Educ 201-Learning and Information Processing
- 2. 'Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or the strengthening or weakening of old behaviorastheresultof experience.” - Henryp. Smith ‘The term learning covers every modification in behaviour to meet environmental requirements.’-Gardner Murphy ‘Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, habits and attitudes. It involves new ways of doing things and it operates in an individual’s attempts to overcome obstacles or to readjust to new situations. It represents progressive change in behaviour. It enables him to satisfyintereststo attaingoal.’ -Crow and Crow MEANING OF LEARNING
- 4. assumesalearnerisessentially passive,andwill beshaped through positive or negative reinforcement. 1 BEHAVIORISM Learningisunderstoodastheacquisitionof knowledge:thelearnerisaninformation- processorwhoabsorbsinformation,undertakes cognitiveoperationsonit,andstocksitin memory. 2 COGNITIVISM learners actively construct or create their own subjective representations of objective reality,and link new information to priorknowledge. 3 CONSTRUCTIVISM 4 childrenlearn fromobserving others as well asfrom“model” behaviour, which are processes involving attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- 5. Different psychologists have defined various laws of learning. Amongst these, psychologist Thorndike formulated three major laws of learning whicharewidely accepted andappliedinthefieldof education.They are: Law of Readiness: When a person is ready to act or to learn, he acts or learns more effectively and with greater satisfaction than when not ready. Before actuallearning,onemustbementally prepared. LAWS OF LEARNING
- 6. Law of Exercise: Those things most often repeated are the best learned. Lawofexercise hastwosub–parts: (a) Law of use - When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response keeping other things equal, the strength of that connectisincreased. (b) Law of disuse – When a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a period of time keeping other things equal, thestrength of thatconnectionis decreased. LAWS OF LEARNING
- 7. Law of Effect: means that the learning takes place properly when it results in satisfaction and the learner derives pleasure out of it . On the other hand, if the learner faces failure or get dissatisfaction, the progress on the path of learningishampered. LAWS OF LEARNING
- 8. TRILOGY OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
- 12. TRILOGY OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING TEACHER LEARNER LEARNING PROCESS
- 25. It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of learning whichistranslated intotheclassroom. There aretwo maintypes of approaches: 1. Learner centered approach - it is premised on the belief that the learner is also an important resource because he/she too knows something andis therefore capableof sharingsomething. 2. Teacher centered approach - The teacher is perceived to be the only reliable source of information in contrast to the learner-centered approach. TEACHING APPROACHES