Electrical components and circuits
- 1. Electrical Components andElectrical Components and CircuitsCircuits ByBy Naaimat MuhammedNaaimat Muhammed
- 2. CURRENT CIRCUITS ANDCURRENT CIRCUITS AND MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTS The general definition of a circuit is aThe general definition of a circuit is a closed path that may be followed by anclosed path that may be followed by an electric current.electric current.
- 3. GalvanometerGalvanometer A galvanometer is a device with a rotatingA galvanometer is a device with a rotating indicator that will rotate from its equilibriumindicator that will rotate from its equilibrium position when a current passes through it.position when a current passes through it. A galvanometer has a negligibleA galvanometer has a negligible resistance.resistance.
- 5. AmpermeterAmpermeter An ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with aAn ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with a calibrated current scale for its indicator and a bypasscalibrated current scale for its indicator and a bypass resistor called a shunt.resistor called a shunt. Many ammeters have several selectable shunts whichMany ammeters have several selectable shunts which provide their corresponding current meter ranges.provide their corresponding current meter ranges. Ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1Ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1 micro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scalemicro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scale deflection, and in multiples of 10 between thesedeflection, and in multiples of 10 between these extremes.extremes.
- 6. VoltmeterVoltmeter A voltmeter is a calibrated galvanometer with a seriesA voltmeter is a calibrated galvanometer with a series resistor so that the total resistance of the path isresistor so that the total resistance of the path is increasedincreased.. The galvanometer range is calibrated for the current IgThe galvanometer range is calibrated for the current Ig passing through it.passing through it. Voltmeters may have more than one calibrated scaleVoltmeters may have more than one calibrated scale which can be selected by changing the resistance .which can be selected by changing the resistance .
- 8. Current in CircuitCurrent in Circuit Current in a circuit is the flow of the positive charge from a highCurrent in a circuit is the flow of the positive charge from a high potential (+) to a low potential (-).potential (+) to a low potential (-). Meters are labeled to indicate the proper direction of currentMeters are labeled to indicate the proper direction of current flow through themflow through them .. Electrical charge will not move through a conducting pathElectrical charge will not move through a conducting path unless there is a potential difference between the ends of theunless there is a potential difference between the ends of the conductorsconductors The source of energy in a circuit which provides the energy toThe source of energy in a circuit which provides the energy to move the charge through the circuit can be a battery, photocell,move the charge through the circuit can be a battery, photocell, or some other power supply.or some other power supply.
- 9. Electrical CircuitElectrical Circuit An electrical circuit is a circuitous path ofAn electrical circuit is a circuitous path of wire and devices .wire and devices .
- 11. An example of a circuit with a DC. power supply in aAn example of a circuit with a DC. power supply in a series with a resistor, a parallel branch with a resistorseries with a resistor, a parallel branch with a resistor and voltmeter, and an ammeterand voltmeter, and an ammeter ..
- 12. Basic Electric CircuitBasic Electric Circuit The flashlight is an example of a basicThe flashlight is an example of a basic electric circuit.electric circuit. It contains a source of electrical energyIt contains a source of electrical energy (the dry cells in the flashlight), a load (the(the dry cells in the flashlight), a load (the bulb) that changes the electrical energybulb) that changes the electrical energy into a more useful form of energy (light),into a more useful form of energy (light), and a switch to control the energyand a switch to control the energy delivered to the load.delivered to the load.
- 14. Laws of ElectricityLaws of Electricity Ohm’s law describes the relationship among potential,Ohm’s law describes the relationship among potential, resistance and current in a resistive series circuit.resistance and current in a resistive series circuit. In a series circuit, all circuit elements are connected inIn a series circuit, all circuit elements are connected in sequence along a unique path, head to tail, as are the batterysequence along a unique path, head to tail, as are the battery and three resistors.and three resistors. Ohm’s Law may be written as:Ohm’s Law may be written as: V = IRV = IR
- 15. Diagram for determining resistanceDiagram for determining resistance and Voltage in a basic circuitand Voltage in a basic circuit
- 17. Kirchhoff’s LawKirchhoff’s Law Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraicKirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of currents around any point in a circuit issum of currents around any point in a circuit is zero.zero. Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraicKirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed electricalsum of the voltages around a closed electrical loop is zero.loop is zero.
- 19. Power LawPower Law The power law states that the power inThe power law states that the power in watts dissipated in a resistive element iswatts dissipated in a resistive element is given by the product of the current ingiven by the product of the current in amperes and the potential differenceamperes and the potential difference across the resistance in voltsacross the resistance in volts P = IVP = IV
- 20. Basic Direct Current CircuitsBasic Direct Current Circuits
- 22. ReferencesReferences ““Direct Current Circuits.”Direct Current Circuits.” http://pneuma.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/http://pneuma.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/ node2.htmlnode2.html ““Field effect transistors (FETs) as transducers inField effect transistors (FETs) as transducers in electrochemical sensors.”electrochemical sensors.” http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.htmlhttp://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.html Skoog, Holler, and Nieman.Skoog, Holler, and Nieman. Principles of InstrumentalPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisAnalysis. 5th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998.. 5th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998. Shul’ga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, NetchiporoukShul’ga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, Netchiporouk LI. “Glucose sensitive enzyme field effect transistorLI. “Glucose sensitive enzyme field effect transistor using potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing substrate.”using potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing substrate.” Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry. 15 Jan. 1994.. 15 Jan. 1994.