet have enough solid evidence to say for certain that it is, nor is there the
evidence to say it isn't. None the less discovering the truth about the matter and bringing us one step
closer to how to handle it is only a matter of time.
From the dawn of time mankind has recognized that air was more than just empty space, but
material no different from liquids and solids. The Greeks thought it to be one of the four elements,
along with earth, water and fire; it is from these very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Romermann's investigation into the matter lead to the conclusion that the shift in ecology is
attributed to the combustion of fossil fuels by traffic on the highway. Forests are well known as
nitrogen limited environments. The observation of a shift in species composition and dominance
was a clear indicator that the ecosystem had surpassed critical load of disturbance on the down wind
side. It should be noted that deposition levels decreased in the forest at greater distances from the
highway on par with decreasing accumulations of nitrogen isotopes found in the tree rings. As
shown by Rommerman, it is negligible to focus solely on carbon dioxide as the only major concern
of the atmosphere's change in chemistry. The scientific community has a responsibility to remain
impartial in its search for fact and must remain ever wary of self–biases in order to conduct proper
science (Rommerman 2005).
What's more, raised carbon dioxide levels are not necessarily a bad thing. In a study done by Achim
Walter, increased carbon dioxide in the available atmosphere increased cell production and cell
expansion of Populus deltoides. Plants in general show increased photosynthesis when influenced
by raised carbon dioxide levels. It was determined that the larger leaf area exhibited by Populus
deltoides did not come about by larger leaves upon emergence by growth. This also accounts for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Layered Security And...
It is not uncommon to find various organizations complaining about security flaws in their
information systems. Failing to prevent or mitigate the security flaws may lead to system
breakdown, errors, and loss of crucial information. This is why it is important for users of
information systems to find the right solutions that can help counter and mitigate security flaws. One
common problem with security flaws connected with information systems or networks is that the
security flaws occur in multiples. Technological advances have, fortunately, made it possible for
people and organizations to prevent and detect such security flaws using security strategies. Layered
Security and Defense in Depth are two strategies that can help prevent attacks and protect
information systems against security flaws. The two strategies are similar but are based on
completely two different concepts. This paper compares and contrasts the Layered Security and
Defense in Depth Strategies by explaining how each of the two functions. Additionally, the paper
includes an explanation about the advantages and disadvantages of the two strategies.
Layered Security refers to the use of a collection of or various tools to cover the gaps in security not
covered by other tools. Layered Security operates on one principle in that there is no silver bullet
when protecting networks or computers (Chatterjee, Hora, & Rosoff, 2015). This means that there is
no single method of making systems 100 percent safe; instead,

Traffic Control And Congestion Control Essay
1. Increasing the router memory to infinite cannot control the congestion. Agree or disagree?
Elaborate briefly (60–100 words) Why is it true that route with infinite memory does try to
minimize congestion, this can simply get out of control and get worse if the rate of incoming packets
is far more than the outgoing packet and especially if more incoming packet from multiple input line
arriving at any given router need the same output channel. This build up a queue and before other
packet reach the beginning of the queue they have already timeout prompting re–submission of
duplicates building up the queue again leading to more congestion. A lot of other factors are in play
here, among these include router CPU and bandwidth. 2. Compare the following: Flow Control vs
Congestion Control Congestion control basically states that a network device can transmit only a
certain number of packets and can not add more packets to a network until an acknowledgement is
received. Congestion control prevents too much data from being injected into the network, causing
links and switches to be overloaded Flow control works by refusing new connections until
congestion is resolved. In serial transmissions, Xon/Xoff is used for flow control. It is a handshaking
mechanism that will keep a sender from sending data faster than a receiver can receive it. flow
control prevents senders from overrunning the capacity of the receivers Open loop congestion
control methods vs Closed Loop congestion

The High Frequency Receiver Function

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