EIA.pptx
- 2. INTRODUCTION •ENVIRONMENT :A natural endowment into which man is born and receives nourishment and sustenance •Major Environmental Components •Physical: Air, Water, and Land •Biological: Plants and Animals including Man •Sociocultural: All Human interactions •Economic: All Financial Dealings among people
- 3. INTRODUCTION cont’d - SUSTAINABILITY •All Components of the Environment are interrelated and coexist in harmony •Exhibit and maintain a Natural Equilibrium •Ensure whatever is taken up is Naturally Returned & Compensated •Ensuring Conservation for Future Generation – Hence Sustainability.
- 4. • All Organisms generate Activities • Activities cause multifarious modifications of the environment • During their Nutrition, Recreation, Reproduction and Development • These Activities and their Modifications do not stress the natural Equilibrium in the Environment
- 5. •Of late Man’s Activities have • Increased in complexity • Become too complex for the Natural Equilibrium of the Environment • Stressed the Harmony in the Environment • Become Exploitative on the Environment • Gone Beyond the Capacity of the Environment to Cope With and hence EXCEEDED THE CARRYING CAPACITY of the Environment and • Caused Aggravated Degradation to the CARRYING CAPACITY
- 6. •Development Projects are the main Human Activities causing Aggravated Degradations of the Environment. •Hence Policy and Physical Measures to Protect the Environment against Continued Degradation •Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of Such Policy Interventions •It Undertakes Project Evaluation of Environmental Costs and Benefits at Planning Stage in favour of environmentally Sustainable Alternatives, to enhance Project Environmental Sustainability SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- 7. •EIA is A Legal Requirement of the Nigerian Development Process •Compliance is Mandatory •European Union (EU) Directives also make EIA a Mandatory Requirement
- 8. ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE •EIA is a Valuable Tool of Environmental Governance which is the participatory involvement of the public and private sector partnerships in actions that will promote sustainability of both the environment and development.
- 9. OVERVIEW OF EIA PROCESS
- 10. OVERVIEW OF EIA PROCESS •Environmental Assessment involves collecting information (Data) and evaluating them. • Similarly, Environmental management planning, presents all the relevant information for use in project planning and decision making
- 11. EIA STUDY APPROACH FOR A TYPICAL SMALL TOWNS WATER SUPPLY PROJECT 1. Detailed checklist of information about the Project, Environment and its Social characteristic Indicators including but not limited to • Type of Activity • What will be done • Who will do what and at what location (GPS co-ordinates will be helpful here) • Against what objectives • Expected outcomes • Likely date of Commencement of work on the project • Likely date of completion of work • Technical details and Specifications of the Project including Technical drawings of the project will be sought during the field investigation.
- 12. 2. Detailed checklist of the characteristics of the Local Environment include • Area of project site (ha) • Existing land use pattern of the area/site of project • Any property loss to the project? • Any plans for construction, earth movement at construction and changes in land cover • Mode of acquisition of project or sub project site 3. Initial Environmental Information • Closeness to critical natural habitat • Any activity close to a forest Reserve? • What is the land currently being used for • Any likelihood of Proposed project having impact on ecosystem services, plants and animal populations or natural habitat? • Any likely inhibition of access to resources in traditional areas such as medicinal plants and other plants of economic value for livelihood (communal assets)
- 13. • Any likelihood of impacting surface or groundwater body • Will there be soil impact • Any cultural heritage/sacred sites in project area 4. Initial Social and Land Information • Any litigation or complaints of Environmental nature directed against the sponsors of the project? • Will land be required for the project • What is the status of the land holding (customary, lease, community land etc) • Any outstanding land dispute? • Has there been proper consultation with stake holders • Is there a grievance process identified for project affected persons (PAPs) and is this easily accessible to these PAPs? • Will there be changes to livelihoods? • Identify the issues associated with community benefits from the project • Is any restoration or compensation required with the PAPs
- 14. Tea Break
- 15. 1. Project Information: Name and Contact Details: Project Name Location: (region/district/village) If other, explain: Name of reviewer: Date of screening: Subproject Details: Attach location map (longitude – latitude coordinates (GPS reading) is available Type of activity; What will be done, who will do it, what are the objectives and outcomes Estimated Cost Proposed Date of Commencement of work Expected completion of work Technical Drawing/Specifications Reviewed Yes/No – refer to Application Portfolio 2. Physical Data Comments Subproject Site area in ha Extension of or changes to existing land use Any existing property to transfer to subproject Any plans for construction, movement of earth, changes in land cover 3. Preliminary Environmental Information Yes/No Comments Is there adjacent/nearby critical natural habitat? Is there activity close to Forest Reserve? What is the land current being used for? (e.g. agriculture, gardening etc. Will the proposed activities have any impact on any ecosystem services, biodiversity issues or natural habitats?
