Effect of number of stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield, nutritive quality and performance of wad sheep fed native panicum maximum

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
73
Effect of Number of Stylosanthes Hamata Rows on Herbage Yield,
Nutritive Quality and Performance of Wad Sheep Fed Native
Panicum Maximum
Alalade, J.A1
., Akinlade, J.A2
., Aderinola, O.A2
., Amao, S.R3
. and Adaramola, K. A1
1.Department of Animal Health and Production, Oyo State College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 10, Igbo Ora.
Oyo State.
2. Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000,
Ogbomoso, Oyo State. Nigeria.
3.Department of Agricultural Education, (Animal Science Division), School of Vocation and Technical
Education, Alayande College Education, P.M.B.1010, Oyo, Oyo State. Nigeria.
E-mail of corresponding author: amaosr@yahoo.com
Abstract
The effect of number of Stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield and nutritive quality of native Panicum
maximum was assessed at Teaching and Research Farm of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
Ogbomoso, Oyo State in the derived Savannah Zone of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomized
complete block design with each plot replicated thrice. Stylosanthes hamata seeds were interplanted with native
Panicum at 8weeks cut back of establishment using different inter-sown spacing of 25cm, 16.7cm and 12.5cm
with 1row, 2rows and 3rows of legume respectively. Parameters investigated at 12weeks old on native Panicum
were biomass yield, tillers number and height, leaf length and width, chemical and mineral compositions. The
grass herbage harvested from experimental plot were fed as sole diets to West African dwarf ram to determine
feed intake (g/d/kg 0.75
), nutrient digestibility (g/kg) and weight gain (g/h/d). Results showed that herbage yield,
chemical and mineral composition of Panicum at 12weeks old improved. Biomass yield (383000kg/ha), number
of tillers (33.00), tiller height (140.14cm), leaf length (51.37cm) and leaf width (2.38cm) were significantly
higher for native Panicum inter planted with 2 and 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata. Crude protein (9.85%) and
gross energy (3.13kca/kg) content of Panicum inter planted with 2 and 3rows of legume spacing were (P<0.05)
higher than 1 row. P (0.20%), K (0.36 %), Ca (0.32%), Mg (0.25 mg/100g), Fe ( 270.30 mg/100g), Zn (10.00
mg/100g), and Cu ( 2.00 mg/kg ), of Panicum inter planted at 2 and 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata spacing were
(P<0.05) better than other. The feed intake (43.70 g/d/kg 0.75
), nutrient digestibility (79.67 g/kg) and weight gain
(53.6 g/h/d) of animals fed Panicum interplanted with 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata was significantly (P<0.05)
highest compared to its counterpart. This study revealed that intercropping of Stylosanthes hamata with native
Panicum at 2 and 3 inter rows spacing promoted higher herbage yield and nutritive value for the Panicum
maximum. Animals fed with this as sole diet experienced higher weight gain.
Keywords: Stylosanthes hamata, Panicum maximum, number of row, feed intakes, herbage yield, Nutritive
value, Wad Sheep
1. Introduction
Ruminant animals are important sources of animal protein throughout the world, including the developing
economies (Timon and Hamahan, 1986). It was estimated in 1992 that meat from sheep and goats came second
only to beef in importance for meat supply in Nigeria (Osinowo, 1994). Rapid and!increasing demand for
products of animal origin exists in tropical countries. Ruminant animals can play an important role in meeting
this demand and for income generation and poverty alleviation in rural and peri-uban areas (Osinowo, 1994)
Nutrition is one of the most important factors that determine the profitability of any livestock venture (Adu,
1982). Akinlade et al., (2005) reported that a major problem facing small ruminant animal producer is how to
feed the animals adequately in all year round. Consequently, the issue of palatability and nutritive quality
changes has become of interest and great concern to researchers (Huston et al., 1993).
Pasture production is a major agricultural resource supporting both intensive and extensive systems of ruminant
production. Ruminant animals rely on pasture for their nutrition than on any other feed resource (Aderinola et al.,
2008). Panicum maximum species are notable forages for animal production in south west Nigeria. Use of
fertilizers to improve forage yield and usage of commercial concentrates as livestock supplements are limited
due to inability of farmers to purchase them (Sodeinde et al.,2006). The importance of forage legumes in
increasing herbage production from grasses and enhance the quality of feed produced has been recognized
(Muinga et al., 2007). Legumes benefit grasses by contributing nitrogen to the soil through atmospheric fixation,
decay of dead root nodules or mineralization of shed leaves (Aderinola, 2007).

