Embedded systems

Mahatma Education Society
Pillai’s Polytechinic

Embedded System

-By Pruthvi Koli

Agenda
 Introduction
 History
 Characteristics
 Architecture & Design
 Applications
 Summary

What is embedded System???????
 An embedded system is a special-purpose
computer system designed to perform one or
a few dedicated functions, often with real-time
computing constraints.
 It is usually embedded as part of a complete
device including hardware and mechanical
parts. In contrast, a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, can
do many different tasks depending on
programming.
 Embedded systems control many of the
common devices in use today.

Definition
 Computing systems embedded within
electronic devices
 Nearly any computing system other than a
desktop computer

Examples
 Air conditioner  Navigation system
 ATM machine  PDA
 Battery charger
 Photocopier
 Digital camera
 Printer
 Router
 DVD player
 Scanner
 Fax machine  TV
 Home security system  Video game console
 Mobile phone  Wearable computer
 Modem

History
 In the earliest years of
computers in 1930 – 40s,
computers were
sometimes dedicated to a
single purpose task.

 One of the first
recognizably modern
embedded system was
the
Apollo Guidance Computer
, developed by
Charles Stark Draper at
the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory.

History
 Since these early applications
in the 1960s, embedded
systems have come down in
price and there has been a
dramatic rise in processing
power and functionality.
 The first microprocessor for
example, the Intel 4004 was
designed for calculators and
other small systems but still
required many external
memory and support chips.

History
 By the mid-1980s, most of the
common previously external
system components had been
integrated into the same chip
as the processor and this
modern form of the
microcontroller allowed an
even more widespread use,
which by the end of the
decade were the norm rather
than the exception for almost
all electronics devices.

Characteristics (1/4)
 Special-purpose
 Typically, is designed
to execute a single
program, repeatedly
 It used to be single-
purpose
 Now, multi-functioned,
but single-purpose
 Tactic and Strategy

 Tightly constrained
 Low cost
 Simple systems
 Fewer components
based
 Performs functions
fast enough
 Minimum power

 Reactive and real-
time
 Reactive: Continually
reacts to external
events
 Real-time: Must
compute certain
results in real-time

 Hardware and
software co-exist
 The software written
for embedded systems
is often called
firmware
 Is stored in read-only
memory or Flash
memory chips rather
than a disk drive

Differences from usual
computer programs
 Several components of
vastly different functionalities
are found in embedded
system software

 Response time constraint
and strict deadlines

 All components must use the
memory optimally

Differences from usual computer
programs
 Each software
component execution
speed must be optimum
 Software must have
controlled complexity and
must be thoroughly
tested and debugged for
errors

Architecture
Real-time programming:
Programming the processes or instruction set with
constraints of time for its response, process with
latencies, and process with deadlines.
 Procedure-oriented C and object-oriented
programming C++ and Java languages are used in
most embedded systems programming.
 Embedded programming is such that methods to
optimize the system memory requirements are also
used.

Real-Time Operating System
 An RTOS is an OS for response time-controlled and event-
controlled processes. It is very essential for large scale
embedded systems.

Real-Time Operating System
 Function
1. Basic OS function
2. RTOS main functions
3. Time Management
4. Predictability
5. Priorities Management
6. IPC Synchronisation
7. Time slicing
8. Hard and soft real-time operability

 When do we need RTOS?

When is RTOS necessary?
 Software for a large number of small-scale embedded
system use no RTOS and these functions are
incorporated into the application software.

 For small-scaled systems, RTOS’s function can be
replaced by C.

 For example, instead of the memory allocation and de-
allocation functions of RTOS, the C function , melloc and
free can be used.

 Software can directly handle inter-process
communication

When is RTOS necessary?
 However, RTOS is essential when…
 A common and effective way of handling of the hardware
source calls from the interrupts
 I/O management with devices, files, mailboxes becomes
simple using an RTOS
 Effectively scheduling and running and blocking of the
tasks in cases of many tasks
 More…..
 In conclusion, an RTOS may not be necessary in a
small-scaled embedded system. An RTOS is necessary
when scheduling of multiple processes and devices is
important.

CPU Platforms
 Different from desktop computer
 CPU Architectures: 65816, 65C02,
68HC08, 68HC11, 68k, 8051, ARM, AVR,
Blackfin, C167, Coldfire, COP8, eZ8,
eZ80, FR-V, H8, HT48, M16C, M32C,
MIPS, MSP430, PIC, PowerPC, R8C,
SHARC, ST6, SuperH, TLCS-47, TLCS-
870, TLCS-900, Tricore, V850, x86,
XE8000, Z80, etc.

Operating System
 Usually there is no operating system
 Embedded operating system: designed to
be very compact and efficient, for saking
many functions that non-embedded
computer operating systems provide

System on chip (SoC)
 Integrating all components of a computer or
other electronic system into a single integrated
circuit (chip).
 It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and
often radio-frequency functions – all on one chip.
 A typical application is in the area of embedded
systems.
 SiP (System in Package)

Software Development
 The software development process can be
represented by lifecycle, also called a
linear incremental model.
 Analysis, Design, Implementation and
maintenance are four stages of this
model.

User Interface
 Embedded systems range from
no user interface at all —
dedicated only to one task — to
full user interfaces similar to
desktop operating systems in
devices such as PDAs.

Application
 Lover’s Cup
 Lego Mindstorms NXT

Applications
Lover’s Cup
 Two cups are wireless
connected to each other
with sip sensors and LED
illumination. The Lover's
cups will glow when your
lover is drinking.
 Lover's Cups can let you
share a drink remotely
with someone you care.
When both of you are
drinking, the glowing
Lover's Cups represents
a celebration of the
shared drinking moment.

 LED, Wi-Fi, liquid
sensor
 It can be used in
medical field.

Lego Mindstorms
 Programmable Logic Device
 Lego sets combining programmable bricks with
electric motors, sensors, Lego bricks, and Lego
Technic pieces (such as gears, axles, and
beams)
 First released in 1998
 Created by Lego and MIT Media Laboratory

Lego Mindstorms NXT Technical
specifications
 32-bit ARM7 microcontroller
 256 Kbytes FLASH, 64 Kbytes RAM
 8-bit AVR microcontroller
 4 Kbytes FLASH, 512 Byte RAM
 Bluetooth wireless communication (Bluetooth Class II V2.0 compliant)
 USB full speed port (12 Mbit/s)
 4 input ports, 6-wire cable digital platform (One port includes a IEC 61158
Type 4/EN 50 170 compliant expansion port for future use)
 3 output ports, 6-wire cable digital platform
 100 x 64 pixel LCD graphical display
 Loudspeaker - 8 kHz sound quality. Sound channel with 8-bit resolution and
2-16 KHz sample rate.
 Power source: 6 AA batteries

Lego Mindstorms NXT features
 The NXT
 Touch Sensor, Sound Sensor, Light Sensor,
Ultrasonic Sensor
 Servo motors
 Bluetooth, USB
 NXT Software
 Gears, axles, and beams
 Lego bricks

Serve the need for the
customers

Summary
 Embedded systems are used and are
necessary in day-to –day life
 They are developed to meet the
needs of people
 They make work easier for humans
 The Embedded systems has shown
growth in Market , making investors
interested

Embedded systems

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