- 16. • Will there be restrictions or loss of access to using natural resources in any traditional areas including medicinal plants or those of economic value for livelihoods? • Will there be water resource impact? • Will there be soil impact? • Any cultural heritage/sacred sites in project area? • 4. Preliminary Social and Land Information • Yes/No • Comments • Has there been litigation or complaints of any environmental nature directed against the proponent or subproject? • Will the subproject require the acquisition of land? • What is the status of the land holding (customary, lease, community lands, etc.)? • Are there outstanding land disputes? • Has there been proper consultation with stakeholders • Is there a grievance process identified for PAPs and is this easily accessible to these groups/individuals? • Will there be any changes to livelihoods? • What are the main issues associated with community benefits? • Will any restoration or compensation be required with affected person?
- 17. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION • Identify and Categorize the Probable impacts of the Project using the following guide Concerns About the Project Site Sensitivity Low Medium High Natural Habitats No natural habitats present of any kind No Critical natural habitats; other natural habitats occur Critical natural habitats present; within declared protected areas Water Quality and Water Resource Availability and Use Water flow exceed any existing Demand; low intensity of Water Use; Potential water use conflicts expected to be low; no potential water quality issues. Medium intensity of water Use; Multiple water Users; Water Quality issues are important Intensive Water Use; Multiple Water Users; Potential for Conflicts is high; Water Quality issues are important Natural Hazards Vulnerability, floods, soil stability/Erosion Flat Terrain, No Potential stability/erosion problems; no known flood risks Medium slopes; some erosion potentials, medium risks from floods Mountainous terrain, steep slopes; unstable soils; high erosion potential; floods risks Land and Land Use tenure No Conflicts, disagreements around use of land; tenant farmer rights and location of admitted farms and farmers transparent. Process of land regularization and rights to natural resources being worked out with clear communication and grievance process in place. Land Conflicts historically unresolved, admitted farmers being evacuated; tenant farmers loosing rights and no transparency or grievance redress available
- 18. LIKELY SIGNIFICNFICANT IMPACTS OF BOREHOLE PROJECTS • At Construction Phase Siting of Borehole • Loss of Biodiversity (Plants and Animals – Flora and Fauna) • Aggravate Soil Erosion • Water Pollution • Land Use Conflicts • Solid wastes generation • Socio-Economic issues • Public safety • Construction Phase - Borehole Drilling and Pump Installation • Air Pollution Significant? • Water Quality and Pollution Significant? • Noise Pollution Significant? • Soil Erosion
- 19. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF BOREHOLE PROJECTS – Cont’d • Borehole Drilling and Pump Installation – Cont’d • Loss of Biodiversity • Raw Materials Usage • Occupational Health and Safety • Public health and Safety • Nuisance and Disturbance of Community Life • Borehole Operation and Maintenance Phase • Land take/Severance • Water Pollution • Risk of Nitrate Pollution from Livestock Droppings • Public Nuisance and Health Risks • Occupational Health and Safety • Raw Materials Usage • Poor Resource Conservation Practices
- 20. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF BOREHOLE PROJECTS – Cont’d • Borehole Decommissioning Phase • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Solid Waste Disposal • Occupational Health and Safety • Public Health and Safety
- 21. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF PIPELINES AND RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION • Pipe Laying and Reservoir Construction Phase • Loss of Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna) • Land Use and Right of Way (RoW) • Soil Erosion and Contamination • Water Pollution • Solid Waste • Air Pollution Significant ? • Socio-Economic • Raw Material Usage • Occupational Health and Safety • Public Health and Safety • Nuisance and Disturbance of Community Life
- 22. Operation and Maintenance Phase for Pipelines and Reservoirs • Land take • Water Pollution • Public Nuisance and Health Risks • Occupational Health and Safety Decommissioning Phase of Pipelines and Reservoirs • Water Pollution • Air Pollution • Solid Waste Disposal • Occupational Health and Safety • Public Health and Safety
- 23. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR MODERATE TO MAJOR ADVERSE IMPACTS OF COMMUNITY BOREHOLE WATER SUPPLY • Construction Phase of Borehole Water Supply • Water Quality and Pollution • Temporarily store sanitary wastes in containers & dispose off at waste dumps • No solid wastes, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows • If works is adjacent to water courses, install temporary sediment barrier on slopes to prevent silt from entering the water course • Use Cuttings from drilling operations for backfilling unsuccessful holes & avoid use of foreign materials • Soil Erosion • Use appropriate erosion-protection measures, especially on slopes & stream beddings • Avoid Drilling and other works in aggressive weather conditions (rains & Strong winds • Public Health Problems • Provide Adequate Sanitary facilities for use by workers & discourage open defecation