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74
Intercropping forage legume with grasses has been reported to increase forage dry matter yield, forage quality in
terms of crude protein content, voluntary feed intake and digestibility (Aderinola, 2007). Legume grown with
grasses offer several advantages over grasses grown alone. Baylor (1994) noted that inclusion of legumes in the
pasture usually results in increased yield, higher quality and improved seasonal distribution of forage. Legume-
grass mixtures have reduced weed encroachment and erosion and have led to greater stand longevity than
legume or grass monoculture (Akinlade et al., 2003).
Some creeping legume such as Canavalia ensiformis, Stylosanthes hamata, Pueraria Phaseliodes and
Centrosema pubescences are high in crude protein and are well adapted to varying weather and ecological soil
conditions. Farmers often use these legumes for soil improvement (Babayemi and Bamikole, 2006). The
objective of this study was to investigate the effect of number of Stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield,
nutritive quality and performance of WAD sheep fed native Panicum maximum.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Site
The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso located in the derived Savannah zone of Nigeria. Ogbomoso lies at approximately 80
7’North of the
equator and 40
15’East of Greenwich Meridian. The location has the lowest temperature of about 180
C during the
peak of harmattan and the highest of about 370
C recorded during the peak of dry season with moderate to heavy
seasonal rainfall (1247mm annually) and high relative humidity. The natural vegetation is considered to be low
land rainforest but under the influence of high agricultural activities comprising of a bush fallow system of
farming, little high forest remains. Therefore, it is regarded as a derived savanna vegetation zone because grassy
vegetation has followed the clearing of land and cultivation with soil elevation of 1150ft (Adeniyi, 2005).
2.2 Field layout and management practices
The area of land used was 1504m2
. The land was cleared, stumped and leveled manually to obtain a clean seed
bed. Seeds of the legume (Stylosanthes hamata) were procured from the International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture, (IITA) Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria. Native Panicum maximum (Green Panic) were sourced from
within the University pasture demonstration plot. Treated seeds of Stylosanthes hamata planted into the soil by
drilling along the rows at the rate of 7.5 kg/ha. Each treatment was replicated thrice and each experimental plot
measured 10m x 15m with 1m path between plots. At the time of establishment crown splits with 2 tillers, 15cm
height of Panicum maximum were planted per stand with a spacing of 50x50cm. At eight weeks of age, the
Panicum was cutback and intercropped with Stylosanthes hamata in three different inter-row spacing of 1row,
2rows and 3rows of legume at different interrow spacing of 25.0cm, 16.7cm and 12.5cm, respectively. Soil
samples were collected before and after 12weeks of planting, bulked, air dried and kept till required and
subjected to chemical analysis. Weeding was done manually as often as required to prevent weeds from
competing with the legume and Panicum maximum for the nutrients.
2.3 Data collection
Twelve (12) weeks after legume-inter sown with Panicum maximum data were collected on nine Panicum
maximum stand per plot on tiller number, tiller height, leaf width and leaf length. Tiller number and height, leaf
length and leaf width measured randomly within each plot with the aid of the measuring tape, while the tillers
were visually counted. Biomass yield was determined by manual harvesting of the grasses within each replicate
in a 1m2
quadrat thrown once and weighed.
2.4 Soil Analysis
Before imposing treatments soil samples were randomly taken with the aid of soil auger at twenty (20) different
locations within each replicate at 0-15cm depth and the analysis was done. At 12 weeks after establishment, soil
samples for each treatment were also randomly taken with the aid of soil auger and analysed as described by
(A.E.S 1998).
2.5 Animals and their management
Nine (9) West African dwarf sheep, about one year old weighing 12-15kg purchased from local markets were
used in the study. These were randomly divided into 3 animals per treatment with each animal constituting a
replicate. The animals on arrival were confined in the quarantine pen which had been previously washed and
distinfected using lodophor solution. The animals were treated against internal and external parasite using
Ivomec at 1ml to 10kg of body weight. They were also given long acting anti-biotic at 1ml to10kg of body
weight. The animal was transferred into individual pens having the floor covered with wood shaving for the
growth trial study.
