Reforestation Afghanistan
- 1. 1 Unit C: Forest Management Lesson 6: Examining Deforestation Practices
- 2. 2 Terms. · Cuttings · Direct seeding · Heel-in · Planting bar (dibble) · Wild seedlings
- 3. 3 Identify Methods of Reforestation · The majority of forest owners rely on natural regeneration to restore most stands after logging. · However, in some instances human intervention is necessary. · In these cases, foresters artificially reforest an area. · Some methods by which this accomplished are:
- 4. 4 Wild Seedlings · Wild seedlings are those growing in the woods in a natural state. · For all practical purposes, digging up and transplanting of such seedlings for reforestation purposes should be avoided. · Such practice is uneconomical and inefficient.
- 5. 5 Direct Seeding · Sowing repellent-coated seeds on an area where trees are desired is known as direct seeding. · This method can be effectively and successfully employed under proper conditions.
- 6. 6 Direct Seeding · Large areas can be directly seeded by hand, airplane, cyclone seeder, or grain drill. · Also, the cost of establishing a stand by this method is usually less than the cost of planting tree seedlings.
- 7. 7 Some factors that affect the success of direct seeding are: · Vegetative cover - Heavy vegetative cover can prevent seed from reaching the soil and interferes with germination. · A prescribed burn can be used prior to seeding to remove such cover in the desired area.
- 8. 8 Some factors that affect the success of direct seeding are: · Soil moisture - Soil moisture affects germination of seed and growth of seedlings. · An insufficient amount of moisture following direct seeding will result in a low germination rate and/or a high mortality rate of seedlings.
- 9. 9 Some factors that affect the success of direct seeding are: · Birds and rodents - Birds and rodents consume seed for food. · Therefore, seed should be treated with a bird and rodent repellent before being broadcasted.
- 10. 10 Cuttings · Some species of trees can be reproduced from cuttings. · Cuttings are pieces of branches, usually 20 to 30 cm in length, cut from a tree. · Examples of species that can reproduce via this method are willow, cottonwood, and several conifers.
- 11. 11 Nursery Seedlings · The planting of nursery-grown seedlings will increase the probability of establishing a good stand. · Nursery seedlings are usually planted barerooted because of the ease of transporting and handling seedlings with this method.
- 12. 12 Eucalyptus saplings are unloaded for distribution in Kunar Province These are bare root saplings.
- 13. 13 Containerized Seedlings · Using containerized seedlings for reforestation is becoming increasingly accepted. · In this method, seeds are germinated in small pots of soil or other growing medium. · After 8 to 32 weeks, the seedlings are planted without disturbing their roots.
- 14. 14 Pistachio saplings at the Department of Agriculture farm in the Tagab District of Badakshan are grown and waiting to be distributed to farmers.
- 15. 15 Advantages of this method are: · Improved rates of survival and growth of seedlings. · Difficult species are more readily produced. · The planting season can be extended.
- 16. 16 Disadvantages of this method are: · Cost. Containerized seedlings often cost at least twice as much as bare root stock. · Seedlings are bulky, making them more difficult to handle and transport. · Requires more site preparation than direct seeding
- 17. 17 Explain Tree Planting Guidelines · A number of key factors should be considered when planning to reforest an area. · They are:
- 18. 18 Tree Planting Guidelines · Estimating needs - It is important to order the proper species and number of seedlings required for the area to be reforested. · If an open area is to be reforested, the following guide gives the number of seedlings per acre, depending on spacing used:
- 19. 19 •1.8 meters × 2.4 meters: 908 seedlings •1.8 meters × 3.1 meters: 726 seedlings •2.4 meters× 2.4 meters: 680 seedlings •2.4 meters × 3.1 meters: 544 seedlings •3.1 meters × 3.1 meters: 436 seedlings SEEDLINGS PER 0.4 HECTARE BASED ON SPACING USED
- 20. 20 Tree Planting Guidelines · Areas in need of planting - The area that will be planted during the reforestation process should be considered in selecting the species to be planted.
- 21. 21 Some possible locations are: · 1. Cleared or abandoned farmlands · 2. Non restocking forest land · 3. Openings in forest stands · 4. Watershed protection areas · 5. Windbreaks
- 22. 22 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · There are several steps to follow to properly plant a tree seedling.
- 23. 23 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · Before planting, seedlings may be stacked in layers 8 to 10 deep for temporary storage without any adverse effects. · It is important however to plant the seedlings as soon as possible after receiving them from the nursery.
- 24. 24 Heel-in Seedlings · To heel-in seedlings means to store the young trees prior to planting by placing them in a trench and covering their roots with soil. · In this process, seedlings are placed in a V-shaped heel-in trench and allowed to lean parallel to one side of the trench. · The roots must be fully extended to the bottom of the trench.
- 25. 25 Heel-in Seedlings · A seedling with curled roots will be difficult to plant correctly later. · After placing the seedling in the trench, fill it three-fourths full with soil. · The soil is then packed around the roots and then the rest of the trench is filled with soil. · The soil is then covered with leaves to conserve soil moisture.
- 26. 26 HEELING-IN AND PLANTING PINE SEEDLINGS
- 27. 27 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · The site in which the seedlings will be planted must be prepared by removing any excess vegetative cover. · This may be accomplished through prescribed burning, bulldozers, brush cutters, or plows.
- 28. 28 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · Spacing of trees depends on the owner’s objective. · In pine trees, a spacing of 1.8 × 2.4 meters or 2.4 x 2.4 meter favors maximum cubic meter volume growth. · A spacing of 3.6 meters between rows is sometimes used to allow the passage of vehicles and equipment.
- 29. 29 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · Wide spacing, such as 3.1 x 3.1 meters or 3.6 x 3.6 meters often allows trees to grow to large diameters in a relatively short time.
- 30. 30 How to Properly Plant a Seedling · There are a variety of procedures that can be used to plant seedlings. · As a rule, only about 75 to 80 percent of all properly planted seedlings will survive.
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- 32. 32 Some of the procedures are: · Hand planting - The planting bar (dibble) is a metal tool used to make a hole in the soil and is one of the best tools for planting seedlings by hand. · The planting bar has four parts: handle, shaft, blade, and foot step. · The wedge-shaped steel blade is is usually 20 to 25 centimeters long and about 7.6 centimeters wide, tapering to a sharp edge at the base. · A shovel can also be used; it just takes longer to plant trees.
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- 34. 34 In Nuristan Province, a USAID field technician shows farmers how to plant a sapling. During the March 2009 campaign to restore forestry in eastern Afghanistan, 1.2 million trees were planted.
- 35. 35 Some of the procedures are: · Machine planting - As expected, machine planting is much faster than hand planting. · A two-person crew can set out 7,000 to 10,000 seedlings a day on suitable sites.
- 36. 36 Review / Summary 1. Identify methods of reforestation. 2. Explain tree planting guidelines. 3. Explain how to care for and plant a seedling.