- 24. Sub-project: Borehole water supply (construction phase).5 Type of impact Description of mitigation measures Public health problems Adequate sanitary facilities should be available for workers and open range defecation should not be countenanced. Contractors should use local labour as much as possible and where available. Imported workers should be provided with proper housing, including sanitary facilities. Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention. All land depressions and disturbed areas at work sites should be filled to avoid water ponding which could breed mosquitoes. Safety of the public WCAs will inform local communities early of the construction programme. Contractors will provide security barriers to ward off inquisitive persons and animals from work sites. Visual intrusion Adequate organisation and maintenance of construction sites through good housekeeping. Restoration of construction sites directly upon completion of works. Disturbance and interruption of commercial and social activities WCAs to inform the affected communities early of the construction programme. Limit any temporary interference with private property (e.g. farms) in creating access for drilling rigs Relocation (even temporarily) to be avoided as much as possible. Where private land or other property is affected, or where there is loss of income as a result of project activities, agree on compensation measures with affected persons prior to start of construction. Compensation will occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework. Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths should be minimized. Land take Avoidance, as much as possible, the need for resettlement by considering other siting options Where resettlement is unavoidable, develop and implement appropriate plans in accordance with the Resettlement Policy Framework developed for the Project. Occupational health and safety The Contractor should protect his workers by ensuring the use of protective equipment Wastewater management Ensure satisfactory provisions for disposal of wastewater at both the water point and from households. All boreholes and standpipes will have concrete well pads with drainage channels to carry wastewater into soakaways at 7m from the borehole or standpipe. Soakaways must be functional and in areas of high water table, alternative means should be found e.g. horizontal filtering systems to
- 25. Nuisances and public health risks .5 Ensure correct operation and maintenance of the hand pumps, including regular inspection and maintenance. Such measures as defined in the operation and maintenance manual for the Caretakers. Minimisation of pump repair response time through the provision of adequate equipment, development of emergency response procedures and adequate training of Caretakers and Area Mechanics. Community involvement in fault detection through awareness creation and a simple mechanism for reporting and recording of complaints. Regularly monitor groundwater quality for contamination (both natural and anthropogenic). Livestock watering points should be located downstream of water points Timely implementation of repair and replacement works on pumps and other related parts of the system. Avoid siting of boreholes in and around sanitary facilities, such as latrines and drainage systems, and areas of increased pollution risks (e.g. waste dumps, cemeteries). All water points must be located upstream of sanitary and other polluting facilities (>30m away) Practice safe water handling to avoid contamination especially water stored for household use Decommissioning Phase of Borehole water Supply Type of Impact Description of Mitigation Depletion of groundwater resources Active collaboration with the WASH Departments and NESREA and NIGER DELTA River Basin in watershed management programmes with the involvement of communities of the fragile ecosystems of the Niger Delta Project to install groundwater monitoring systems Water pollution Backfilling of holes with inert materials. No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows. Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes to prevent silt from entering the watercourse. Safety of the public Adequate security barriers at work sites to ward off inquisitive persons and animals. Local communities informed of the construction programme through WCAs. Disturbance and interruption of commercial and social activities Affected communities informed of the programme through WCAs. Limit any temporary interference with private property (e.g. farms). Relocation (even temporarily) should be avoided as much as possible. Where such is unavoidable, however, relocation should occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework. Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges should be minimized. Occupational health and safety The Contractor should protect workers through the use of personal protection equipment and education. Basic rules with regard to protection of public health, including most importantly hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention.