2.6 Experimental diets
Panicum maximum forages were harvested manually at 12 weeks of regrowth at about 10cm above the ground
level and chopped between 5 to 10cm lengths with the aid of cutlass and separately fed ad libitum to each

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75
experimental animal. Panicum maximum intercropped with 1row, 2rows and 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata were
fed to the animals at 3% of the body weight without legume supplement daily and water was given ad libitum.
2.7 Digestibility study
Nine (9) West Africa Dwarf sheep were used for a digestibility study. Three rams were selected per treatment.
The animals were transferred into individual metabolic cages that allowed for separate collection of feaces and
urine. They were in the cages for 21 days during which daily feed and fecal production were evaluated. They
were given Panicum maximum alone. The animals were allowed to acclimatize for 14 days after which data on
feed offered and faecal output were collected and weighed daily for 7 days. Sub samples of feed and faeces were
taken and oven dried at 600
C for 24 hours to determine dry matter content. Samples of the feed and feaces were
kept till required for chemical analysis.
2.8 Chemical Analysis
Collected grass samples were oven dried at 600
C for 48 hrs and ground. The finely ground samples were
analysed for Crude protein (CP) according to A.O.A.C (1995). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent
fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and gross energy (GE) were determined by the method of Van Soest et
al., (1991). The mineral contents for K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in digest were determined using atomic
absorption spectrophotometer and Phosphorus was determined by Vonadomolybdate calorimetry method
A.O.A.C, (1995).
2.9 Statistical Analysis
Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using General linear model of SAS, 2000. The significant
means were separated using Duncan multiple range test.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the soil before and after intercropping. The PH
, nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium and organic carbon contents of the soil increased after intercropping and
decreased in the control. This shows that after intercropping of legumes at different rows with Panicum
maximum improved minerals content was achieved. Adeoye (1988) and Raynold (1994) reported that as the
level of nitrogen in the soil increases the amount of available minerals in the soil increases. This might be due to
residual effect of decayed leaves and nitrogen fixed by legume which contributed to soil improvement. Miles and
Manson, (2000) also reported that the level of P, K, Ca and Mg in the plant depends upon the availability of
these minerals in the soil.
Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed on the effect of Stylosanthes hamata row on herbage yield of
Panicum maximum as shown in Table 2. Panicum maximum intercropped with 2 and 3 rows of Stylosanthes
hamata had higher significant (P<0.05) value for biomass yield, tillers number, tillers heights, leaf length and
leaf width. This result might be due to the residual effect of decay leaves and reduced direct sunlight and erosion.
Legumes are known to fix nitrogen directly which aid the growth of companion grasses. More nitrogen could
have been fixed by closer spacing of the leguminous crop. This observation agrees with the result of Tripathi and
Psychas (1992), who observed that improved soil nitrogen increased leaf elongation rate and size in plants. The
herbage yield increased in 2 and 3 rows of Stylosanthes hamata intercropped with Panicum maximum, might be
due to growth behavior and plant density of the legumes to the grass. This agrees with the findings of Fujital et
al., (1992) that closer legumes transfer more nitrogen in legume grass mixture than distant legume. The increase
biomass yield was due to increase in leaf production, increased number of tillers, and increased rate of leaves
extension which stimulated the greater light capture and hence photosynthesis and thus increases yield. This was
in harmony with the report of Reynolds, (1992) that inter planting of grass with legume at a closer spacing
transferred more nitrogen in legume grass mixture than the distant legumes.
Table 3 shows the effect of number of Stylosanthes hamata rows on chemical composition of Panicum maximum.
There were significant (P<0.05) differences among the parameters considered. Panicum maximum intercropped
with 2 and 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata had the highest crude protein and gross energy content. It was also
observed that ability of legumes to fixed nutrient to the soil and utilized by companion grass which will reflected
on the grass quality. The crude protein contents of Panicum maximum was still within the acceptable range for
ruminant performance (NRC 1981), also more than the critical CP level of 7 % recommended by ARC (1980)
and 8 % suggested by Norton (1994) for ruminal function. This agrees with the observation of Reynolds (1992)
who observed that closed legume transfer more nitrogen in legume-grass mixture than amount fixed by other
distant legume. The NDF, ADF and ADL contents decreased with increased in level of CP% and GE in the grass.
This is in line with the findings of Adepoju, (2005) who observed a decrease in CF percentage as the CP
percentage increases this might due to general believed that the more the CP content of forage the lesser the fibre
fraction.
The significant effect was observed for Stylosanthes hamata rows on mineral composition of Panicum maximum
in Tables 4. Two and Three rows had higher values of K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Cu than 1 row. The minerals (K,

Vol.3, No.10, 2013
76
Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Cu) contents of Panicum maximum intercropped with different inter row of Stylosanthes
hamata were increased with increasing inter row spacing of the different legumes. It was observed that closer
planting geometry of legume with grass resulted into higher contents of these mineral in the Panicum maximum.
This observation agree with the result of Fisher and Baker (1996) that herb and leguminous specie consistently
have higher concentration of some important minerals than perennial grasses which when planted together are
made available for the grasses uptake through the senesces and decay of leaf and rooting materials of the
legumes. Higher values were obtained in closer legume spacing.
The significant (P<0.05) differences were observed for feed intake (g/d/kg 0.75
) of WAD sheep fed Panicum
maximum intercropped with Stylosanthes hamata at different planting rows in Table 5. Three rows produced
higher values for DM (517.33 g/d/kg 0.75
) and CP (43.70 g/d/kg 0.75
) also the dry matter intake was highest for
the Panicum maximum intercropped with 3 rows of Stylosanthes hamata than the Panicum maximum
intercropped with 1 row. Higher dry matter intake was observed for close grass-legume row spacing and the dry
matter intakes decreased with decreased legume-grass inter row spacing. The observed variation in dry matter
intake could be as a result of increased bacteria production in the rumen (Singh et al., 1981).
The nutrient digestibility by WAD sheep fed Panicum maximum intercropped with Stylosanthes hamata at
different inter row spacing was shown in Table 6. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among inter row
spacing for nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were highest for
animal fed Panicum maximum intercropped with 3 rows of legumes. The least value was obtained in the animals
fed sole Panicum maximum stand. Increased crude protein content of forages could have induced higher crude
protein nutrient digestibility, though increase in bacteria production in the rumen content at the expense of
protozoa development (Tarakony and Sommer, 1983) and an increased escape of dietary protein to intestine due
to ruminal retention time associated with high levels of feed intake (Firkin et al., 1986) could have occurred.
Tukel and Yilmaz (1987) observed that intercropping forage legume with grass increase crude protein
digestibility of the grass. The result obtained for nutrient digestibility by WAD sheep fed Panicum maximum
inter row with 3rows of stylo were higher for CP digestibility (61.97-79.67 g/kg) without supplementation with
concentrate compared to the report of Murphy et al, (1994) that (57-76.21 g/kg) CP digestibility when complete
diets were given to lambs. HadjiPanayioton (1990) reported digestible CP of (73-76 g/kg) for lambs and (74-
75%) for kids fed concentrate supplemented with hay. Abazinge et al., (1994) however obtained (64.8-74.4 g/kg)
digestible CP for sheep fed grass with concentrate and silage.
The weight gain of WAD sheep fed Panicum maximum intercropped with Stylosanthes hamata at different inter
row spacing was presented in Table 7. The highest average final weight (kg) was highest in treatment 3 with
(16kg). The average weight gains also highest in 3 rows (53,6kg) followed with 2 rows (35.79g/h/d) and
(10.79/h/d) least value was observed on 1 row. An improvement in voluntary feed intake is often attributed to
increased rate of forage digestion which may permit improved body condition in ruminants (Weder et al., 1999).
The increase in weight gain (g/h/d) recorded may be attributed to improved forage composition and feed intake
brought about by legume-grass spacing effect. The legume at different inter row spacing fed to WAD sheep had
positive impact on weight gain of the animals. This might be due to residual effect of legume on grass
4.0 Conclusions
Herbage yield and nutritional composition of Panicum maximum interplanted at 3 rows of Stylosanthes hamata,
improved. Animals fed with Panicum maximum without legume supplement had higher nutrient digestibility
and weight gain. Panicum maximum can be intercropped with legume at 3rows of Stylosanthes hamata, in
derived savanna zone of Nigeria will ensure good quality forage, better feed intake and enhanced weight gain.
Finally, legume can be a good alternative to the use of the unaffordable inorganic nitrogen fertilizer that has been
recently discovered to pose threat to the environment.