- 26. MITIGATING IMPACTS FROM PIPELINES AND RESERVOIRS IN CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PHASES Sub-project: Pipelines and Reservoirs (and surface water intake, if required)- Construction Type of impact Description of mitigation measures Water pollution Temporary storage of sanitary and cleaning wastes in containers. Disposal should occur at waste dumps. No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows. Maintenance, fuelling and cleaning of vehicles and equipment within communities should be avoided, as much as possible. Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes to prevent silt from entering the watercourse. Solid waste generation Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material. Excess soil should be disposed off appropriately. Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches. Soil erosion Application of appropriate erosion-protection measures, in particular where it concerns works on slopes and in stream beddings. Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds). Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches, to enable natural revegetation. Impacts on flora and fauna The Contractor should limit the destruction of flora to the working area. Clearing and cutting of trees should only occur with the appropriate authority’s consent, NESREA, FME Public health problems from construction camps and sites, and imported labour Adequate sanitary facilities should be provided at construction sites and in camps and offices. The use of local labour for unskilled work should be promoted. Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention.. Good housekeeping practices followed to avoid water ponding and breeding of insect vectors. Safety of the public Adequate barriers to ward off inquisitive persons and animals (especially excavation works), in particular during the night, with clear marking of the safety border on the works perimeter. Informing the local communities early of the construction programme through WCA Executive officers. Visual amenities Adequate organisation and maintenance of construction sites through good housekeeping. Restoration of construction sites directly upon completion of works. Sub- project: Reservoirs and Pipelines (Operation and Maintenance) Type of impact Description of mitigation measures Nuisances and public health risks Ensure correct operation and maintenance of the installed pipelines, including regular inspection and maintenance. Community involvement in leak detection through awareness creation and the opening of a complaint desk with WCA Executive officers. Ensure that sufficient pressure levels are maintained in pipelines at all times. Regularly monitor water quality at various points in the network for contamination. Regular disinfection of lines to maintain safe supply Timely implementation of repair and replacement works on pipelines, pumps, water intakes, and other related parts of the system. Allow any house-connections only to be made by WCA member plumber. The work of these plumbers should be monitored by WCAs. Avoid water pipeline alignments in and around sanitary facilities, such as sewerage and drainage systems, and areas of increased pollution risks (e.g. waste dump, graveyards). Make provisions for increased wastewater production in the planning and management of wastewater disposal facilities.
- 27. Sub- project: Reservoir and Pipelines (Decommissioning Phase) Type of impact Description of mitigation measures Water pollution Temporarily store sanitary and cleaning wastes in containers. Dispose at waste dumps. No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows. Maintenance, fuelling and cleaning of vehicles and equipment within communities should be avoided, as much as possible. Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes to prevent silt from entering the watercourse. Solid waste generation Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material. Excess soil should be disposed off at sites approved by the district. Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches. Soil erosion Apply appropriate erosion-protection measures on slopes and on stream beddings. Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds). Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches, to enable natural revegetation. Sub- project: Reservoirs and Pipelines (Operation and Maintenance Phase) Type of impact Description of mitigation measures Public health problems from construction camps and sites and from imported labour Adequate sanitary facilities should be provided at construction sites and in camps and offices. The use of local labour for unskilled work should be promoted Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention. Good housekeeping practices followed to avoid water ponding and breeding of insect vectors Disturbance and interruption of commercial and social activities Informing the affected communities early of the construction programme through local WCAs . Relocation (even temporarily) should be avoided as much as possible. Where such is unavoidable, however, relocation should occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework Where private land or other property is affected, or where there is loss of income as a result of project activities, agree on compensation measures with affected population prior to start of construction. Compensation will occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework. Information to neighbourhood of any (partial) blockage of roads, even if for temporary loading/unloading activities. Where access roads are blocked, temporary access ways should be established. Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds). Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges should be minimized. Occupational health and safety The contractor should follow health and safety measures in accordance with local regulations relating to personal protection, lifting heavy materials etc.