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Table 1: Chemical composition of experimental site soil before and after legume intercropping
Legumes treatment Chemical composition of soil
PH
N(mg/g) P(mg/g) K(cmol/kg) Ca(cmol/kg)
Mg(cmol/kg) O.C
Initial 6.47 0.09 14.76 1.41 3.58 1.87 1.28
P. max in Stylo 1row 6.67 1.10 16.02 1.77 3.92 2.51 2.30
P. max in Stylo 2rows 6.69 1.20 16.06 1.83 3.87 2.64 2.64
P. max in Stylo 3rows 6.74 1.40 16.29 1.87 3.68 2.97 2.96
Table 2. Effect of Stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield of native Panicum maximum
Stylo rows
Biomass yield
(kg/ha)
Tiller no Tiller height
(cm)
Leaf
length
(cm)
Leaf
width
(cm)
1row 286000b
20.00b
124.12b
40.30b
2.36a
2rows 382000a
32.00a
136.11a
51.31a
2.38a
3rows
SEM
383000a
101.10
33.00a
7.12
140.14a
21.04
51.31a
9.08
2.38a
0.10
ab
Means along the same column with different superscripts differs significantly (P<0.05) different.
Table 3. Effect of Stylosanthes hamata rows on Chemical composition of Panicum maximum
Stylo rows CP% NDF% ADF% ADL% G.E(Kcal/kg)
1row 8.72b
39.74a
30.15a
20.20a
3.12b
2rows 9.81a
38.47b
29.07b
19.09b
3.13a
3rows
SEM
9.85a
2.05
38.47b
7.10
29.05c
5.14
19.10b
4.44
3.13a
0.20
abc
Means along the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05) different
Table 4: Effect of number of rows of Stylosanthes hamata on minerals composition of native Panicum
maximum
Stylo rows K% Ca% P% Mg
(mg/100g)
Fe
(mg/100g)
Zn
(mg/100g)
Cu (mg/kg)
1row 0.23b
0.20b
0.18b
0.10b
260.27b
07.26b
1.05b
2rows 0.30a
0.35a
0.20a
0.25a
270.27a
10.00a
2.00a
3rows
SEM
0.36a
0.03
0.35a
0.02
0.20a
0.01
0.25a
0.01
270.30a
68.11
10.00a
2.01
2.00a
0.01
abc
Means along the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05) different.

Vol.3, No.10, 2013
79
Table 5: Feed intake (g/d/kg 0.75
) of WAD sheep fed Panicum maximum intercropped with Stylosanthes
hamata at different planting rows
Rows Chemical composition (g/d/kg 0.75
)
DM (g/d/kg 0.75
) CP(g/d/kg 0.75
) NDF (g/d/kg 0.75
) ADL (g/d/kg
0.75
)
1 row 493.57c
41.23c
371.96b
80.70b
2 rows 498.74b
42.00b
342.44c
74.25c
3 rows 517.33a
43.70a
341.83d
63.34d
SEM 48.09 8.03 44.73 12.03
abcd
Means along the same column with different superscripts were significantly (P<0.05)different.
1= Panicum maximum intercropped with 1row of Stylosanthes hamata
2= Panicum maximum intercropped with 2rows of Stylosanthes hamata
Table 6: Nutrient digestibility (g/kg) of WAD sheep fed Panicum maximum intercropped with
Stylosanthes hamata at different planting rows
Rows Chemical composition (g/kg)
DM(g/kg) CP(g/kg) NDF(g/kg) ADL(g/kg)
1 row 34.15c
61.97c
82.76b
84.80b
2 rows 46.17b
72.49b
76.38c
77.04c
3 rows 52.24a
79.67a
75.75d
76.53d
SEM 8.11 9.34 9.12 9.67
abcd
Means along the same column with different superscripts were significantly (P<0.05)different
Table 7: Average daily change in weight of WAD sheep fed with Panicum maximum
Intercropped with Stylosanthes hamata at different inter row spacing
Parameter Rows
Legume at different inter row 1 2 3
Number of animals 3 3 3
Duration of feeding(in days) 28 28 28
Average Initial weight 15 15 15
Average final weight 15.5 16 16.5
Average weight gain(g/h/d) 17.9 35.7 53.6

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Effect of number of stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield, nutritive quality and performance of wad sheep fed native panicum maximum

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Effect of number of stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield, nutritive quality and performance of wad sheep fed native panicum maximum